非谓语动词用法精讲-doing.ppt

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1、非 谓 语 动 词,DOING DONE TO DO,非,谓语动词,动名词 gerund,不定式 infinitive,分词 participle,非谓语动词,1性质：它具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用，即：除谓语以外一切成分。,2形式,不定式相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。 动名词相当于名词充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。 分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语形成分,3语态：必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系，从而来确定非谓语动词态的语态。,现在分词与动名词,DOI

2、NG,1 动名词-ing形式的一般式可用来泛指一个动作，没有特别的时间意义。 Swimming is her favorite sport. Learning is important to modern life.2 分词-ing形式的一般式可用来表示与谓语动词同时发生的动作。They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing.,3 动词-ing形式的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作。 I remembered sending him an e-mail last week. （前）He suggested taki

3、ng my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday. （后）,B 动词-ing形式的完成式,动词-ing形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作，这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well. 点津坊在现代英语中，作宾语的动词-ing形式的完成式可用一般式来代替。 I really regretted missing such an exciting lecture. = I really regretted having missed su

4、ch an exciting lecture We remembered seeing the film. (=We remembered having seen the film.),时 态,C 动词-ing形式的被动形式,动词-ing形式的被动形式表示它的逻辑主语是动词-ing形式表示的动作的承受者。 The question being discussed is very important.I cant stand being kept waiting.Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the school library.

5、,语态,动词-ing形式的否定形式由not加动词-ing形式构成。 His not coming made everyone present very disappointed.,否定,1 动词-ing形式可直接置于句首作主语。 Seeing is believing. = To see is to believe. 2 为了保持句子平衡，通常用先行词it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句末。 It is no use crying over spilt milk. Its a waste of time arguing about it.,句子成分,必背 动词-ing形式作主语的几个常用句型。

6、Its no good talking to him. It is useless telephoning him. He is not willing to come. Its worth making an effort. There is no saying when it will stop raining. There is no joking about such matters.,句 型,1 表示主语的内容Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible 2 表示主语具有的特征The problem is quite

7、 puzzling.,1. Her work is _( look )after the children. 2. My aim is _( go ) to Tsinghua University. 3. One of my bad habit is _(bite ) nails（指甲）.,动词-ing形式既可作及物动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语。 1 能用动词-ing形式作宾语的及物动词可分两类，只能用动词-ing形式作宾语，可用动词-ing形式作宾语,也可用不定式作宾语。 只能用-ing形式作宾语的动词 suggest doing it in a different way.,必背只接动词-

8、ing形式而不接不定式作宾语的动词有： admit 承认 appreciate 感激 avoid 避免 put off 推迟 keep 保持 consider 考虑 delay 耽搁 dislike 嫌恶 resist抵制 mention 提及 enjoy 喜欢 escape 避免 excuse 原谅 practice 练习 mind介意 fancy想不到 feel like 意欲 finish 完成 risk 冒险 include 包括 forgive 原谅 give up 放弃 suggest 建议 miss 逃过 imagine 设想 cannot help 情不自禁,只能接动词-ing

9、形式作宾语的动词 建议冒险去献身，忍受期待不停顿； 放弃延期悔失去，坚持欣赏实践成； 注意原谅避反对，考虑要求不自禁； 允许习惯不介意，价值开始想动名。,1. He was in low spirits and even consider _(go ) away. 2. Practise _( put ) your hand to the ground. 3. I cant help _( have ) the trip to Britain. 4. Dont tell me you always escape _( fine) because you have a fast sports c

10、ar. 5. Leave off _(bite) your nails! 6. He didnt feel like _( work ), so he suggested _( spend ) the day in the garden. 7. You certainly mustnt miss _( see ) the wonderful film.,8.The doctor advised _(stay) longer in hospital. 9.We appreciate your _(want) _(help) us in our difficulties. 10.Michael h

11、as delayed _(write) to her till today. 11.The law forbids _(sell)liquor to children. 12.They all suggested _(give) more chances. 13.Can you imagine _(leave) standing outside for a whole night. 14.They built the banks to prevent the area from _(flood)., 既可用动词-ing形式作宾，也可用不定式作宾这类动词虽然既能用-ing形式作宾语，也能用不定式

12、作宾语，但用法并不相同，主要有以下几种情况： 有些动词，如attempt, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer等，后面接动词-ing形式或不定式区别不是很大。They prefer spending/to spend their summer vacation in Dalian. I intend to buy/buying an English-Chinese dictionary. 提示应尽量避免接连出现两个动词-ing形式。I am starting to learn Russian. 避免说：I am starting learnin

13、g Russian.,避免重复,有些动词或词组后可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有所不同。 come to do表示一个渐渐发展的过程 I hope we shall be friends and come to understand one another. come doing表示陪衬性的动作It was already two oclock when she came hurrying in.,go on to do 做完一件事后，接下去做另外一件事 Having finished the exercises, we went on to learn the new words in

14、the next unit. go on doing 继续做同一件事。 Though it was raining heavily, they went on working。 mean to do 想要做某事 I didnt mean to hurt you. 。 mean doing 意味着要有一个结果 Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 。,regret to do对即将要做的事表示遗憾 I regret to say I must leave tomorrow. regret doing对所做的事感到后悔 I regret

15、 not having told her earlier. remember to do 指将来的事，表示“不要忘记” Remember to lock the door when you leave. remember doing 讲的是过去的事，表示“记起来” I remember posting that letter.,forget to do忘记要做某事 She nearly forgot to give the porter a tip for his service. forget doing忘记以前曾做过的事 Ill never forget meeting my school

16、 headmaster for the first time. stop to do停止原来做的事，开始做另一件事 While working, he stopped to talk with Tom at times. stop doing停止正在做的事 When the teacher came into the classroom, the pupils stopped talking.,try to do设法做某事 I must try to get everything ready before he arrives. try doing试验做某事 Would you please

17、try doing that again?,need, require, want作“需要”解时， Need/require/want doing = to be done 意义上并无差别，但用动词-ing形式比较普通。Your composition needs correcting / to be corrected. His coat wants cleaning/to be cleaned. The old woman requires looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully. 2 作介词宾语动词-ing形式作介词宾语大

18、都和一些固定搭配有关。,1 动词-ing形式可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, smell, look at, listen to, observe, find等表示感官和心理状态的动词后面作宾语补足语，和一个名词或代词一起构成复合宾语。 We heard the children shouting upstairs. I felt my heart beating violently.,复合宾语,2 动词-ing形式和不定式作宾语补足语的区别。在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官动词后，既可用动词-ing形式构成复合宾语，也可

19、用不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。 -ing时，表示动作正在进行； 不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程 结束了。 He saw a girl getting on the bus. He saw a girl get on the bus and drive off.,3 动词-ing形式也可用在have, get, leave, keep, set, catch等表示“致使”的动词后作宾语补足语。 They should not leave us wondering what they will do next.I wont have you running about in

20、 the room.We kept the fire burning all night long.点津坊如果宾语补足语是一系列的动作，通常只能用 不定式来表示，不用动词-ing形式。I saw him enter the room sit down and light a cigarette.,1 单个的动词-ing形式可以作前置定语，一般具有两种含义。 说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。 a reading room= a room which is used for reading 阅览室 running shoes =shoes for running 跑鞋 a working method

21、=a method of working 工作方法 a drawing board 画板 a sewing machine 缝纫机 a swimming pool游泳池 a waiting room 候车室 a dining car 餐车 a driving permit 驾驶许可证 a singing competition歌咏比赛 a walking stick手杖, 表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。 developing countries = countries that are developing发展

22、中国家 an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary看起来很普通的房子 a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody 困扰人的问题,比较 a barking dog 狂吠的狗 a disappointing play 令人失望的戏剧 an astonishing adventure惊人的冒险 a sleeping baby 熟睡的婴儿 boiling water正在沸腾的水 failing sight 逐渐衰退的视力 the setting sun落日 the comi

23、ng week下一周,2 作定语的动词-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面。 The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory. They lived in a house facing south.3 某些情况下，动词-ing形式不能用来作定语，必须用定语从句。 作定语的动词-ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生，如两者不能同时发生的话，则需使用定语从句。 【误】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture.【正】The p

24、rofessor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture.,后置, 动词-ing形式的完成式一般只用来作状语，不作定语。 【误】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon. 【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.,动词-ing形式可以作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。 -ing形式

25、作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。 1 表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。 Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination. (= After we have made full preparations.) 2 表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。 Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday. (= Since he was ill.),3 表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。 His father died, leaving him a

26、 lot of money. = and left him a lot of money. 4 表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。 Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed. =If you work hard at your lessons. 5 表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。 Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. = Although they knew all this.,6 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。 He lay on the grass

27、, staring at the sky for a long time. = .and stared at the sky for a long time,分词表示的必须是主语的一个动作； 分词表示的动作和谓语表示的动作（或状态）是同时发生的； 分词表示的是比较次要的动作，对谓语表示的动作或状态加以说明； 大部分放在谓语之后； 分词有时可以与句子的其他部分用逗号隔开。,伴随状语,1、分词作状语说明谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随情况、行为方式或对谓语加以补充说明等。,2、作状语的分词(短语)通常放在句首或句尾，有时也可插在句子的主谓语之间。,3、分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语

28、必须与句子的主语保持一致 （除非独立主格结构）。,4、有时为了明确时间、条件或结果，分词前可加when,while,if, thus等连词。,-ing 形式,He rushed to the train station, only _ the train had gone.,A. finding B. found C. finds D. to find,D,Making it the popular sport in the world为现在分词短语作结果状语，这类分词短语常放在句子的后面,v-ing表示顺其自然，不定式表示突然，出乎意料。如：,His parents died, leavin

29、g him an orphan.,He rushed to the post office only to find it was closed,动 词 -ing 形 式 的 逻 辑 主 语,动词-ing形式作主语时，其逻辑主语对于谈话双方是不言而喻的。Reading aloud is very helpful. 点津坊如果作主语的动词-ing形式需要自己的逻辑主语时，一般用物主代词或名词所有格(即名词后加s) His fathers falling ill worried him greatly. (his father是falling ill的逻辑主语),动词-ing形式作表语时，其逻辑主

30、语往往是句子中的主语，但用作表语的-ing形式也可带有自己的逻辑主语。 What worries me most is her staying too late every night. (staying too late every night的逻辑主语是her),C 作定语的动词-ing形式,动词-ing形式作定语时，其逻辑主语就是它修饰的名词。an interesting book = a book that interests its readers a running stream = a stream that is running,如果动词-ing形式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者，就

31、要用-ing形式的被动式。 The meeting being held in Beijing now is of great importance. (the meeting和举行之间的关系是被动的，所以用being held),动词-ing形式作宾语时，其逻辑主语常是句子中的主语。如要明确动作的执行者，也可以在-ing形式前加上名词或代词表示逻辑主语。比较 He insisted on doing it himself.He insisted on my doing it.Would you mind opening the window?Would you mind my opening

32、 the window?,动词-ing形式作宾语补足语时，它的逻辑主语就是它前面的宾语。We often hear her singing this song.We often hear this song (being) sung.,1 动词-ing形式作状语，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。Entering the classroom, I found nobody in it.如动词-ing形式表示的动作不是句中主语发出或承受的，那就是误用。这种无依着的-ing形式，语法上称之为“垂悬分词”。 【误】Looking out through the window, the garde

33、n was beautiful. 【正】Looking out through the window, we saw a beautiful garden.,【误】Reading the evening newspaper, a dog started barking.【正】I was reading the evening newspaper when a dog started barking. 2 如不能和句子中的主语保持一致，该动词-ing形式必须有自己的逻辑主语，通常由名词或代词来担任。The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. We

34、ather permitting, the football match will be played on Friday.,独立主格,在用分词短语作状语时, 它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致, 否则它必须有自己独立的逻辑上的主语, 这种结构称为:,独立主格,独立结构可以表示伴随动作或情况, 表示时间、原因、条件等, 如： The shower being over, we continued to march. (时间) So many students being absent, we decided to put the meeting off. (原因) Weather perm

35、itting, well have an outing tomorrow. (条件) He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. (伴随情况),必背 高中阶段有一些固定的动词-ing形式短语，如generally speaking, judging from., considering., talking of., supposing.等，它们的逻辑主语可以和句子的主语不一致。这种动词-ing短语可当作一个插入语。 一般说来，男孩比女孩对科学更感兴趣. Generally speaking, boys are more inter

36、ested in science than girls. 从他的口音看，他一定来自加拿大. Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada.,考虑到他是多么的穷，我们决定让他免费听音乐会。 Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free. 假使下雨，你会怎么办呢？ Supposing it rains, what will you do?,B) 关于逻辑主语的问题 1. _to the meeting surprised all of

37、 the boards. A. Mike coming B. Mike came C. Mike coming D. Mikes coming 2. Its no use _ that you didnt know the rules. A. you pretend B. you pretending C. your pretending D. your pretend Change the following into the simple sentences. That Peter didnt attend the meeting made it put off.,PRACTICE,1._

38、full preparations, we decided to put off the meeting till next week. A. We did not make B. Having not made C. We had not made D. Not having made,2.European football is played in 80 countries,_it the most popular sport in the world. A. making B. Makes C. Made D. to make,3. _ what the situation would

39、be like, they decided to keep silent. A. Having not known B. knowing not C. Not know D. Not knowing,4. _ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth. A. having believed B. Believing C. Believed D. Being believed,5. _ such heavy pollution already, it may now b

40、e too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered,6. _ all over the hills and around the lake are wild flowers of different kinds. A. To grow B. Growing C. Grown D. Grow,7. Tom sat under a tree, and seeing his friend, _ up in no time. A. to stand B. standing

41、D. would stand 8. He sent me an email, _ to get further information. A. hope C. to hope D. hope,C. stood,B. hoping,9. _ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks. A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completed,10. Suddenly, a tall man driving a

42、golden carriage _ the girl and took her away, _ into the woods. A. seizing；disappeared B. seizing；disappearing C. seizing；to disappear D. seized；disappearing,1、分词作状语说明谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随情况、行为方式或对谓语加以补充说明等。,2、作状语的分词(短语)通常放在句首或句尾，有时也可插在句子的主谓语之间。,3、分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致 （除非独立主格结构）。,4、有时为了明确时

43、间、条件或结果，分词前可加when,while,if, thus等连词。,分词作状语,如果分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，则要用完成形式,Having worked among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well. Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter. Having lived in Berlin many years, he knew the city well.,分词作状语,现在分词作状语,现在分词的一般形式(doing) 现在分词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动作之前发生。 2.现在分词的完成式(having done) 现在分词的完成式表示分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。 完成时态的现在分词在句中经常作状语。,现在分词的语态,在表示一个被动的动作时，如果这个动作是现刻正在进行的，或是与谓语表示的动作同时发生的，就可以用现在分词的被动形式。这种形式可以作定语、状语或构成复合宾语,