基于纽马克文本类型理论的旅游文本英译研究以敦煌旅游文本英译为例

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1、基于纽马克文本类型理论的旅游文本英译研究以敦煌旅游文本英译为例 硕士学位论文 M.D. Thesis A Study of C-E Tourism Texts Based on Newmarks Text Typology Theory ?Taking C-E Translation of Dunhuang Tourism Texts as an Exemplar基于纽马克文本类型理论的旅游文本英译研究 ?以敦煌旅游文本英译为例 Wang Jing 王 静 Contents 独创性声明 i Abstract ii 摘要. iii List of Tables and Figures. iv L

2、ist of Abbreviations v Chapter 1 Introduction. 1 1.1 Research Background 1 1.2 Research Objectives and Research Significance2 1.3 Structure of the Thesis3 1.4 Research Questions and Methodology4 Chapter 2 Literature Review. 6 2.1 A General Study of Tourism Texts6 2.2 Domestic Studies on Tourism Tran

3、slation8 2.3 Studies on Tourism Translation Abroad. 10 2.4 A Review of Newmarks Theory Research 1 1 Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework14 3.1 Introduction14 3.2 Peter Newmarks View on Text Typology. 16 3.2.1 Newmarks Text Classification and Text Functions16 3.2.2 Newmarks Translation Methods 18 3.3 Appl

4、ication of Newmarks Text Typology to C-E Translation of Tourism Texts21 3.3.1 Functions of C-E Translation of Tourism Texts21 3.3.2 Translation Methods in C-E Translation of Tourism Texts Based on Text Typology 22 Chapter 4 Analysis of C-E Translation of DTT Based on Newmarks Text Typology Theory. 2

5、4 4.1 Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Tourism Texts24 4.1.1 Language Differences24 4.1.2 Discourse Differences28 4.1.3 Different Thinking Pattern. 304.2 Deficiencies in the C-E Translation of DTT 30 4.2.1 Machine Translation31 4.2.2 Misspelling or Grammatical Mistakes. 32 4.2.3 Chinglish

6、. 32 4.2.4 Cultural Misinterpretation33 4.3 Application of Newmarks Text Typology to the C-E Translation of DTT36 4.3.1 Analysis of Informative Texts in the C-E Translation of DTT. 37 4.3.2 Analysis of Vocative Texts in the C-E Translation of DTT 42 4.3.3 Analysis of Hybridization-type Texts in the

7、C-E Translation of DTT. 46 Chapter 5 Conclusions49 5.1 Major Findings 49 5.2 Limitations 51 5.3 Suggestions for Further Study. 51 References. vi Acknowledgement xi Abstract With the globalization developing, cross-cultural communicative activities have gained great progress and tourism industry has

8、achieved rapidly development. Being one of main medium to exchange Chinese information and culture, C-E translation of tourism text plays an important role in making foreign tourists know Chinese natural scenery and cultural heritage. However, at present, there are many deficiencies existing in C-E

9、translation of tourism texts, which has negative effects on communication between Chinese culture and Western culture, thus preventing Chinese tourism industry from developing. This thesis takes Dunhuangs tourism texts as an exemplar in that while it possesses rich tourism resource and unique grotto

10、 culture in the world, still its C-E translation has many deficiencies which need to be further improvedBased on Peter Newmarks Text Typology Theory, this thesis tries to research C-E translation of Dunhuang tourism texts. To start with, the author reviews tourism translation from at home and abroad

11、 and status quo of the research to Newmarks theory and classifies C-E translation of Dunhuang tourism texts into three types: informative texts, vocative texts and hybridization-type texts including informative contents and vocative contents. In the process of research, the author found hybridizatio

12、n-type texts do abundantly exist in C-E translation of DTT, so the author classifies it as a type. Then, under the guidance of Newmarks translation methods, the author analyzes the deficiencies such as machine translation, misspelling or grammatical mistakes, cultural misinterpretation in C-E transl

13、ation of DTT. Based on this analysis, the author takes the comparative mode of parallel text to be the auxiliary means to compare and analyze the textual features of Chinese and English tourism texts, aiming at combining Newmarks translation methods with comparative mode of parallel text to improve

14、the separate deficiencies in informative, vocative and hybridization-type texts of C-E translation of DTTThe research indicates that the combination of Newmarks Text Typolgy and his translation methods with the comparative mode of parallel text provides a reasonable way to research C-E tourism trans

15、lation. By sorting out and analyzing the examples in details, the author found that the amplification, deletion and adaptation methods which combines the features of parallel text based on the source text are accustomed to the reading habit and thinking norms of target readers, which will be better

16、up to the expectation of readers and achieve communication aimsKey words: Tourism translation, C-E translation of DTT, Newmarks Text Typology, Parallel textii摘要 经济全球化的进一步发展使得跨文化交际活动日益深入,全球旅游业迅猛发展。汉语旅游文本的英译本作为对外交流的主要媒介之一,是外国游客了解中国人文景观和自然景观的重要途径。然而,目前中国旅游文本英译中存在众多问题,影响了中国文化对外的传播和中西文化的交流,不利于中国对外旅游业的发展。

17、以敦煌旅游文本为例,尽管它拥有丰富的旅游资源和世界独一无二的洞窟文化,但其旅游文本的英译本却存在着大量问题,质量有待提高。 本文试图从英国著名翻译理论家 Peter Newmark 的文本类型理论出发,对敦煌旅游文本的英译本进行研究。首先,笔者在回顾了国内外对旅游文本及纽马克翻译理论的研究现状之后,根据纽马克按照文本功能的不同,对文本进行分类的方法,将敦煌旅游文本的英译本分为三大类,即信息类文本、呼唤类文本和混合型文本(有信息型内容又有呼唤型内容)。在研究过程中,笔者发现混合型文本大量存在于旅游文本中,因此将混合型文本归为一类。然后,本文在纽马克翻译方法的指导下,分析了敦煌旅游文本的英译本中存

18、在的不足。在此基础上,笔者应用了平行文本比较模式作为辅助性手段,对比分析了中英文平行文本的文本特点,以期能够结合纽马克的翻译方法,改善信息类、呼唤类和混合型敦煌旅游文本英译中的各自不足。最后,笔者将纽马克翻译方法与平行文本比较模式结合起来,分析了造成敦煌旅游文本的英译本中存在不足的原因并提出了相应的改进策略。 研究结果表明:敦煌旅游文本的英译本存在诸如机器翻译、拼写或语法错误和文化误译等不足。在分析的基础上,笔者认为纽马克文本分类法及他的翻译方法与平行文本分析模式的有机结合为旅游文本的英译提供了合理的模式。通过选取例证并对例证进行详细的描述性分析,笔者发现在旅游文本中译文在原文的基础上对原文内

19、容的增译、减译和结合平行文本的文本特点进行改译等策略,有效地实现旅游文本的文本功能,顺从了译文读者的阅读习惯和心理感受,从而达到预期的交际目的。关键词:旅游翻译;敦煌旅游文本英译;纽马克文本类型理论;平行文本iiiList of Tables and FiguresTables Table 2.1 Distribution and Quantity of Articles on Tourism Translation Published in the Core Journals from 2001-20118 Table 3.1 Language Functions, Text-categor

20、ies and Text-types.17 Table 3.2 Comparison between Semantic and Communicative Translation19Figures Figure 3.1 Karl Buhlers Language Function15 Figure 3.2 Translation Methods of Peter Newmark20 Figure 3.3 Illustration of Peter Newmarks Translation Methods.20iv List of AbbreviationsC-E Translation Chi

21、nese to English Translation DTT Dunhuang Tourism Texts SLSource Language TLTarget Language TTTarget Text STSource TextvChapter 1 Introduction Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Research BackgroundWith the economic globalization further developing and the thriving of cross-cultural communication, tourism has

22、 gained rapid development. It is estimated that China will become one of the most visited countries in the world and the fourth largest suppliers of tourists by 2020 Jin Huikang, 2006. From the view of economy and culture, the development of tourism not only promotes the development of local tourist

23、 industry, enhancing the income of locals and providing certain jobs for local people but also gives an impetus to the cross-cultural communication. Therefore, it is necessary to pay much attention to study C-E translation of tourism. There is no doubt that tourism texts are one of the main medium f

24、or traveler to get to know about tourism destination, so the tourism materials play an important role in cultural exchangesBesides, English is the language which has been widely used in the world, thus a lot of tourism materials have been translated into English to exchange information for foreign t

25、ravelers by travel guides, the introduction of scenic spots, the advertisement of hotels, the history and culture of sightseeing destination etc Although the development of Chinas tourism is late, it has demonstrated a rapid development. There is no denying that the tourism of less-developed area is

26、nt fully developed because of the standard of its economy, the scope of propaganda and the less-developed transportation and service system, compared with the developed regions of China. The tourism industry of Gansu Province is one of the examples which possess rich cultural tourist resources, huma

27、n tourist resources and natural scenery, having great development potency. However, the scarcity of C-E translation of its tourism texts affects the development of Gansus tourism industry. Furthermore, the quality of its translation has many demerits such as misspelling, machine translation, cultura

28、l misinterpretation, and grammatical mistakes causing the misunderstanding to foreign tourists and worsening our countrys image People clearly realize that Dunhuang possesses unique historic heritage which belongs to China and human beings. As is known to us, Dunhuangs tourism resource has highly hi

29、storic and cultural value and is one of important sections on the Silk Road. There are many important scenic spots such as Mogao Grottoes, The Crescent Spring and the Whistling Sand Hill, Yadan Landform, Yumen Pass and Yangguan Pass and so on. It is the fact that most travellers from at home and abr

30、oad are attracted by these attractions, especially Mogao Grottoes. However, the C-E translation of DTT for foreigners is seldom and many poor translation1A Study of C-E Tourism Translation Based on Newmarks Text Typology Theory texts are exist in market. So the need to the high quality of C-E transl

31、ation of DTT is urgent but far from satisfaction. Therefore, the study of C-E translation of DTT is necessary and important even though it comparatively overlooked compared with the other famous interests of places of China1.2 Research Objectives and Research SignificanceBy reviewing C-E translation

32、 of tourism texts and taking the Dunhuang tourism texts as a case to make an analysis to the deficiencies in the C-E versions of DTT, this thesis aims to find out the following objectives. First, this thesis intends to find out the deficiencies in the C-E translation of Dunhuang tourism texts based

33、on Newmarks Text Type Typology. Although many researches on tourism translation have been conducted, still most of these studies focus on the translation strategies. Seldom do the studies use the parallel text to compare the textual convention between Chinese and English tourism texts to improve the

34、 deficiency in C-E translation of tourism texts. Second, this thesis means to improve the deficiencies in C-E versions of DTT based on Newmarks Text Typology, taking the comparative model of parallel text as the auxiliary means. By making a comparative study of Chinese and English tourism texts in t

35、erms of their respective features of language and contents, this thesis aims at identifying the deficiencies in C-E translation of DTT. To make the comparison more convincing, the paper will apply the Newmarks Text Typology Theory as the standard of classification for texts and classify Dunhuang tou

36、rism texts into three types: informative texts, vocative texts and hybridization-type text which combines the informative texts and vocative texts. Then the comparison between Chinese and English tourism texts is made to try to find out the separate textual convention so as to improve the deficienci

37、es in C-E translation of DTT The activity of tourism texts translation is a special one and it includes many aspects such as tourist destinations introductions, tourist advertisements, tourist signs, folk custom brochures, etc. Jia Wenbo, 2004. Among them, Chinese tourism texts which are translated

38、into English have become an essential means to give publicity to the sightseeing destination and scenic spots to foreigners and motivate them to visit the destinations. According to Professors Hunziker and Krapf of Berne University, tourism is “the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from

39、 the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity” Holloway C., 1983. This is the definition in a narrow sense. This thesis studies the tourism in a narrow sense. Tourism texts have all kinds of forms, including

40、travel guides, the description of scenic spots, tour guide maps and advertisement of hotels, the history and culture of sightseeing destination. This thesis mainly deals with the C-E2Chapter 1 Introduction translation of DTT, which can be found in tour guide manuals or books, Dunhuang travel agencys

41、 websites on the Internet and tour tickets. The information of these tourism texts is closely related to the foreign travelers. Usually, the information about the introduction of the tourist attractions has close connection with the local culture, customs and the different thinking way between China

42、 and other countries, which makes it difficult for translator to translate these texts. However, the quality of translated texts is of importance which can affect the depth and breadth of cross-cultural communication. Therefore, this paper will attach much attention to the deficiencies of C-E transl

43、ation of DTT and try to improve these deficienciesPreviously, lots of researches on tourism have been focusing on translation strategies using some theories such as the Relevance theory, Functionalism theory, Nadas theory as guidance. Besides, some of researchers have already noticed many problems i

44、n the C-E tourism translation and offered some useful solutions. Rare do the studies use the parallel text as the auxiliary means to research the textual convention and features between Chinese and English tourism texts to improve the deficiencies in C-E translation of DTT, which makes the study nec

45、essaryDunhuang has wide-spreading reputation at home and abroad. Not only do the attractions of Dunhuang attract people from different places coming to travel, but also the rising of Dunhuangology makes Dunhang well-known in the world. On one hand, Dunhuang possesses rich natural landscapes such as

46、the Crescent Spring, Yadan Landforms. On the other hand, Dunhuang is a place of valuably cultural heritage such as Mogao Grottoes, Yangguan Pass, Yumen Pass,the Great Wall of the Han DynastyFrom the perspective of history, Dunhuang was one of the important sections of Silk-road, which played an impo

47、rtant role in the communication between east and west in the past. From the perspective of culture and art, the art of Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang combines Buddhism art and Chinese Traditional artIf Dunhuang is made famous by Mogao Grottoes, then it is the murals and colored sculptures that make Moga

48、o Grottoes known far and wide. Although Dunhuang has rich tourism resources, still the translated versions of Dunhuang Tourism Texts are not so many and the quality of its C-E translated versions is not high, so it is completely necessary to make a research on it1.3 Structure of the ThesisThis thesi

49、s is made up of five parts which are organized as followsThe first part mainly introduces the research background, objectives and significance of the study, the overall structure of the thesis as well as research questions and methodology3A Study of C-E Tourism Translation Based on Newmarks Text Typ

50、ology Theory The second part is the literature review which includes the general review of the tourism texts, the review of the relevant work having done by some researchers both at home and abroad in the field of tourism translation and the critical thinking on the previous studiesThe third part is

51、 the theoretical framework of this thesis. This thesis is conducted based on Peter Newmarks Text Typology Theory, so this part mainly elaborate Text Typology Theory of Peter Newmarks and his translation methods related to this thesisThe fourth part is the body of the thesis. In this part, the compar

52、ative analysis of Chinese and English tourism texts are made to find out their separate characteristics, and then find the deficiencies in the C-E translation of DTT based on Newmarks Text Type Theory. After that, Newmarks classification of text type is applied to classify the DTT and takes Newmark

53、s translation methods as the main analyzing methods and the model of parallel text as the auxiliary means to analyze the existing deficiencies in C-E translation of DTT. Whenever possible, lots of examples will be used to illustrate the points made in this partThe fifth part is a conclusion to the w

54、hole thesis, with the major findings, limitations and suggestions for further study1.4 Research Questions and Methodology The present thesis aims at tackling the following two questions: 1 Are there deficiencies in the C-E translation of DTT based on Peter Newmarks Text Typology Theory? If yes, what

55、 are they2 How could the deficient C-E versions of DTT be improvedThis thesis takes C-E translation of tourism texts as an exemplar to explore the deficiencies in it based on Peter Newmarks Text Typology Theory. The author will conduct descriptive analysis to analyze the deficiencies in the C-E tran

56、slation of Dunhuang tourism texts. So the descriptive methods will be used in this thesis. All the information or texts of C-E translation of DTT are collected randomly from guidebooks, magazines, the Internet and pamphlets. This thesis researches the C-E translation of DTT based on Newmarks Text Ty

57、pology Theory, taking the comparative mode of parallel text as the auxiliary means to analyze the deficiencies in C-E translation of DTT. The term “parallel text” is usually used to compare textual linguistics, which belongs to a comparison mode. German scholar Hartmann 1980 classified “parallel tex

58、t” into three types. A class is the very conformance in form between source text and target textB class refers to functional equivalence but incompletely conformity in form between source text and target4Chapter 1 Introduction text. C class refers to produce different linguistic text in the same communicative context. In this thesis, “parallel text” will belong to B class of Hartmanns 5Chapter 2 Literature Review Chapter 2 Literature Review This chapter will start with a general review of tourism and tourism texts and then review the