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1、1.“Letitnotbesupposedbytheenemiesofthesystem,thatduringtheperiodofhissolitaryincarceration,Oliverwasdeniedthebenefitofexercise,thepleasureofsociety,ortheadvantagesofreligiousconsolation.WhatdoyouthinkCharlesDickensintendstosayintheaboveironicstatementtakenfromOliverTwist?Thesentenceisatypicalexample

2、ofirony.WhatDickensintendstosayisjusttheoppositeofthesentencesliteralmeaning.Forthebenefitofexercise,Oliverwhippedeverymorninginastoneyard;forthe“pleasure”ofsociety,hewascarriedawayeveryotherdaytothedinninghallandfloggedasapublicwarningandexampletotheboys;asfortheadvantagesofthereligiousconsolation,

3、hekickedoutintoapartmenteveryeveningatprayertimeandlistenedtotheboysprayertobeguardedagainsthissinsandvices.Theironicstatementis,infact,abitterdenunciationandfierceattackatthebrutal,inhumantreatmentofthepoororphanbytheworkhouseauthority.2. HowisRomanticismdifferentfromNeoclassicism?Providebriefevide

4、neefromtheliteraryworksyouknowbest?Neoclassicistsupheldthattheartisticidealsshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy,andthatliteratureshouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanity,andthus,literaryexpressionsshouldbeofproportion,unity,harmonyandgrace.AlexanderPopes“AnEssayonCriticismadvocatedgr

5、ace,wit(usuallythoughsatire/humor),andsimplicityinlanguage(andthepoemitselfisademonstrationofthoseideals,too),HenryFieldingsTomJoneshelpedestablishtheformofnovel;GraysElegyWritteninCountryChurchyarddisplayseleganceinstyle,unifiedstructure,serioustoneandmoralinstructions.Romanticiststendedtoseetheind

6、ividualastheverycenterofallexperience,includingart,andthus,literaryworkshouldbespontaneousoverflowofstrongfeelings,andnomatterhowfragmentarythoseexperiencesare(WordsworthsIWanderedLonelyasaCloudorTheSolitaryReaperorColeridgesKebleKhan),thevalueoftheworkliedintheaccuracyofpresentingthoseuniquefeeling

7、sandparticularattitudes.Inaword,NeoclassicismemphasizedrationalityandformbutRomanticismattachedgreatimportancetotheindividualsmind.3. EnglishRomanticismisgenerallysaidtohavebegunin1798withthepublicationofWordsworthandColeridgesLyricalBallads.WhyisLyricalBalladsconsideredthemilestonetomarkthebeginnin

8、gofEnglishRomanticism?Inthisbook,WordsworthandColeridgeexplorednewtheoriesandinnovatednewtechniquesinpoetrywring.TheprefacetotheLyricalBalladsactsasamanifestoforthenewschool.Inthepreface,Wordsworthdefinespoetryandpoets.Wordsworthspoemsinthisbookdifferinmarkedwayfromhisearlypoetry:simplicityofthelang

9、uage,sympathyforthepoor,andexpressionsofinwardstatesofmind.4. InPrideandPrejudice,JaneAustenexploredthreekindsofmotivationsofmarriagethemiddle-classpeoplehadinthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury.Trytomakeabriefdiscussionaboutthemwithspecificexamplesfromthenovel.MakecommentsonAustensattitudetowardsthesemot

10、ivations.Motivationone:topursuematerialwealthandsocialpositionthroughmarriage.Wickham,MissBingleyandCharlotteLucasareexamplesofthiskind.Motivationtwo:toseeksensualpleasureandbeauty.LydiaandMr.Bennetareexamplesofthiskind.Motivationthree:tosearchfortrueloveandalsotakepersonalmeritsandfinancialposition

11、sintoconsideration.ElizabethBennetisatypicalexampleofthiskind.Austencelebratedthethirdkindofmotivationofmarriagewhilecriticizingthefirsttwomotivations.5. “Myboy!saidtheoldgentleman,leaningoverthedesk.Oliverstartedatthesound.Hemightbeexcusedfordoingso,forthewordswerekindlysaid,andstrangesoundsfrighte

12、none.Hetrembledviolently,andburstintotears.”(fromCharlesDickensOliverTwist)greeted,strangeExplainwhyOliverTwiststartedfirst,thentrembledviolentlyandburstintotearswhenthewordswere“kindly”said.Theboystartedatthewordsbecausekindwordswerenotexpected;itmustbethefirsttimeinallhislifethattheboyOliverTwisth

13、adever“kindlywordsmaypredictanothersuffering.6. DiscussthewaysymbolismisusedinMelvillesMoby-Dick.ToAhab,thewhaleiseitheranevilcreatureitselfortheagentofanevilforcethatcontrolstheuniverse,orperhapsboth.ThechaseofthewhitewhalesymbolizesAhabspursuitoftruthandfightingagainsttheevilforce.ToIshmael,thewha

14、leisanastonishingforce,animmensepower,whichdefiesrationalexplanationduetoasenseofmysteryitcarries.Italsorepresentsthetremendousorganicvitalityoftheuniverse.Tothereader,thewhalecanbeviewedasasymbolofthephysicallimitsthatlifeimposesuponman.Itmayalsoberegardedasasymbolofnature.7. Asarule,anallegoryisas

15、toryinverseorprosewithadoublemeaning:asurfacemeaning,andanimpliedmeaning.Listtwoworksasexamplesofallegory.Whatistheimpliedmeaninganallegoryisusuallyconcernedwith?BunyansPilgrimsProgressandSpensersTheFaerieQueeneItusuallyconcernedwithmoral,religious,political,symbolicormythicalideas.8. TakeMarkTwains

16、TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnasanexampletoillustratethestatementthatMarkTwainwasauniquewriterinAmericanliterature.MarkTwainshapedtheworldsviewofAmericaandmadetheextensivecombinationofAmericanfolkhumorandseriousliterature.ThenovelhasbecomeagreatcontributiontothelegacyofAmericanliterature.Thenovelisw

17、ritteninalanguagethatistotallydifferentfromtherhetoricallanguageusedbyhiscontemporarywriterssuchasEmerson,PoeandMelville.Itissimple,direct,lucidandfaithtothecolloquialspeech.Thisstyleofcolloquialismisbestdescribedasvernacular.Hesuccessfullyusedlocalcolorandhistoricalsettingstoillustrateandshedlighto

18、nthecontemporarysociety.Thatswhyheisknownasalocalcolorist.MarkTwainshumorisremarkable,too.Mostofhisworkstendtobefunny,containingsomepracticaljokes,comicdetails,wittyremarks,etc.someofthemaretypicaloftalltales.Andagreatdealofhishumorischaracterizedbypuns,straight-facedexaggeration,repetition,andanti-

19、climax.Heuseshishumortocriticizethesocialinjusticeandsatirizethedecayedromanticism.9. HowdoyouphilosophicallydefineTranscendentalism?Transcendentalismhasbeendefinedphilosophicallyas“therecognitioninmanofthecapacityofknowingtruthintuitively,orofattainingknowledgetranscendingthereachofthesense.Emerson

20、onceproclaimedinaspeech,Nothingisatlastsacredbuttheintegrityofyourownmind,OtherconceptsthataccompaniedTranseendentalismineludetheideathatnatureisennoblingandtheideathattheindividualisdivineand,therefore,self-reliant.10. ThomasHardyisoftenregardedasatransitionalwriter.Somecriticsbelievethatheisemotio

21、nallytraditionalandintellectuallyadvanced.Howdoyouunderstandthisidea?Livingattheturnofthecentury,Hardyisoftenregardedasthetransitionalwriter.Inhimweseetheinfluencefromboththepastandthemodern.Assomepeopleputit,heisintellectuallyadvancedandemotionallytraditional.InhisWessexnovels,thereisanostalgictouc

22、hinhisdescriptionofthesimpleandbeautifulthoughprimitiverurallife,whichwasgraduallydeclininganddisappearingasEnglandmarchedintoanindustrialcountry.Andwiththosetraditionalcharactersheisalwayssympathetic.Ontheotherhand,theimmenseimpactofscientificdiscoveriesandmodernphilosophicthoughtsuponthemanisquite

23、obvious,too.HereadDarwinsTheOriginSpeciesandacceptedtheideaofsurvivalofthefittest.HewasalsoinfluencedbySpensersTheFirstPrinciple,whichledhimtothebeliefthatmansfateispredeterminedlytragic,drivenbyacombinedforceof“natur，eb”othinsideandoutside.11. HemingwayCodeheroesItreferstosomeprotagonistsinHemingwa

24、ysworks.InthegeneralsituationofHemingwaysnovels,lifeisfulloftensionandbattles;theworldisinchaosandmanisalwaysfightingdesperatelyalosingbattle.Thosewhosurviveintheprocessofseekingtomasterthecodewiththehonesty,thediscipline,andtherestraintareHemingwaycodeheroes.12. Tnyourrocking-chair,byyourwindowdrea

25、ming,shallyoulong,alone.Inyourrocking-chair,byyourwindow,shallyoudreamsuchhappinessasyoumayneverfeel.(fromTheodoreDreisersSisterCarrie)Whatideacanyoudrawfromthe“rock-incghair”？The“rocking-chair”isasymbolstandingforfate.Itislikeacradlethatmakesonefeelpeaceful.Itisalsolikeatidethatevergoesonwithlife,thedestinyofwhichisuncertain.