EM4(完形填空讲座).ppt

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1、TEM 4,Cloze,Cloze,Syllabus and Coping Tactics Exercises,大纲要求,1、 测试要求： （a）能在全面理解所给短文内容的基础上，选择一个最佳答案使短文意思和结构恢复完整。 （b）考试时间15分钟。 2、 测试形式： 本部分采用多项选择题。在一篇约250个单词、题材熟悉、难度中等的短文中留出20个空白。每个空白为一题，每题有四个选项。填空的词涉及语法和词汇。 3、 测试目的： 测试学生的综合语言知识和技能。,解题技巧,完形填空的每一个空格都不是孤立的,它是整个篇章的一部分,与上下文有着明显或微妙的关系,因此在选择时就要考虑到选项与上下文的联系.

2、 通常这种联系或关系为考生做出正确选择提供了各种线索, 比如语义逻辑, 语法框架, 词汇搭配及词义的应用和概念, 还有些是非语言的一些知识等. 一 语义线索 在完形填空中, 某些项的选择可以根据”语义” 来决定,即已有的词或句子的语义决定着必须选择某个选项, 否则整个文章的语义逻辑就不通, 内容就与作者的原意不一致.因此考生在做选择时,不要忽略语义这条重要的线索.例如:,Although interior design has existed since the beginning of architecture, its development into a specialized fiel

3、d is really quite recent. Interior designers have become important partly because of the many functions that might be (1) _ in a single large building. A. consisted B. contained C. composed D. comprised,二 语法线索 语法线索是指所应填入的词与上下文可能发生的语法方面的联系.利用这种联系可推断出正确的选项. 例如: Cities contain the very (1) _ aspect of

4、a society: opportunities for education, employment, and entertainment. They also contain the very worst parts of society: A. well B. good C. better D. best,三 词汇线索 有些完形填空要填入的词与 上下文其他词有各种联系,文中的词往往在词义上或搭配上决定了所应填入的词.这些词就构成了选择答案时的词汇线索. 例如 Some of the difficulties they experienced when they were trying to

5、 (1) _ themselves to the new medium were technical. A. turn B. adapt C. alter D. modify,根据词汇搭配及语义线索,正确选项为B. 因为adapt oneself to 是固定搭配, 意为” 适应,习惯于”, 这符合题意. 其他三项均有”改变”之意, 且不能和oneself 搭配. 四 概念线索 在完形填空题的上下文中,有时会出现一些词与空格内需要填的词同指一人或一事物,甚至可以在上下文中找到应填的同一个词.这就是所说的概念线索.,五 语篇线索 有时完形填空的各个选项同为表示一定逻辑关系或承接关系的词或词组.选

6、项同为单词时首先看四个选项是否词性相同.倘若连词,副词混杂,先分析原句成分是否完整,可参考标点符号或其他连词的存在. 确定所需的词性后, 再判断逻辑题在原文中所涉及的范围. 有时只是几个词之间的关系. 常出现在完形填空部分的逻辑关系表示方式有连词, 副词,语气词及插入语, 词组( 介词词组): 1. 因果(注意因与果在句中的相对位置): 连词: for/since/as/because/for the reason that,介词: because of, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result of, but for, in consequence

7、of 副词: therefore, hence, for that reason 其他: naturally, no doubt, no wonder, its no surprise 2. 并列, 顺承或递进: and, whats more, moreover, fortunately, as expected 3. 比较/对比: similarly, likewise, while, whereas, on the contrary, in contrast with/to sth, by contrast, otherwise 4. 解释: in other words, that i

8、s to say, that is, to be exact, to put it mildly,5. 例证, 列举: for instance, take sth. for example, consider the case of sb., to mention just a few, such as, namely 6. 时间次序: to begin with, to start with, at the very beginning, eventually, in the long run, at the end, at the same time, meanwhile, simult

9、aneously, 序数词 7. 总结/收尾: to sum up, in brief, in short, in a word, in conclusion, all in all 8. 转折, 让步: however, nevertheless, nonetheless, but, yet, surprisingly, though, although, despite, in spite of, despite, anyway, though( adv ) (注: 表转折和让步的词是各类考试所考频率最高的连接词),六 超语言线索 在完形填空试题中,有时不是利用以上几种线索便可以决定选项,

10、 这时往往需要根据对试题内容的有关背景知识的了解来决定填入的选项.,第一轮，对含义明显的词汇，固定搭配或习惯用法，常用句式等纯语言知识问题，可以边读边随时猜测出答案，包括介词的用法、倒装句、虚拟语气等固定的句型或语法。 第二轮，针对在通读过程中未能轻易猜测出答案的题目。这类题目的答案，不仅仅取决于对文章局部的理解，而是要在对语篇理解的基础上，利用上下文中字里行间的线索才能猜测出答案。此时，考生首先看清题区的句法关系，辨别句子是简单句、并列句还是主从复合句，并根据语法判断词性，然后根据考生自己的生活常识、背景知识与文章主题猜测该词或短语的语义范围。例如，对于动词、名词、形容词、副词等实义词，应该

11、在语篇基础上判断它们的性质：动态、静态、积极、消极、褒义、贬义等。对形容词和副词还要分辨它们是强还是弱，是修饰数量、质量、长度、面积还是形状。对于连词，更要从上下文中判断它的逻辑意义，表示并列、递进、让步还是转折等。 第三轮，集中突破前两轮未能解出的题目。在前两轮的基础上，针对最后难关，直接对照选择项，利用前两轮已填入的选项缩小填空范围，采用排除法，排除不恰当的选项，最后敲定答案。,检查核实,从以下几方面对所选答案进行核查： 1）所选择的单词或短语是否符合本句内容，使上下文连贯和谐，与全文意义相协调； 2）所选择的单词或短语是否符合某种固定搭配；3）所选择的单词或短语是否符合某种句型、时态、语

12、态的特殊要求，如虚拟语气从句中的谓语动词用原形（过去式、过去完成式）； 4）所选词本身或附近的词有无特殊要求，如有些动词后面只接动名词而不能接不定式。必要时对个别答案仍需推敲，发现不妥，要重新考虑，但应慎重，无绝对把握，仍应相信第一感觉。,常见题型,1、近义词 （25%） 2、近形词（10%） 3、非近义同类词（20%） 4、语篇分析题（15%） 5、介词题（5%） 6、搭配题（20%） 7、修辞题（5%） 详见最新英语专业四级考试指南P.77-82,BACK,PART III CLOZE 15 MIN. Decide which of the choices given below woul

13、d best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Mark the best choice for each blank on your answer sheet.,Exercises,In the Middle (1)_. People ate and drank at inns called auberges, which were beginning to be built (2)_ the roads, at public houses called taverns, and at cabarets

14、 in the towns. At first, taverns were allowed to serve nothing (3)_ drinks. Later they were allowed to (4)_ foods such as appetizer (which they bought from delicatessens outside, like a charcuterie or rotisserie), but they were (5)_ to employ chefs in order to serve prepared dishes. Under the influe

15、nce of cabarets, (6)_, which were allowed to serve meals, taverns, too, gradually came to serve (7)_ meals, and the differences between them (8)_.,1. A. Times B. Ages C. Periods D. Era 2. A. on B. along C. in D. at 3. A. but B. only C. just D. besides 4. A. serve B. service C. provide D. offer 5. A.

16、 allowed B. forbid C. denied D. forbidden 6. A as well as B. but C. however D. furthermore 7. A. considerate B. substantial C. concrete D. staple 8. A. appeared B. came by C disappeared D. zoomed in,B,B,A,A,D,C,B,C,Passage 1,In the middle of the eighteenth century a Parisian tavern keeper named Boul

17、anger decided to sell a dish of sheeps feet, (9)_ trotters, in a white sauce in his eating-house. The advertisement for the dish (10)_” “Walk up, everybody who has a weak stomach. Ill (11)_ you”. The French word for “restore” is restaurer. This nourishing dish gradually became associated (12)_, the

18、word restorante, meaning “restorative food”, and eventually the place where it was eaten came to be called a (13)_.,9. A. and B. but C. or D. yet 10. A.reads B.is read C. was read D. read 11. A. help B. need C. restore D. keep 12. A. in B. of C. with D. for 13. A. restaurant B. store C. restore D. t

19、avern,C,D,C,C,A,(14)_, the restaurant as we know was born in the late eighteenth century. The first one was the Grande Tavern de Londres, opened by Antonie Beauvilliers. It (15)_all the conditions for a first-class restaurant as (16)_by Brillat-Savarin. That is, it provided every luxury (17)_-choice

20、 wines, attractive dinnerware, tidy waiters, and (18)_, smooth service. (19)_these fine restaurant evolved and prospered, service has developed to a fine (20)_.,14. A. Therefore B. Thereof C. Thereby D. However 15. A. completed B. fulfilled C. finished D. carried out 16. A. defined B. confined C. re

21、fined D. profiled 17. A. imagined B. imaginable C. imaginative D. imaging 18. A. faulted B. faultful C. faultily D. faultless 19. A. For B. With C. As D. Since 20. A. art B. work C. part D. learning,D,B,A,B,D,C,A,No other people in the world have more influence on us (1)_ our parents. Whether we lik

22、e it or not, whether you are a parent yourself today or not, the truth is that there are no (2)_ parents. Parents do (3)_ best that they can with what theyve got. As children we look (4)_ our parents for approval, for direction, for love, for affection, and for security. (5)_ our families were rich

23、or poor, small or large, functional or dysfunctional, our parents tried to show us how we should live our lives. As (6)_, we have the opportunity to question some of the beliefs (7)_ on us and resolve any leftover anger and hurt.,1. A. but B. than C. only D. just 2. A. good B. perfect C. bad D. evil

24、 3. A. their B. his C. a D. the 4. A. in B. for C. to D. at 5. A. Whether B. However C. Either D. Weather 6. A. grown-up B. mature C. professionals D. adults 7. A. impacted B. imparted C. exposed D. unfolded,Passage 2,B,B,D,C,A,D,B,It is up to us to (8)_ ourselves of this excess baggage if we are to

25、 enjoy the journey of life to its (9)_. There are no universities that offer degrees in (10)_. You learn it in the school of life. If we treat our children with love, kindness, and understanding, (11)_ them to explore and nourish their curiosity, we provide them (12)_ unlimited potential growth and

26、enrichment.,8. A. wipe B. free C. rid D. clear 9. A. fullest B. highest C. widest D. deepest 10. A. parents B. to be parents C. parenting D. being parenting 11. A. allow B. allowing C. to allow D. and allowing 12. A. in B. with C. without D. off,C,A,C,B,B,(13)_ to terms with our parents is essential

27、 to coming to terms with ourselves, with our inner (14)_ that instills the confidence and peace of mind to wake up each day and face the world with joy and purpose. You are probably more (15)_ of yourself than your parents ever were when you think about it. Maybe your parents said (16)_ things now a

28、nd then. Do you find yourself thinking that you are less than (17)_, that you are a failure and will never (18)_ something of yourself and have the life you so desire?,13. A. When coming B. Coming C. Comes D. It comes 14. A. sound B. must C. life D. voice 15. A. critical B. crucial C. criticized D.

29、critic 16. A. harmful B. wounded C. hurtful D. injured 17. A. able B. adequate C. effective D. competent 18. A. make B. show C. do D. let,B,D,A,C,D,A,Let (19)_ of being so cruel to yourself. Let go of the parental voice within and listen to the positive, confident part of you. “Invite the loving you

30、 to come out, to (20)_ to the beauty ad potential that await you.”,19. A. come B. go C. run D. be 20. A surrender B. surround C. give D. come,B,A,A paradox is an apparent (1)_ that is nevertheless somehow true. It may be (2)_ a situation or a statement. Aesops tale of the traveler (3)_a paradoxical

31、situation. As a (4)_ of speech, paradox is a statement. When Alexander Pope wrote that a literary critic of his time would “damn with faint praise”, he was using a (5)_ paradox, for how can a man be damned by praising?,1. A. conflict B. contradiction C. similarity D. difference 2. A. either B. neith

32、er C. whether D. not 3. A. states B. tells C. illustrates D. represents 4. A. way B. flavor C. style D. figure 5. A. verbal B. literal C. said D. spoken,Passage 3,B,A,C,D,A,When we understand all the conditions and circumstances involved (6)_ a paradox, we find that (7)_ at first seemed impossibilit

33、ies was actually entirely plausible and not strange (8)_. The paradox of the cold hands and hot porridge is not strange to (9)_ who knows that a stream of air directed upon an object of different temperature will (10)_ bring that object closer to its own (11)_, and Popes paradox is not strange when

34、we realize that damn is being used (12)_,6. A. at B. on C. in D. from 7. A. / B. it C. whether D. what 8. A. at all B. at last C. at least D. in short 9. A. those B. anyone C. any people D. them 10. A. intend to B. care for C. tend to D. watch over 11. A. heat B. temperature C. weather D. degree 12.

35、 A. literally B. orally C. figuratively D. plainly,C,D,A,B,C,B,C,and that Pope means only that a (13)_ reserved praise may damage (14)_ author with the public almost as much as (15)_ criticism. In a paradoxical statement the contradiction usually stems (16)_ one of the words being used figuratively

36、or (17)_ more than one sense. The value of paradox is its (18)_ value. Its seeming (19)_ startles the reader into attention and, by the fact of its apparent absurdity, underscores the (20)_ of what is being said.,13. A. much B. so C. such D. too 14. A. the B. a C. an D. such 15. A. adverse B. compli

37、mentary C. favorable D. friendly 16. A. to B. from C. out D. in 17. A. from B. with C. for D. in 18. A trembling B. different C. shock D. typical 19. A. possibility B. possible C. impossible D. impossibility 20. A. false B. truth C. fake D. falseness,D,C,A,B,D,C,D,B,BACK,Paradox of our Times(By Olga

38、 Scheel),We have bigger houses and smaller families; more conveniences ,but less time ;We have more degrees, but less common sense; more knowledge ,but less judgment; more experts, but more problems; more medicine, but less wellness. We spend too recklessly, laugh too little ,drive too fast ,get to

39、angry too quickly ,stay up too late ,get up too tired ,read too little, watch TV too often ,and pray too seldom. We have multiplied our possessions, but reduced our values. We talk too much ,love too little and lie too often .Were learned how to make a living ,but not a life ;Weve added years to lif

40、e, not life to years.,We have taller buildings, but shorter tempers; wider freeways, but narrower viewpoints. We spend more ,but have less; We buy more ,but enjoy it less. Weve been all the way to the moon and back, but have trouble crossing the street to meet the new neighbor. Weve conquered outer space, but not inner space. Weve split the atom ,but not our prejudice; We write more ,but learn less; plan more ,but accomplish less.,BACK,