独立写作2正文段落扩展稻谷文苑

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1、托福独立写作正文段落扩展正文段落扩展1优质荟萃优质荟萃今日内容全班：2:00-4:30 p.m.1）托福独立写作正文段落概述2）列举法段落扩展3）分类法段落扩展4）限时段落写作练习（10 minutes）单独学员：4:35-4:50 p.m.托福基础写作一补课2优质荟萃优质荟萃目标1）了解英语段落的典型结构2）按照某种逻辑顺序将主题句扩展成段落）按照某种逻辑顺序将主题句扩展成段落3）措辞和句法富有亮点）措辞和句法富有亮点3优质荟萃优质荟萃段落主题句段落主题句主题句解释主题句解释论证句论证句言简意赅，高言简意赅，高度概括度概括主题句更清晰主题句更清晰而通俗的解释而通俗的解释根据主题句的根据主题句

2、的特点，选择某特点，选择某种逻辑思路进种逻辑思路进行扩展行扩展4优质荟萃优质荟萃好段落的特征好段落的特征A typical example:Topic:Advantages of getting a good education(5 minutes of free writing)5优质荟萃优质荟萃Finding its merits Getting a good education has many advantages.First,a good education means personal enrichment.A well-educated person is more knowle

3、dgeable and civilized.His life is also more meaningful.Second,with a good educational background,one has more opportunities to find a better job.Finally,armed with what education offers,one is likely to make a greater contribution to society and play a role in helping society to advance more rapidly

4、.6优质荟萃优质荟萃Logic Map of the Paragraph主题句（段落只统帅）：getting a good education advantages.论证句1（统帅帐下大将1）：personal enrichment 论证句2（统帅帐下大将2）：personal enrichment论证句3（统帅帐下大将3）：greater contribution to society7优质荟萃优质荟萃Purpose Topic SentenceSupporting Sentences 8优质荟萃优质荟萃一、段落的统一性一个段落应该只说明一个问题，或一个问题的某一个段落应该只说明一个问题，或

5、一个问题的某一方面；应该只叙述一件事情，一方面；应该只叙述一件事情，或一件事情的某或一件事情的某一个阶段。一个阶段。也就是说，一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一也就是说，一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心，任何游离于中心思想以外的句子都是不个中心，任何游离于中心思想以外的句子都是不可取的。可取的。9优质荟萃优质荟萃一个好的段落应该具有统一性。统一性就是一个中心一个好的段落应该具有统一性。统一性就是一个中心思想统领整个段落。每个细节都应支持主题句，不应思想统领整个段落。每个细节都应支持主题句，不应有无关的细节。为了支持主题，要尽可能多地提供细有无关的细节。为了支持主题，要尽可能多地提供细节，但

6、又要避免滥用细节。节，但又要避免滥用细节。下图是一个有统一性的段落的结构图下图是一个有统一性的段落的结构图。主题句主题句(topic sentence）_Supporting Sentence 1 _ Supporting Sentence 2 _ Supporting Sentence 3 _ Supporting Sentence 410优质荟萃优质荟萃例文：例文：Millions of years ago,Australia was linked to Asia by a land bridge.Then an earthquake caused the land bridge to s

7、ink.The sea rushed in,and Australia became an island.Later,this island became a British colony.Many animals that once wandered back and forth across the land bridge were left in Australia.And kangaroos were among them.Though they were killed off by large animals in other places,they were about to su

8、rvive in Australia.这一段讲的是远古时期的澳大利亚，当时连人类都没有，但然这一段讲的是远古时期的澳大利亚，当时连人类都没有，但然不必提它后来沦为英国的殖民地的事了。此句应删掉。不必提它后来沦为英国的殖民地的事了。此句应删掉。11优质荟萃优质荟萃how to write the topic sentenceThree points:(1)a topic sentence must be a complete sentence,rather than a sentence fragment.(2)a topic sentence comes in two parts,topic

9、words(indicating object to be discussed)and expression of thesis(indicating the particular aspect of the thesis).E.g.The Women Movement has had several effects on the English language.(3)a topic sentence can be neither too general nor too specific.12优质荟萃优质荟萃how to write the topic sentence Position o

10、f the topic sentence:Topic sentence can be put in the beginning.13优质荟萃优质荟萃二、段落的完整性一个段落的主题思想靠发展句来实现，如果只有一个段落的主题思想靠发展句来实现，如果只有主题句而没有发展句来进一步交待和充实，就不主题句而没有发展句来进一步交待和充实，就不能构成一个完整的段落。能构成一个完整的段落。14优质荟萃优质荟萃 In my English study,I have many difficulties.My first difficulty is that my vocabulary is not large.T

11、he second difficulty I have is that I can not write well.The third difficulty is that my listening comprehension is not good enough.Now I have a plan to study English well.15优质荟萃优质荟萃主题句：主题句：I have many difficulties.发展句：具体说明困难发展句：具体说明困难 My first difficulty;The second difficulty;The third difficulty.结

12、尾句：结尾句：Now I have a plan 篇章结构：16优质荟萃优质荟萃分析：本段落看似完整，有头有尾。但由于缺少实质内容即对学英语的困难的原因的分析，文章显得空洞无物；此外，结尾句讲到了plan,具体内容有没有交待，给人留下话好像没说完的感觉。修改如下：17优质荟萃优质荟萃三、段落的连贯性连贯性包括连贯性包括意连意连内在的逻辑型；和内在的逻辑型；和形连形连使使用过渡词语、过渡句等方式。两者常常不可分用过渡词语、过渡句等方式。两者常常不可分割。只有形连而没有意连，句子之间没有内在割。只有形连而没有意连，句子之间没有内在的有机联系；反之，只有意连而没有形连，有的有机联系；反之，只有意连而

13、没有形连，有时行文就不够流畅。时行文就不够流畅。18优质荟萃优质荟萃如何取得连贯性的建议如何取得连贯性的建议1）使用同一时态）使用同一时态如果随意而毫无理由地改变时态，那么不管作如果随意而毫无理由地改变时态，那么不管作者连句的技巧多么高超，段落也不可能取得连者连句的技巧多么高超，段落也不可能取得连贯性。在写作时，可以使用现在时或过去时。贯性。在写作时，可以使用现在时或过去时。选用哪一种取决于作者处理材料的方式。选用哪一种取决于作者处理材料的方式。19优质荟萃优质荟萃2)使用某种逻辑顺序使用某种逻辑顺序常用的逻辑顺序有：常用的逻辑顺序有：1）时间顺序）时间顺序2）空间顺序）空间顺序3）重要性顺序

14、）重要性顺序4）熟悉度顺序）熟悉度顺序20优质荟萃优质荟萃3)使用连接成分使用连接成分使用某些连接词和短语，重复某些关键词，可使用某些连接词和短语，重复某些关键词，可以大大增加段落的连贯性。某些以大大增加段落的连贯性。某些连接词连接词、短语短语和和关键词关键词可以起粘着物的作用，把各部分连接可以起粘着物的作用，把各部分连接起来，使句子间的关系更加清楚。起来，使句子间的关系更加清楚。21优质荟萃优质荟萃连接成分主要有以下三种：连接成分主要有以下三种：a连接词语b代词:代词用于提醒读者注意其先行词，以此把有关的部分连接起来。c重复关键词语22优质荟萃优质荟萃示范段落示范段落 Until recen

15、tly daydreaming was viewed as a waste of time Or it was considered an unhealthy escape from real life and its duties But now some people are taking a fresh look at daydreaming And it may be that more people are suffering from a lack of daydreaming than are suffering from too much of it连接词连接词连接词连接词23

16、优质荟萃优质荟萃段落扩展通用模式四步法24优质荟萃优质荟萃四步法第一步：段落主题句/论据（言简意赅）第二步：主题句扩展解释（成熟严密）第三步：逻辑扩展（如举例）（泛/精：理论，数据，常识，名人经历、个人轶事）第四步：总结（来自举例，呼应首句）25优质荟萃优质荟萃举例1Topic:Nowadays,people put too much emphasis on personal appearance and fashion.Theme:Disagree(it has benefits)26优质荟萃优质荟萃 1 To begin with,having good appearance can be

17、 valuable to an individual when he is looking for a job.2 Many times,the way that a person looks and dresses can help him get hired.After all,an interviewers first impression is often based upon a persons looks.So,if an individual ignores his appearance and fashion,he might not be successful during

18、the interview process.3 My older brother had an experience just like this.A few months after he got his current job,his boss told my brother that he had been competing against a women for the job.However,because my brother looked more professional,his boss decided to hire him,so my brother got the j

19、ob.4 Taking special care of ones appearance can certainly help ones career.27优质荟萃优质荟萃 1 Next,if a person emphasizes his appearance,he can improve his self-esteem.2 Many people suffer from low esteem and a lack of self-confidence.However,people who have good bodies and wear fashionable clothes often

20、feel better about themselves.Their appearance actually gives them more confidence.3 Again,my older brother is an excellent example.He was always overweight and very shy in middle school.He also had few friends and was not very popular.However,he started paying more attention to his shell and almost

21、immediately became a more confident,outgoing person.This change made him more popular at school too,so he started feeling better about himself.4 It seems clear to me that people are happier when they take care of their appearance and are confident in how they work.28优质荟萃优质荟萃举例2Topic:It is better to

22、take a trip by oneself than to take a group tour with guidance.Theme:Taking a group tour 29优质荟萃优质荟萃 1 First,group tours plan travelers entire itineraries.2 Because their trip has already been arranged,people do not have to worry about where they are going or how they are getting there.They can simpl

23、y relax,enjoy their trip,and not get stressed out about anything.3 For example,my family once took a package tour to China.The travel agency arranged everything.It took care of the hotel reservations,transportation,and sightseeing.My family did not have to worry about anything.We just looked at the

24、schedule the travel agency had provided and followed it.thanks to the travel agency,we could just relax and enjoy our entire trip.This made things easier on my father since he did not have to worry every single minute about where we would go next.All in all,we had a great trip.4 Group tours take the

25、 anxiety of daily planning out of traveling and let travelers enjoy their vacations without any stress.30优质荟萃优质荟萃Time to have a tryTopic 1:It is better to take the most difficult and challenging classes in university or at college even if means that you probably will not get top grades in them.Theme

26、:challenging31优质荟萃优质荟萃Outlining 1)Learn more and develop better study skills 2)Achieve more as a students and individual 32优质荟萃优质荟萃 1 First of all,I can learn more and develop better study skills if I take difficult and challenging classes.2 In those classes,the professors will be much more demandin

27、g and expect the best from their students.3 For example,I once took a math class with a teacher who was infamous for being really tough.She definitely lived up to her reputation.I had loads of homework every night,and the class was a struggle at times.However,I got used to the heavy course load,and,

28、while tough,the teacher was fair,and I learned more in that math class than in any other one I had ever taken.4 Taking challenging courses is definitely a good way to learn more.33优质荟萃优质荟萃 1 Moreover,by setting higher goals for myself,I can achieve more as a student and individual than I would if I

29、set low goals or none at all.2 Competing tough courses regardless of my final grades will increase my confidence and experience.3 Last year,I enrolled in a French language course for the first time.I was nervous at first,and the course was demanding.But,in time,I developed a lot of confidence in thi

30、s class.This year,I am continuing with French,and it is becoming much easier for me because of my experience.To me,it is the experience and confidence that counts,not getting a perfect grade.4 Taking harder courses will clearly outweigh the easy ones.34优质荟萃优质荟萃Have another try Topic:A teachers abili

31、ty to relate well with his or her students is more important than the ability to give them knowledge.Theme:Agree,relate well with students 35优质荟萃优质荟萃36优质荟萃优质荟萃 1 These days,teachers have to know not only how to get their students attention but also how to keep a hold of it in order to teach them.2 T

32、he world has changed very much in the past decade,and students these days are not interested in the same things they were ten or twenty years ago.3 For example,we live in an age dominated by electronics,particularly computers.Most students my age know how to use all of the latest gadgets.Unfortunate

33、ly,many teachers are technologically inept,so they have difficulty relating to students that way.Most of them never incorporate technology into their classes.Instead,they just lecture,which makes their classes boring.Some of them,however,use computers for things like PowerPoint presentations,which r

34、eally helps to get most students attention.4 Teachers that can relate to their students in areas like technology are definitely more able to keep their students attention.37优质荟萃优质荟萃Practice for consolidation Topic:It is more important to use land for human needs such as farming,housing,and industry

35、than to save it for endangered animals.Theme:save land for humans 38优质荟萃优质荟萃 1 To begin with,humans need to use all of the land they can gain access to.2 As the planets population continues to grow,people need to move onto land that was previously occupied only by animals.3 In many countries,there a

36、re large numbers of cities with over a million people.In fact,some cities,like Tokyo,Seoul,and New York,have populations of over ten million.These cities are overcrowded,so many people need to move out of them and onto new lands.While they may be moving to lands that are inhabited by endangered anim

37、als,the welfare of humans is much more important than that of a few endangered animals.4 People have to take care of Earths expanding population,and the best way to enable people to live more comfortably is to move onto lands inhabited by animals.39优质荟萃优质荟萃逻辑扩展方法1）罗列发2）分类法3）定义法4）举例法5）因果法40优质荟萃优质荟萃I.

38、罗列法罗列法Listing：The importance of taking outdoor exercises cannot be overemphasized.To begin with,In addition,Finally,41优质荟萃优质荟萃Example:This book will have a major impact on both politics and economics in China.In politics,In economics,42优质荟萃优质荟萃Example:Reading extensively is obviously of great benefi

39、t in learning a new language.For one thing,For another,43优质荟萃优质荟萃逻辑词连接逻辑词连接第一（首先）：第一（首先）：First and foremost,To begin with,to start with,in the first place,For one thing,第二（其次）：第二（其次）：in addition,furthermore,moreover,what is more,第三（最后）：第三（最后）：Last but not least,more importantly44优质荟萃优质荟萃逻辑连接词逻辑连接词必须

40、一起出现的短语：必须一起出现的短语：In the first place,In the second place,In the third place,For one thing,For another,45优质荟萃优质荟萃逻辑连接词逻辑连接词但是（转折）：但是（转折）：otherwise,nevertheless,同时：同时：meanwhile=in the meantime 因此：因此：as a result,accordingly,consequently,therefore,46优质荟萃优质荟萃逻辑连接词逻辑连接词总之：总之：to sum up,all in all,generally

41、 speaking,in general结论结论:to conclude,in conclusion,in short,47优质荟萃优质荟萃Practice Topic:Staying up late causes trouble(3 points;80 words)48优质荟萃优质荟萃Have a try Advantages/drawbacks of online-shopping 49优质荟萃优质荟萃II.分类法分类法Classification表示分类的常用词语表示分类的常用词语动词：动词：be divided into,be classified into,be grouped in

42、to,fall into 名词：名词：kind,sort,category,group,class,type 50优质荟萃优质荟萃分类法的段落主题句：分类法的段落主题句：e.g.总体来说，根据地理位置的不同，酒店可以分为总体来说，根据地理位置的不同，酒店可以分为四大类。四大类。总的来说：总的来说：Generally speaking 不同的地理位置：不同的地理位置：different locations 酒店：酒店：hotel51优质荟萃优质荟萃总体来说，根据地理位置的不同，酒店可以分为总体来说，根据地理位置的不同，酒店可以分为四大类。四大类。Generally speaking,hotels

43、 can be classified into 4 groups based on their different locations.52优质荟萃优质荟萃e.g.中国父母对独生子女的态度不同，可以分为三类。中国父母对独生子女的态度不同，可以分为三类。独生子女：独生子女：only child in the family 不同态度：不同态度：different attitudes Dictator,democracy,spoiling 53优质荟萃优质荟萃2、中国父母对独生子女的态度不同，可以分为、中国父母对独生子女的态度不同，可以分为三类。三类。In China,parents can be

44、divided into 3 categories in light of their different attitudes on the only child in the family.54优质荟萃优质荟萃Practice Topic:Classification of college students Knowledge-oriented Ability-oriented Fun-oriented 55优质荟萃优质荟萃Have a try Classification of friends 56优质荟萃优质荟萃III.定义法定义法 Definition正式定义：正式定义：form of

45、 is a species of which/who kind of57优质荟萃优质荟萃e.g.1、牙医是经过专业训练去护理人类牙齿的医生。、牙医是经过专业训练去护理人类牙齿的医生。牙医：牙医：dentist护理：护理：treat经过专业训练：经过专业训练：be professionally trained 58优质荟萃优质荟萃牙医是经过专业训练去护理人类牙齿的医生。牙医是经过专业训练去护理人类牙齿的医生。A dentist is a kind of doctor who is professionally trained to treat peoples teeth.59优质荟萃优质荟萃铜是

46、一种容易成形的软性铜是一种容易成形的软性 金属。金属。铜：铜：copper金属：金属：metal 60优质荟萃优质荟萃铜是一种容易成形的软性金铜是一种容易成形的软性金 属。属。Copper is a sort of soft metal which is easily shaped.61优质荟萃优质荟萃学术定义：学术定义：is a kind of science which 是一种是一种的科学。的科学。62优质荟萃优质荟萃地理学可以定义为研究地球表面的科学。地理学可以定义为研究地球表面的科学。地理学：地理学：geography 研究：研究：study地球表面：地球表面：the surface

47、of the earth 63优质荟萃优质荟萃地理学可以定义为研究地球表面的地理学可以定义为研究地球表面的科学。科学。Geography is a kind of science which studies the surface of the earth.64优质荟萃优质荟萃语言学可以定义为研究人类语言的科学。语言学可以定义为研究人类语言的科学。语言学：语言学：linguistics人类的语言：人类的语言：the language of human race 65优质荟萃优质荟萃语言学可以定义为研究人类语言的科学。语言学可以定义为研究人类语言的科学。Linguistics is a kind

48、 of science which studies the language of human race.66优质荟萃优质荟萃注意定义之后，往往要和其他论证方法相结合，如举例，如列举等。67优质荟萃优质荟萃Practice Topic:What is success?Career,family,morality 68优质荟萃优质荟萃IV.举例法举例法Examples 例证的常用表达：例证的常用表达：As an illustration,A case in point is thatTo take as an example,To consideras an example,69优质荟萃优质荟萃

49、例证的常用表达：例证的常用表达：For example,For instance,As the present situation shows in our country,70优质荟萃优质荟萃数据或事例支持数据或事例支持1）表示）表示“科学研究表明科学研究表明”According to a research,(Scientific)research shows/indicates/suggests71优质荟萃优质荟萃数据或事例支持数据或事例支持2)表示表示“科学家认为科学家认为”According to scientists on 某学科某学科,Scientists on 某学某学科科 be

50、lieve that地理学：地理学：Geography 化学：化学：Chemistry 数学：数学：Mathematics 医学：医学：Medicine 生物学：生物学：Biology 物理学：物理学：Physics建筑学：建筑学：Architecture航空学：航空学：Aeronautics72优质荟萃优质荟萃文学：文学：Literature 教育：教育：Education；Pedagogics法学：法学：Law经济：经济：Economics 政治：政治：Politics 宗教：宗教：Religion 音乐：音乐：Music 传媒：传媒：Mass Media 旅游：旅游：Tourism 哲学

51、：哲学：Philosophy73优质荟萃优质荟萃数据或事例支持数据或事例支持3）表示）表示“数据表明数据表明”According to statisticsStatistics show/indicate/suggest that74优质荟萃优质荟萃Statistics show that the tropical rain forests（热带雨林）（热带雨林）of Amazon River were cut down at a rate of 14 million hectares(公顷公顷)each year.75优质荟萃优质荟萃数据或事例支持数据或事例支持4）表示）表示“调查表明调查表

52、明”Surveys(A recent survey)show (indicate,suggest)that76优质荟萃优质荟萃数据或事例支持数据或事例支持5)引导事实引导事实It is a well-known fact thatIt is(widely)believed thatIt is a widely-held belief thatIt is true thatThere is no denying that77优质荟萃优质荟萃e.g.不可否认的是，互联网是人类历史上的不可否认的是，互联网是人类历史上的一项伟大发明。一项伟大发明。78优质荟萃优质荟萃e.g.There is no d

53、enying that Internet is a great invention in mankinds history.79优质荟萃优质荟萃数据或事例支持数据或事例支持6）表示）表示“比如比如/例如例如”like,such as,for example,say80优质荟萃优质荟萃e.g.很多来自于中国的年轻运动员，比如很多来自于中国的年轻运动员，比如刘翔，在奥运会上享有很高的声誉。刘翔，在奥运会上享有很高的声誉。Tips:比如刘翔比如刘翔:say Liu Xiang81优质荟萃优质荟萃e.g.很多来自于中国的年轻运动员，比如刘翔，很多来自于中国的年轻运动员，比如刘翔，在奥运会上享有很高的声

54、誉。在奥运会上享有很高的声誉。Many young athletes from China,say Liu Xiang,enjoy a high reputation in the Olympic Games.82优质荟萃优质荟萃e.g.用用such as 造句造句我们都羡慕甚至嫉妒那些取得巨大成就的人，我们都羡慕甚至嫉妒那些取得巨大成就的人，比如成龙和李连杰那些明星。比如成龙和李连杰那些明星。Tips:羡慕：羡慕：admire 嫉妒：嫉妒：envy取得巨大成就：取得巨大成就：attain great achievements成龙：成龙：Jacky Chen,李连杰：李连杰：Jet Li.83

55、优质荟萃优质荟萃 We all admire even envy those who have attained great achievements,such as Jacky Chen,Jet Li.84优质荟萃优质荟萃 We all admire even envy those who have attained great achievements,such those famous stars as Jacky Chen,Jet Li.85优质荟萃优质荟萃举某物为例举某物为例Take something for example某物是好例子某物是好例子Something is a pe

56、rfect example.Something is an illustrating example.86优质荟萃优质荟萃举例思维练习：举例思维练习：1、常做家务的一个好处、常做家务的一个好处 举例举例2、好朋友对我影响最大、好朋友对我影响最大 举例举例3、成功的一项品质、成功的一项品质 举例举例4、我喜欢动画片的一个原因、我喜欢动画片的一个原因 举例举例5、我想回到儿童时代的一个原因、我想回到儿童时代的一个原因 举例举例87优质荟萃优质荟萃Cause and Effect 因果法因果法88优质荟萃优质荟萃Example Topic:Science can do good to mankind

57、,but it can do evil as well.89优质荟萃优质荟萃段落扩展 Science can do good to mankind,but it can do evil as well.sciencedo gooddo evilS-1G-1G-2G-nE-1E-2E-n段落扩展 (1)Science can do good to mankind,but it can do evil as well.(2)When it is wisely used,it will bring benefit.(3)For example,atomic energy can help us ge

58、nerate electricity.(4)However,if it is wrongly used,its destructive power will be uncontrollable and terrible.(5)It can claim thousands and thousands of lives in a split second.段落扩展主题句一级扩展一级扩展一级扩展二级扩展二级扩展二级扩展二级扩展二级扩展二级扩展衔接过渡衔接过渡 (1)Science can do good to mankind,but it can do evil as well.(2)When it

59、 is wisely used,it will bring benefit.(3)For example,atomic energy can help us generate electricity.(4)However,if it is wrongly used,its destructive power will be uncontrollable and terrible.(5)It can claim thousands and thousands of lives in a split second.science does good,does evil bring benefit

60、destructive power atomic energy claim lives 衔接过渡衔接过渡衔接过渡衔接过渡衔接过渡衔接过渡衔接过渡衔接过渡因果法（Cause and Effect）因果法经常用以阐述原因，回答“为什么”这类问题，分析事物发展的前因后果，也多见于说明文和论述文。因果关系的普遍性决定了因果关系的复杂性，通常因果关系模式有一因一果、一因一因一果、一因多果、一果多因和多果多因多果、一果多因和多果多因等，而以因果方式扩展段落时通常可采用先因后果或先果后因的一因多果或一果多因模式，其中的多因或多果用通常以枚举方式列举。例：93优质荟萃优质荟萃 Four patterns of

61、 cause-effect relationshipSingle-cause-single-effect patternSingle-cause-many-effects patternMany-causes-single-effect patternCausal chain pattern94优质荟萃优质荟萃 Effect oneCause Effect two Effect threeTree diagram of single-cause-many effects95优质荟萃优质荟萃Outline 1:(side-by-side pattern)1.The cause:I went ba

62、ck to college after ten years of being a housewife.2.Negative effects:a.My husband feels worried;b.My children have less care from their mother than before;c.I do not have enough time to take care of the family.3.Positive effects:a.My husband is learning to look after his children;b.My children are

63、learning to be more independent;c.I am learning a lot and becoming more intelligent.96优质荟萃优质荟萃Outline 2:(point-by-point method)1.The cause:I went back to college after ten years of being a housewife.2.The effects on my husband:My husband feels worried,but he is learning to look after his children.3.

64、The effects on my children Though my children have less care from their mother than before,they are learning to be more independent.4.The effects on myself I do not have enough time to take care of the family.However,I am learning a lot and becoming more intelligent.97优质荟萃优质荟萃 Cause oneEffect Cause

65、two Cause threeTree diagram of many-causes-single-effect98优质荟萃优质荟萃Effect:Smoking cigarettes can be an expensive habit.Causes:1)The cost of cigarettes is high.2)The hidden cost of clean-up of clothing stuffs,furniture and carpet is high.99优质荟萃优质荟萃Tree diagram of causal chain:(cause 1)(effect 1)=(caus

66、e 2)(effect 2)=(cause 3)effect 3 100优质荟萃优质荟萃Examples:This surge of demand for oil will soon begin to send shock waves through Americas economy and transportation system.There are many reasons why languages change,but three major causes help illustrate the concept.(Thirty-six per cent of the freshmen entering a large New York university are dismissed during or at the end of the first year.)Studies indicate that this alarming rate of failure is due to a variety of causes,some of which are beyond t