2023年职称英语等级考试试题及答案解析理工类B级

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1、职称英语等级考试试题及答案解析 理工类(B级)第1部分：词汇选项(第115题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为靠近旳选项。1 Would you please call my husband as soon as possible? A phone B visit C consult D invite2 We had along conversation about herparents A speech B question C debate D taIk3 The chairman proposed that we stop t

2、he meeting A stated B announced C suggested D demanded4 Obviouslythese people can be relied on in a crisis. A depended on B lived on C believed in D joined in5 There is always excitement at the Olympic Games when an athletebreaks a record A maintains B beats C matches D tries6 All the pupils seem to

3、 be very cheerful. A healthy B happyC naughty D busy7 The traditional paintings are exhibited on the second floor A displayed B laid C kept D stored8 She stood there，shaking with fury. A misery B laughter C cry D anger9 Mary evidently is the most diligent student among US A intelligent B beautiful C

4、 hardworking D talkative10 Persistent attempts to interview Garbo were fruitless A Forceful B Reasonable C Fjml D Continuous11 Why cant you stop your eternal complaining? A long B everlasting C temporary D boring12 Hundreds of buildings were wrecked by the eadhquake A danlaged B shaken c fallen D ju

5、mped13 These paintings are considered by many to be authentic. A faithful B royal C sincere D genuine14 Many economists have given in to the fatal lure of mathematics A simpicity B attraction C power D rigor15 Ten years after the event, her death still remains a puzzle A mist B fog C secret D myster

6、y第2部分：阅读判断(第1622题，每题1分，共7分) 下面旳短文后列出了7个句于，请根据短文旳内容对每个句子做出判断：假如该句提供旳是对旳信息，请选择A：假如该句提供旳是错误信息，请选择B：假如该句旳信息文中没有提及，请选择C。Radiocarbon Dating Nowadays scientists can answer many questions about the past through a techniquecalled radiocarbon(放射性碳)，or carbon-14；dating One key to understanding how and why some

7、thing happened is to discover when it happened Radiocarbon dating was developed in the late 1940s by physicist Willard F. Libby at the University of Chicago An atom of ordinary carbon，called carbon-12，has six protons (质子) and six neutrons (中子) in its nucleus. Carbon-14，or C-14is a radioaclive unstab

8、le form of carbon that has two extra neutrons(原子核) it returns to a more stable from of carbon through a process called decay(衰减)This process involves the loss of the extra neutrons and energy from the nucleus In Libbys radiocarbon dating technique，the weak radioactive emissions(放射) from this decay p

9、rocess ere counted by instruments such as a radiation detector and counter the decay rate is used to determine the proportion of C-14 atoms in the sample being dated. Carbon-14 is produced in the Earths atmosphere when nitrogen(氮)-14,or N-14, interacts with cosmic rays(宇宙射线). Scientists believe sinc

10、e the Earth was formed the amount of nitrogen in the atmosphere has remained constant. Consequently C-14 formation is thought to occur at a constant rate. Now the ratio of C-14 to other carbon atoms in the atmosphere is known. Most scientists agree that this radio is useful for dating items back to

11、at least 50.000 years. All life on Earth is made of organic molecules(分子)that contain carbon atoms coming from the atmosphere . So aIl living things have about the same ratio of C-14 atoms to other carbon atoms in their tissues(组织). Once an organism(有机体)dies it stops taking in carbon in any form，and

12、 the C-14 already present begins to decayOver time the amount of C-14 in the material decreases，and the ratio of C-14 to other carbon atoms goes down. In terms of radio carbon dating，the fewer C-14 atoms in a sample the older that sample is16 Nowadays many scientists depend 013 radiocarbon for datin

13、g age-old objects A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned17 The radiocarbon dating technique is only about 40 years old A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned18 An atom of ordinary carbon has six protons and eight neutrons A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned19 Radar is used to determine the characteristics of radiocar

14、bon A Right B Wrong c Not mentioned20 Radiocarbon is reliable in dating an object back to at least 50000 years A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned21 The C-14 in an organism begins to decay when it dies A Right 日Wrong C Not mentioned22 The half-life of C-14 is about 25000 yearsA Right B Wrong C Not menti

15、oned第3部分：概括大意与完毕句子(第2330题，每题1分，共8分)Chimpanzees1 Chimpanzees(黑猩猩)will soon be extinct(灭绝). If the present rate of hunting and habitat(栖息地)destruction continues，then within 20 years，there will be no chimpanzees living in the wild But this is more than an environmental or moral tragedy (悲剧)Chimpanzee e

16、xtinction may also have profound implications(含意)for the survival of their distant relativeshuman beings2 ln l975 the biologist Made-Claire King and Allan Wilson discovered that the human and chimpanzee genomes(基因组) match by over 98 Compare this to the mouseused as model for human disease in lab tes

17、ts，which shares only 60 of its DNA with us in fact chimpanzees are far more similar to humans than they are to any other species of monkey As well as resembling us genetically,chimps are highly intelligent and able to use toots These facts alone should be enough to make protection of chimps an urgen

18、t priority(优先). But there is another，more selfish reason to preserve the chimp3 The chimpanzeestrump card (王牌) comes in the field of medical research. Chimpanzees are so similar to humans that vetednarians(兽医)often refer to human medical textbooks when treating them. Yet chimpanzees do show differen

19、ces in several key areas. In particular, chimps are much more resistant to a number of major diseases It is this ability that is so interesting.4 For example，chimps seem to show a much higher resistance than humans to HIV, the vires that causes AIDS. Indeed，their use as experimental animals in AIDS

20、research has declined because they are so resistant. 5 By sequencing the chimp genome and pinpointing(找到) the place where the chimpanzee DNA sequence differs from that of humans, scientists hope to be able to discover which part of the genetic code gives chimps their increased resistance to some dis

21、eases. This，they hope，will allow them to develop new and more effective treatments for the human forms of these diseases. Such treatments could include the production of new drugs or even the alteration(变化) of the human genetic sequence. The recently completed human genome sequencing project has sho

22、wn that such an effort is now well within our reach.23 Paragraph l_ 24 Paragraph 2_ 25 Paragraph 3_ 26 Paragraph 4_ A Genetic differences between chimps and humansB Reasons for HIV resistanceC Implications of chimpanzee extinction for humansD Effective AIDS treatmentE Genetic similarities between ch

23、imps and humansF Chimps resistance to HIV27 Chimpanzee extinction may affect_ 28 There is a difference of less than 2 between the chimp and_ 29 Scientists suspect that genes play a significant role in protecting chimps from getting_ 30 The discovery of the genetic code of chimps will be helpful to_

24、A healthier lifestyleB some human disease treatmentsC some diseasesD human survivalE human genomesF key areas第4部分：阅读理解(第3145题，每题3分，共45分)下面有3篇短文每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项第一篇Water The secondmostimportantconstituent(构成成分)ofthe biosphere(生物圈)isliquid water This can onlyexistin a very narrow range oft

25、emperatures，sincewaterfreezes at 100C and boils at 100C Life as we know it would only be possible on the surface of a planet which had temperatures somewhere within this narrow range. The earths supply of water probably remains fairly constant in quantityThe totalquantity of water is not known very

26、accurately,but it is about enough to cover the surface of the globe to a depth of about two and three-quarter kilometers Most of it is in the form of the salt water of the oceansabout 97 percent. The rest is freshBut three-quarters of this is in the fom of ice at the Poles and on mountains and canno

27、t be used by living systems until melted. Of the remaining fraction，which is somewhat less than one percent of the wholethere is 1020 times as much stored underground water as there is actually on the surface There is also a tiny,but extremely important fraction of the water supply which is present

28、as water vapour in the atmosphere Water vapour in the atmosphere is the channel through which the whole water circulation(循环)ofthe biosphere has to pass Water evaporated(蒸发)from the surface of the oceans，from lakes and rivers and from moist(潮湿旳)earth is added to it. From it the water comes out again

29、 as rain or snow，falling on either the sea or the land. There is，as might be expecte, a more intensive evaporation per unit area over the sea and oceans than over the Iand，but there Is more rainfall over the Iand than over the oceans and the balanceis restored by the run off from the land in the for

30、m of rivers31 Liquid water only exists A in the center of the earth B on the surface of our planet C in the coastal areas of the earth D in a very narrow range of temperatures32 Thetotal quantity of water on Earth A has greatly increased in recent years B remains almost unchanged C is decreasing con

31、stantly D is affected by global warming33 Most of the fresh water on Earth A is in the form ofice at the Poles and on mountains B is stored underground C is found in rivers and lakes D comes from the rain34 The word“fraction”in the second paragraph means A alarge area B a very small amount C an impo

32、rtant system D a major source of informatien35 There is more of rainfall A over the mountains than over the dyers B over the rivers than over the mountains C over the land than over the oceans D over the oceaas than over the land第二篇Mind-reading1 MachineA team of researchers in California has develop

33、ed a way to predict what kinds of objects people are looking at by scanning whats happening in their brains.When you look at something, your eyes send a signal about that object to your brain. Different regions of the brain process the information your eyes send. Cells in your brain called neurons a

34、re responsible for this processing.The fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ) 2 brain scans could generally match electrical activity in the brain to the basic shape of a picture that someone was looking at.Like cells anywhere else in your body, active neurons use oxygen. Blood brings oxygen

35、to the neurons, and the more active a neuron is, the more oxygen it will consume. The more active a region of the brain, the more active its neurons, and in turn, the more blood will travel to that region. And by using fMRI, scientists can visualize3 which parts of the brain receive more oxygen-rich

36、 blood-and therefore, which parts are working to process information. An fMRI machine is a device that scans the brain and measures changes in blood flow to the brain. The technology shows researchers how brain activity changes when a person thinks, looks at something, or carries out an activity lik

37、e speaking or reading. By highlighting the areas of the brain at work when a person looks at different images, fMRI may help scientists determine specific patterns of brain activity associated with different kinds of images.The California researchers tested brain activity by having two volunteers vi

38、ew hundreds of pictures of everyday objects, like people, animals, and fruits. The scientists used an fMRI machine to record the volunteers brain activity with each photograph they looked at. Different objects caused different regions of the volunteers brains to light up on the scan, indicating acti

39、vity. The scientists used this information to build a model to predict how the brain might respond to any image the eyes see.In a second test, the scientists asked the volunteers to look at 120 new pictures. Like before, their brains were scanned every time they looked at a new image. This time, the

40、 scientists used their model to match the fMRI scans to the image. For example, if a scan in the second test showed the same pattern of brain activity that was strongly related to pictures of apples in the first test, their model would have predicted the volunteers were looking at apples.36 What is

41、responsible for processing the information sent by your eyes? A The magnetic system in the brain B The central partofthe heart C Neurons in the brain D Oxygenrich blood37 The function of an fMRI machine is A to show how neutrons take in oxygenrich blood B to measure how dense the blood is in the bra

42、in C to identify which parts of the brain are processing information D to record how much oxygen the brain consumes38 The expression “highlighting the areas of the brain at work in paragraph 5 means A marking the parts of the brain that ere processing information B giving light to the parts ofthe br

43、ain that are processing information C putting the parts of the brain to work D preventing the parts of the brain from working39 The researchers expedmented on A animals and objects B fMRI machines C thousands of pictures D two volunteers40 Which of the following can best replace the title of the pas

44、sage? A Your Thoughts Can Be Scanned B Recent Development in Science and Technology C A Technological Dream D An Intelligent Robot第三篇youth emancipation in SpainThe Spanish Government is so worried about the number of young adults still living with their parents that it has decided to help them leave

45、 the nest.Around 55 percent of people aged 18-34 in Spain still sleep in their parents home, says the latest report from the countrys state-run Institute of Youth.To coax young people from their homes, the Institute started a “Youth Emancipation” programme this month. The programme offers guidance i

46、n finding rooms and jobs.Economists blame young peoples family dependence on the precarious labour market and increasing housing prices. Housing prices have risen 17 percent a year since .Cultural reasons also contribute to the problem, say sociologists. Family ties in south Europe Italy, Portugal a

47、nd Greece are stronger than those in middle and north Europe, said Spanish sociologist Almudena Moreno Minguez in her report “The Late Emancipation of Spanish Youth Key for Understanding”.“In general, young people in Spain firmly believe in the family as the main body around which their private life

48、 is organized,” said Minguez.In Spain especially in the countryside, it is not uncommon to find entire groups of aunts, uncles, cousins, nieces and nephews all living on the same street. They regularly get together for Sunday dinner.Parents tolerance is another factor. Spanish parents accept late-ni

49、ght partying and are wary of setting bedtime rules.“A child can arrive home at whatever time he wants. If parents complain hell put up a fight and call the father a fascist,” said Jose Antonio Gomez Yanez, a sociologist at Carlos III University in Madrid.Mothers willingness to do childrens household

50、 chores worsens the problem. Dionisio Masso, a 60-year-old in Madrid, has three children in their 20s. the eldest 28, has a girlfriend and a job. But life with mum is good.“His mum does the wash and cooks for him, in the end, he lives well.” Masso said.41 The“Youth Emancipation”programme aims at hel

51、ping young people A live in an independent way B fightforfreedom C fight against social injustice D get rid of family responsibilities42 It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that family ties are stronger in Portugal than in A Greece B Finland C Spain D Italy43 Young peoples family dependence can be a

52、ttributed to all the following factorsEXCEPT A parentstolerance B housing problems C unwillingness to get married D cultural traditions44 Which of the following statementsis NOT true of Dionisio Masso? A She has a boyfriend B She is 60 yeam old C She has three children D She lives in Maddd45 The phr

53、ase“wary of”in paragraph 8 could be best replaced by A tired of B afraid of C worried about D cautious about第五题：补全短文Reduce PackagingPressure increased recently on British supermarkets and retailers to reduce packaging as part of an anti-waste campaign_46_.Britain generates 4.6 million tons of househ

54、old waste every year by packaging. Dozens of people have expressed anger at the excess of plastic wrapping. Campaigners have called on Britain to learn from other European countries._47_.When returned bottles are put in a vending machines, the deposit is refunded. Environmentalists warn that Britain

55、 lags behind in this. There were reports of growing unease among consumers over the amount of packaging they have to deal with. Trade standards officers also object to excessive packaging _48_. In response to a campaign by Britains The Independent newspaper, leading supermarkets have pointed to vari

56、ous initiatives to win the public confidence._49_. But campaigners said retailers and the government could learn much from anti-waste practices on the Continent. In Sweden, non-recyclable batteries have been taxed since 1991 to encourage a switch to alternatives. _50_In Germany, plastic bags are unh

57、eard of in supermarkets and deposits are paid for reusable plastic and glass beverage (饮料)bottles.A. if a product is overpackaged, dont buy itB. In Belgium, when you buy something in a plastic or glass container, you make a deposit. C. this is because too much padding can give buyers a false impress

58、ion of what they are buying.D. This has resulted in a 74 percent reduction in sales.E. Tesco said it was saving 112,000 tons of cardboard a year by switching to reusable plastic crates (板条箱)for transporting its fresh produce.F. The campaign was initiated by The Independent newspaper.第六题：完形填空 Taking

59、a Nap During the DayMedical experts say most Americans do not get enough sleep. They say more Americans need to _(51)for a short period in the middle of the day. They are advising people to sleep lightly _(52) continuing with other activities.One study earlier this year found that persons who sleep

60、for a few minutes during the day were less likely to die of _(53)disease. The study followed more than 2,300 Greek adults_(54)about six years. Adult who rested for half an hour at least three times a week had a 37 percent lower_(55) of dying from heart disease than those who did not nap.Study organi

61、zers said the strongest _(56)was in working men. They said naps might improve 6 by mitigating tension_(57) by work.Some European and Latin American businesses have supported the idea of_(58) for many years. They urge people to_(59)work, go home and have a nap before returning. In the United States,

62、some companies let workers rest briefly in their offices. They believe this reduces in their offices. They believe this reduces mistakes and accidents, and also_(60) the amount of work a person can do.Sleep experts say it is likely that people_(61) more mistakes at work than at other times1. They sa

63、y people should not carry out important duties_(62) they feel sleepy. And they say the best thing to do is to take a nap. About twenty minutes of rest is all you _(63). Experts say this provides extra energy and can increase your_(64) untill the end of the day. But experts_(65) that a nap should last no more than twenty to thirty minutes. A longer nap will put the body into deep sleep and waking up3 will be difficult.51 A work B wait C met D live52 A before B between C besides D during53