物流产业集群与区域竞争力的协同关系研究

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1、 物流产业集群与区域竞争力的协同关系研究摘要：区域竞争力表现为基础竞争力、核心竞争力和主导竞争力三个方面。物流产业作为一个新兴产业形态具有典型的空间集聚性，区域物流产业集群通过资源协同、产业协同和竞争协同三个方面提升区域的竞争力。从三个方面阐述了物流产业集群与区域竞争力之间的协同关系。 关键词：物流产业集群；区域竞争力；资源协同；产业协同；竞争协同 一、区域竞争力的三个层次及其相互关系 区域竞争力是指区域内各经济主体在市场竞争的过程中形成并表现出来的争夺资源或市场的能力，或者说是一个区域在更大区域中相对于其他同类区域的资源优化配置能力。区域竞争力分为三个层次：基础竞争力、核心竞争力和主导竞争力

2、，基础竞争力是由自然资源、劳动力、资本、设施、科技等基础性要素产生的竞争力；区域的核心竞争力亦即区域的产业竞争力，是指区域内的产业在一定的经济体制和经济运行环境下，所表现出来的综合实力及其发展潜力强弱的程度；区域主导竞争力是指区域经济辐射与聚集能力的大小。 在区域竞争力的三个层次中，基础竞争力是其他竞争力的前提条件，没有基础竞争力的要素，其他竞争力都无从谈起，任何产业没有基础设施沟不可能形成，区域的聚集力和辐射力也只有在趋于基本条件具备的情况下才能获得。 二、物流产业集群及其竞争优势分析 （一）物流产业集群的概念与特征 物流产业集群（logistics industry agglomerati

3、on）是指以现代物流业为主导的众多相关企业与机构，基于引致需求、资源整合、弹性专精、专业化分工、集体学习等因素的驱动，按照专业化、规模化的原则共享物流基础设施，组织物流活动，为物流服务需求方提供更加优质的综合物流服务，从而获得竞争优势，形成以地理空间集聚为外在表现、以竞争合作关系为本质特征的社会经济网络。 物流产业集群的主要特征：第一，基于物流需求的“引致需求”特性，物流产业集群形成的区域产业发展依赖特征；第二，基于现代物流业“基础设施依附”与“引致需求”特性，物流产业集群形成的区位依赖性；第三，基于现代物流业的“第三产业”的产业属性，物流产业集群形成的需求集聚特征；第四，基于物流产品差别化特

4、征，物流产业集群形成企业间的竞争合作关系特征。 （二）物流产业集群的竞争优势 物流产业集群具有强烈的地理集聚特征，物流企业间具有空间接近性，有利于集群内物流企业间共享知识溢出效应。区域物流产业集群的竞争优势主要表现在以下几个方面： 1.资源共享优势 物流企业集聚后获得一个突出效益源自于对区域内信息资源的共享，完善的信息平台是现代物流业发展最关键的要素之一。集聚区域内企业信息资源共享机制的重要物质基础正是源自信息共享平台的建立，凭借该共享平台，区域内的物流企业不仅可以统一协作机制、共享政策法律支持、行业调控以及运行监督，而且使在不同的业务流程上拥有核心竞争能力的企业，通过共享的物流数据信息资源，

5、可以将具有不同竞争优势的业务集中于某一个企业，而将其他不属于本企业核心业务的其他业务功能分包给区域内其他物流企业，这样便形成了一个强有力的战略联盟。通过信息资源的共享，集群区域内的物流企业可在较低的交易成本下获取资源整合的协同效应。 2.技术创新优势 人才、资金和技术等创新资源不足是制约物流企业创新的一个关键因素，物流产业集群中的物流企业通过结网形成创新网络，可以基于功能互补性从多渠道、以较低的成本获得互补性创新资源。而集群是培育企业学习和创新能力的温床，物流产业集群内的物流企业由于地理接近、业务联系紧密、信息交流快捷，市场上任何一个具有潜力和市场前景的重大技术创新，集群内的企业几乎都会同步吸

6、纳、消化创新成果，物流企业通过这种快速学习和模仿来实现自身的更新和升级。 3.外部经济优势 物流产业集群的外部经济优势来源于其外部性，包括外部规模和范围经济优势等。规模的外部经济优势是指集群内物流企业利用地理位置接近的优势，通过规模经济使企业生产成本处于或接近最低状态，使无法获得内部规模经济的单个企业通过外部合作获得规模经济优势。范围的外部经济优势是指在某一物流集聚区内，单个企业生产专业化而多个企业分工协作，形成各项成本的节约，产生物流行业的内部范围经济。 4.市场信用优势 市场信用优势是港口物流业集群的重要优势，也是产业集群超越单个企业与市场的显著表现之一，主要体现在四个方面：一是集群内企业

7、在银行信贷中的信用优势；二是集群内企业与消费者之间的信用优势；三是集群内企业与群外企业的信用优势；四是集群内企业间的信用优势。物流产业集群内的企业较容易建立潜信用关系，并产生基于信任的竞争合作行为，而这正是集聚区内企业的信用优势所在。 5.市场竞争优势 竞争在地理上越集中，就越能显示竞争的力量。物流产业集群形成的这种市场竞争优势体现在国内市场竞争优势和国际市场竞争优势两个方面。国内外的例证表明，聚集程度较高的产业，该产业的出口能力、国际竞争能力都较强。物流企业在某一个区域内集群后，其产业效率边界变大，利用产业规模优势可以帮助单个中小物流企业直接参与国际竞争，有利于企业走向国际化经营，增强企业的

8、国际市场竞力。 三、物流产业集群对区域竞争力的提升效应 （一）物流产业集群的资源协同效应 1.物流产业集群有助于提高域外资源吸纳能力和域内资源利用效率 任何区域的资源总是有限的，域外资源的流入可以克服区域产业发展的瓶颈、优化资源配置、促进区域经济增长。现代物流比较发达的区域有着比较完善的物流基础设施（如交通运输设施、通信设施等），这会降低资源的转移成本，增强对域外资源的吸纳能力。作为“第三利润源”，区域物流系统的完善也有助于企业生产制造流程和流通过程的优化，从而可以更大程度地实现区域内资源的时间效用和空间效用，促进域内资源的优化配置，提高域内资源的利用效率。 2.物流产业集群有助于区域物流技术

9、进步 物流技术包括硬技术和软技术两个方面：物流硬技术是指组织实物流动所涉及的各种机械设备、运输工具、仓储建筑、场站设施，以及服务于物流的计算机、通讯网络设备等；物流软技术则是指组成高效率的物流系统而使用的系统工程技术、现代管理技术和信息技术等。物流技术并不是一种独立的技术，物流技术发展的特点是将各个物流环节的物流技术进行综合、复合化，形成最优系统技术，这使得无力技术进步有着较显著的扩散和关联效应，对企业和区域的技术进步有着较高的促进效果。 3.物流产业集群将有效促进区域基础设施的建设和完善 物流基础设施是现代物流业运作的平台，区域物流的发展必然会带来新一轮物流基础设施的建设和完善。属于区域基础

10、设施范畴的交通设施和仓储、配送等设施，是现代物流基础设施的主要组成部分，它将随着区域现代物流业的发展而逐渐完善。 （二）物流产业集群的产业协同效应 物流产业协同发展可以增强区域竞争力，促进区域1产业结构的优化升级，并推进经济增长方式向集约化方向转变。 1.物流产业协同对区域农业发展的贡献 区域物流产业协同发展不仅可以降低农产品的生产成本，还可以推进农业产业化进程，增强农业对市场需求的应变能力，更加适应居民日趋个性化的消费需求；同时还能够促进农业社会服务体系的建立与完善，改变农业生产资料和农副产品的传统储运和销售方式，提高农产品的市场竞争力。 2.物流产业协同对区域工业发展的贡献 在工业方面，区

11、域物流产业协同发展是提高工业运行质量的重要途径，通过供应链整合可以有效降低工业企业的生产和经营成本，提高市场反应速度，实现企业生产和经营流程的优化；促进传统工业企业的升级改造，向专业化方向发展，并快速地融入国际经济贸易体系当中。现代物流产业属于服务业，区域物流产业协同发展还可以降低工业生产过程中的流通成本等中间性服务需求成本，增加工业企业的经济效益，进而简介提高现代物流产业对区域经济增长的贡献率。 3.物流产业协同对区域服务业发展的贡献 区域物流产业协同发展有助于提高服务业区域经济增长的贡献率。现代物流产业是传统运输、仓储、通讯邮政、商业等产业与新兴的信息技术等产业的重组融合，是新型组织管理理

12、念和先进信息技术共同促成的组织管理形式的创新，是现代经济分工和专业化高度发展的产物，其自身的发展能够带来服务业对区域经济增长贡献率的提高。同时，现代物流业对商业、金融业、保险业、旅游业等相关第三产业的关联作用比较明显。发展现代物流可以增加第三产业的增加值，提高第三产业所占比重，使区域产业结构更加合理。 （三）物流产业集群的竞争协同效应 区域主导竞争力主要表现在辐射力和聚集力等方面，发展现代物流，可以增强区域的辐射和聚集功能，增强与其他区域分工协作的经济关系，从而提升区域的主导竞争力。 从增强区域的辐射功能来说，物流体系越完善，就越能支持产品的对外运输和对外流通。物流体系较完善的区域，往往也是商

13、业体系比较完备的区域，两者在一定程度上具有较高的相关性。现代物流体系的建立相当于流通体系的重塑过程，传统的“生产企业分销商零售商”的流通模式，逐步向“生产企业零售商”的流通模式转化，新型商业业态由此得以兴起和发展，商业体系的逐步健全与完善会带动区域辐射能力的增强。 区域域外输出商品总额也可以在一定程度上衡量区域辐射能力的大小，域外输出商品总额越大，说明区域辐射力越强。现代物流的发展也有助于企业核心竞争力的提升，使产品更具竞争力，从而导致域外市场上的输出商品总额增加，最终体现为区域辐射力的增强。 参考文献： 1刘秉镰.现代物流与区域竞争力之间的关联机理J.学习与探讨，2006，（2）：224-2

14、27. 2李兰冰.物流产业集群的信任机制研究与政策启示J.商业经济与管理，2007，（10）：16-22. 3章建新.析区域经济发展中的物流产业集群功能J.经济问题，2007，（1）：119-121. 4宣春霞，朱文涛.基于产业集群的港口物流企业竞争优势分析J.改革与战略，2007，（1）：39-41. 5李兰冰.物流产业集群的创新机制研究J.科学学与科学技术管理，2007，（6）：39-44. 6支燕.物流产业集聚的竞争优势研究J.经济与管理研究，2005，（3）：39-42. BRorganization system and working mode, the selection of

15、a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and strengthen the organization of the basic level organizations advanced model.(seven) the manual work of the Communist Youth League Organization published and League branch of manual work, to promote the use of two manuals in the citys

16、organizations at various levels. The county committee, directly under the group (work) is under the jurisdiction of grassroots League and group (total) using branch ratio shall not be less than 70%.Three, to further strengthen the groups leadership and team building(a) to strengthen the leagues lead

17、ership at all levels of construction. Continue to do a good job of municipal Party Committee Organization Department on the strengthening of the Communist Youth League cadres management opinions implementation. To promote the group counties (autonomous counties, cities) Commission and city directly

18、under the group (workers) appointed to carry out the Five team building activities. Improve the League Association Department working mechanism. Conscientiously fulfill the duties of CO, combined with the city group directly under (the) Committee of the general election and the adjustment, actively

19、jointly with the unit where the party organization department good group leadership selection with the work. Do a good job in municipal Party committee assistant committee leadership and leading cadres of the annual assessment work, adhere to and improve the assistant secretary of the Communist Yout

20、h League talk system group To weave individual conversation and collective conversation, to strengthen the committees of all levels, the Standing Committee of the Standing Committee, the establishment of a sound system of central group learning, the system of investigation and study, the system of i

21、mportant issues and the reporting system.(two) to strengthen the work of education and training of cadres to conscientiously implement the Central Committee. On the implementation of grassroots cadres training project and opinions on carrying out the mission municipal CYL Cadres training project imp

22、lementation opinions, full implementation of the project of the City Youth League cadres training education. Focus on the county grassroots cadres and workers focused on training, the new school system vocational training League cadres, for the Municipal Organization Department jointly held the thir

23、d session of the Communist Youth League system training cadres in party. Focusing on the construction of new socialist countryside, strengthening village cadres and rural construction team group member of the young team, the county organizations at various levels throughout the year is expected to t

24、rain 100 00 rural grassroots cadres, plans to train 1000 village secretary of the village Party branch.(three) actively promote grassroots cadres election work. Under the unified leadership of the party organization, to strengthen grassroots organizations direct work, standardize the election work r

25、ules and procedures, in the designated candidate, open competition to democratically elected branch secretary at the same time, actively and steadily the development of Township, streets and other grassroots organizations in the direct election of the pilot work, on the basis of summarizing the expe

26、rience and gradually expand the scope of the pilot, and gradually formed a set of measures and cadres election system.(four) to strengthen the cadres testing exercise. To study the development of XX city from 2006 to 2008 cadres testing exercise planning. To select outstanding cadres to the central

27、mission in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other central organs and sending work in developed areas. With the Central Committee the implementation of the western region and ethnic minorities cadres training plan . To carry out the eighth batch of municipal organs attachment cadre management, select

28、ion, training work. The outstanding cadres to start the National Development Bank XX branch testing exercise.(five) to strengthen the group construction. The main position to play the role of Youth League cadre education and training as the city, in accordance with the requirements of post training,

29、 further curriculum scientifically and rationally, adopt arrangement menu course, basic theory includes group work, focus, hot and difficult issues, to enhance the content and practice; to strengthen the construction of teaching staff, the integration of teachers, establish a quality teacher trainin

30、g team, establish and implement course evaluation system; take delivery of training to the countryside, on-site training, and increase the rural grassroots cadres training efforts.Four, efforts to strengthen the work of young talent(a) to tenth XX young 54 medal in recognition of the publicity, and

31、actively explore the XX youth service. 54 Medal of institutionalization, standardization and socialization mechanism. Give full play to the XX award in recognition of 54 youth medal Association, Youth Award winner in the 54 chapter, investigation activities. Who won the Youth Service medal, dedicati

32、on to the society to create conditions, build the stage. During the 54, named in recognition of the tenth XX young 54 medal. The association of XX editing of young talent , the exchange of information and communication platform for the XX of outstanding young talents.(two) the establishment of munic

33、ipal Party committee of young talent information database. In accordance with the feasible, effective, classification management, implement step by step principle, the establishment of municipal Party committee of youth talent database; guiding organizations at various levels generally established t

34、he young talent database, construction of city, county (directly under the Communist Youth League), grassroots organizations three young talent information database the relevant information collection system, and gradually establish the citys young people, the Communist Youth League youth talent inf

35、ormation network, provide information platform for young talent resource development.Five, take effective measures to strengthen the mission management(a) to strengthen the mission management work. Strengthen the dues collection and management, continue to adhere to the dues collection regularly rep

36、orting system, the annual comprehensive award in recognition of the tour and the tour one vote veto system audit system. Do statistical work in the group. The group service award in recognition of the advanced units, standardization, promoting group management work institutionalized.(two) to strengt

37、hen the organization of research and information exchange efforts. Grassroots carry out research, efforts to form a number of theoretical results. Make full use of the network carrier, to explore the establishment of electronic group service system, promote the work of Communist Youth League informa

38、tion.Attachment 4:XX municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department of the Communist Youth League work pointsIn 2006, the Communist Youth League propaganda ideological work XX to Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents as guidance, study and implement the partys sixteen a

39、nd the spirit of the the fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee implementation of the eight plenary session of the two committee, the citys cultural work conference, the Propaganda Department of the meeting and the the fourth Plenary Session of the 15th CPC Central Committee permane

40、nt mission spirit, closely around 11th Five-Year XX the goal of full implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, keep pace with the times, close to reality, close to life, close to the young, persevere grasp orientation, grasping deepening, g

41、rasping construction innovation, further improve the groups propaganda and ideological work ability, unity To guide the majority of members of the youth to achieve the 11th Five-Year planning tasks, the overall construction of a well-off society, building a socialist harmonious society to make new c

42、ontributions.One, adhere to the Three Represents important thought and Scientific Outlook on Development education to guide the youth, to further strengthen the ideological and political education of youth(a) armed with youth science theory. Unremittingly with Deng Xiaoping theory and the important

43、thought of Three Represents armed members of youth education, to promote the study and implement to expand the depth and breadth. To study and implement the important thought of Three Represents with the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development combine with the implement

44、ation of the requirements of constructing socialist harmonious society with Scientific Outlook on Development, carry out education as an important part of the theory of armed youth in the new period, strengthen the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development education, educ

45、ate and guide the youth to fully understand the great significance of establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, in-depth understanding of the Scientific Outlook on Development era back The king, the practice foundation, basic connotation, historical status, spirit and pr

46、actice requirements, a profound understanding of Scientific Outlook on Development with Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, inheriting and developing relationship between Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents, to help young people establish and consciously practice Sci

47、entific Outlook on Development. Persist in learning, grasping the backbone, grasp the practice, grasp the opportunity. Catch club, effective way to grasp the network, with the group of cadres, young students and young backbone fronts as the focus, to promote the work of the armed youth theory to dev

48、elop in depth, to help the youth continue to firm ideals and beliefs, to build a powerful spiritual pillar. To carry out the study and implementation of the partys sixteen session of the five Eight plenary session of the two plenary session of the Central Committee and the party spirit, to the citys

49、 Youth League members thinking into the spirit of the meeting, to achieve the goal of national consciousness and XX economic and social development in 11th Five-Year period. Contribute to help and guide the youth to a profound understanding of the significance and main task of building a socialist h

50、armonious society, actively join the construction of socialist harmonious society.(two) to strengthen the ideological and moral construction of teenagers. Thoroughly implement the central spirit of the document No. 8, No. 16 and the program for Improving Civic Morality to minors and students as focu

51、s groups, to strengthen and improve the ideological and moral construction of minors and the ideological and political education of college students. Make full use of the spirit and the spirit of the Three Gorges migrants Hongyan XX unique the use of educational resources, school, into the team, the

52、 league, to join the party, adult occasions, extensive Hongyan spirit generation theme education activities. Use of holidays and leisure time, youth organizations three rural areas, four communities, four and moral practice, guide the youth Youth to enhance national pride, self-esteem and self-confi

53、dence, to establish the trend of the times and adapt to the trend of thinking, value orientation and behavior.(three) innovative ways and means of ideological education. Grasp the new trend of the development of the times, the new hot new features and social ideological status of young people, to fu

54、rther explore the methods of ideological education using modern technology and communication mode of education make lively and vivid, fully embodies the close to reality, close to life, close to the young principle through the cultivation and selection. Hongyan demonstration group, good boy, Hongyan

55、 Hongyan Youth and other forms of more scientific use of advanced typical influence and promote youth, and strive to create advocating advanced, learning advanced, striving to advance a good atmosphere.Two, in order to forge ahead with the motherland, and XX with the development as its theme, guide

56、the youth to build a common ideological basis for the construction of a socialist harmonious society(a) grasp the theme of the purpose of the activity. The go ahead with the motherland in the youth, and XX with the development of theme educational activities. Vigorously promote patriotism as the cor

57、e of the national spirit and reform and innovation as the core spirit of the times, the combination of youth with common ideals and beliefs, with great achievements in socialist modernization the motivation of youth, the youth to enhance self-confidence, sense of mission and responsibility to educat

58、e and guide the youth to personal pursuit into the common pursuit of all people, their personal struggle into the great practice of building socialism China characteristics, further firmly follow the party China characteristics The confidence and determination of the socialist road, and build the co

59、mmon ideological foundation of the young people to build a socialist harmonious society.(two) rich theme activities. By carrying out the two generation dialogue , in my eyes, the charm of XX situation and policy through activities such as lectures, report, seminars, theatrical performances, mass cul

60、tural activities, to help young people understand Chinas reform and opening up the extraordinary journey and brilliant achievements achieved fruitful results, to understand the citys economic and social development since the new XX, so that young people understand, love the new XX, and then to the c

61、onstruction of the new XX, a firm with the party on the road to socialism with China characteristics of faith; make full use of the 54, 61, National Day and the commemoration of the 85 anniversary of the founding of the red In the 70 anniversary of the victory of the long march and other major activ

62、ities, the favorable opportunity of major events and major festivals, to carry out educational activities, promote the theme education activities continue to create momentum, the rise of high tide, popular. Further study, promotion of Scientific Outlook on Development, to carry out a wide range of s

63、ituation and policy education, the development prospect of the future of the motherland and XX, guiding the youth to continue enhance the sense of mission and responsibility, in the implementation of the 11th Five-Year planning and building a well-off society in the historical process of contributio

64、ns. Be enthusiastic and press on.Three, to lead the trend of youth service, cultural city youth culture is taking action, and promote new progress in the construction of youth 10 / 10organization system and working mode, the selection of a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovation

65、and strengthen the organization of the basic level organizations advanced model.(seven) the manual work of the Communist Youth League Organization published and League branch of manual work, to promote the use of two manuals in the citys organizations at various levels. The county committee, directly under the group (work) is under the jurisdiction of grassroots League and group (total) u