土木工程与纳米技术外文文献翻译

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1、土木工程与纳米技术外文文献翻译 (含：英文原文及中文译文) 文献出处：Chong K P. Nanotechnology in civil engineeringJ. Advances in Structural Engineering, 2004, 8(4):325-331.英文原文 Nanotechnology in Civil EngineeringChong K PAbstractThe innovation of relevant nanotechnology and its significance in civil engineering practice is illustra

2、ted in this paper for broadening vision. It creates materials, devices, and systems with new properties and functions. The role of nanotechnology in the conceiving of innovative infrastructure systems has the potential to revolutionize the civil engineering practice and widen the vision of civil eng

3、ineering. Following this the analysis were carried out in ductile structural composites along with its enhanced properties, low maintenance coatings, better properties of cementations materials, reducing the thermal transfer rate of fire retardant and insulation, various Nan sensors,smart materials,

4、 intelligent structure technology etc. The properties like self-sensing, self-rehabilitation, self-cleaning, self-vibration damping, self-structural health monitoring and self-healing are the key features. To execute these, the gap between the nanotechnology and construction materials research needs

5、 to be bridged. This paper first presents the background information and current developments in nanotechnology and civil engineering in general followed by the merits and demerits of their interdisciplinary approach. Further the details of application oriented nanotechnology-enabled materials and p

6、roducts that are either on the market or ready to be adopted in the construction industry and also their possible consequences over the time is elucidated. Some of the major instances of current applications of nanotechnology in the field of civil engineering across its different sections around the

7、 globe are exemplified. The most challenging economic factors concerned with its practicality are discussed briefly. Finally the future trend, potential and implications of nanotechnology development in civil engineering towards more economical infrastructure, low cost maintenance with longer durabi

8、lity are deliberated.Keywords：Civil Engineering, Nanomaterials, Nanotechnology, Sustainability.1 IntroductionA. BackgroundPeople in the construction industry are certainly familiar with the concept of acquiring raw materials, combining them and then building them into a recognizable form. The finish

9、ed building product is a passive object. With the environmental impact and abuse of project owners, its function is slowly declining. Architecture is by no means a new science or technology, but great changes have taken place in its history. Similarly, nanotechnology is not a new science and technol

10、ogy, and it can be said to be an expanded science and technology. The size of the particles is the key factor. In nanotechnology (anything, from a hundred or more to a few nanometers, or 10-9m) greatly changes the properties of the material. Another important aspect is that, as nanometer-sized parti

11、cles, the atomic ratio on the surface increases with respect to the interior, creating new properties. It is these nano effects which ultimately determine all the properties of macro that we are familiar with. This is the source of power for nanotechnology - if we can manipulate elements at nanomete

12、r scale, it can affect its macroscopic properties, and Create new materials and new processes.B. What is nano?Nano, a nanometer is one billionth of a meter. There are many definitions of nanotechnology, but generally it refers to the study of understanding substances in a 0.1 to 100 nm scale space.

13、The significance and importance of controlling the size of nanometers is that different physical laws play a role in this range (quantum physics). There are two approaches to the nanoscale: shrinking from top to bottom, or bottom-up. The top-down approach requires that the structure be reduced to th

14、e smallest nanoscale size through processing and etching techniques, while the bottom-up approach is often referred to as molecular nanotechnology, meaning to control or direct atoms and molecules. Combine to create a structure.C. Architectural nanotechnologyThe Delphi survey in the UK in the early

15、1990s 7 showed that the construction industry was the only industry that identified emerging technologies with promising nanotechnology. The importance of nanotechnology has also been highlighted in the Swedish and British Architecture Reports 8-9. In addition, precast concrete and concrete products

16、 were identified as the first of 40 industry sectors that may be affected by nanotechnology in 10-15 years 6. However, the development of the construction industry lags behind other industrial sectors, and thus the research of nanotechnology has attracted the interest and investment of large-scale i

17、ndustrial enterprises and venture capitalists. Recognizing the immense potential and importance of nanotechnology in the construction industry, at the end of 2002, the European Commission approved funding for growth project GMA1-2002-72160 NANOCINEX - the establishment of a website for the remarkabl

18、e contribution of nanotechnology in building structures.2 Application of Nanotechnology in Civil EngineeringBecause nanotechnology produces products with many unique properties, nanotechnology can be used in many areas of design and construction. In addition, these characteristics can also significa

19、ntly solve the problems existing in the current construction process, and may change the requirements and organizational forms in the construction process.Some of its detailed application studies are as follows:A. ConcreteConcrete is one of the most common and widely used building materials. Nanotec

20、hnology was used to study its properties such as hydration reaction, alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and fly ash reaction. Alkali-silicic acid reactions are due to the presence of alkaline living aggregates such as silicalite cement and silica. Replacing part of the cement with pozzolona in the concret

21、e mix can reduce the alkalinity of the ASR pore fluid. Fly ash not only improves the durability and strength of concrete, but more importantly it meets the requirements of sustainable development and reduces the amount of cement used. However, the slowdown of the curing process of this concrete is d

22、ue to the increase of fly ash and early strength, and it is also relatively low in ordinary concrete.The addition of nanosilica produces dense micro and nanostructures that improve mechanical properties. With the replacement of part of the cement with nano-silica added, the density and strength of f

23、ly ash concrete increase, especially at an early stage. Concrete that is doped with a large amount of fly ash can be filled with pores between a large number of fly ash cement particles at an early stage to improve the pore size distribution. Amorphous nano-SiO2 diffusion/slurry is used to improve t

24、he segregation resistance of dense concrete 11. Adding a small amount of carbon nanotubes (1%) can increase the compressive and flexural strength 1. This can also improve the mechanical properties of samples composed of portland cement and water. The oxidized porous carbon nanotubes (MWNT) exhibited

25、 the best improvement in compressive strength (+25N/MM2) and flexural strength (8N/MM2) relative to unstrengthened reference samples.Cracking is a big problem for many structures. A subdivision of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign investigated healing polymers, including microencapsulat

26、ed therapeutic agents and triggers that catalyze chemical reactions 8. When the microcapsules are broken by a crack, the healing agent is released into the crack and comes into contact with the catalyst. Polymerization occurs to bond the cracked surface. Self-healing polymers are particularly suitab

27、le for solving microcracks in piers. But it requires expensive epoxy injections. Studies have shown that adding anaerobic microorganisms (without oxygen) to concrete-stirred water increases the strength by 25% within 28 days. The concentration of microorganisms in Shewanella is 105 cells, and observ

28、ations at the nanometer scale show the presence of deposited cement sand matrix on the surface. This leads to the growth of the filler material in the pores of the cement sand matrix to increase the strength.Finally, it is quite common to apply concrete fibers today to increase the strength of preca

29、st concrete components. A major advance in the process is the use of fibrous sheets (matrixes) containing nanosilica particles and hardeners. These nanoparticles heal small cracks on the concrete surface and form strong bonds in the reinforced application between the concrete matrix and the surface

30、of the fibrous material.B. Structural compositesSteel is an important building material. In 1992, the Federal Highway Administration, the American Iron and Steel Institute, and the United States Navy developed new, low-carbon, high-performance steels (HPS) by welding copper nanoparticles to the boun

31、daries of steel crystals. They have high corrosion resistance and are mainly used in bridges. Construction.Sandvik South Australia FrestecTM is a new stainless steel developed by Sandvik South Australia Fress Material Technology. Due to its high performance, it is well suited for lightweight and stu

32、rdy designs. MMFX2 nanometer modified steel, produced by American MFX Steel Company, has good corrosion resistance, formability and wear resistance, and can maintain life cycle cost 10. Compared with traditional steel. It has a completely different microstructure, similar to the sprung laminate stru

33、cture. In the modification of nanostructures, MMFX steel has superior mechanical properties compared to other high-strength steels, such as High strength, toughness and fatigue resistance. These material properties can reduce construction costs and have a longer life in corrosive environments. The c

34、orrosion resistance of MMFX2 steel is similar to stainless steel, but at a much lower cost. Therefore, MMFX steel has been certified for use in the general construction of the United States.C. GlassFire-resistant glass is another application of nanotechnology. By using an intumescent layer sandwiche

35、d between glass panels (middle layer), the formed dioxide (SiO2) gas nanoparticles become a rigid, opaque fire shield when heated. Due to the hydrophobic properties of SiO2, it can be used for anti-fog coatings or for cleaning windows. The nano-SiO2 coating can also be used as a contaminant in the e

36、xterior of the anti-stick construction, thereby reducing equipment maintenance costs.D. AsphaltBentonite (BT) and organically modified bentonite (OBT) are used to strengthen and modify the asphalt binders processed by the melt under the action of stress and shear stress. BT modified asphalt has an i

37、ntercalated structure and OBT modified asphalt has a detached structure. BT and OBT modified bitumens exhibited greater softening point, viscosity, higher complex modulus, lower phase angle relative to matrix asphalt, higher rutting parameters and better rheological properties. However, the ductilit

38、y of modified asphalt decreased after the addition of BT and OBT. At the same time, their creep stiffness is significantly reduced. Therefore, the crack resistance at low temperatures is improved by adding BT and OBT. OBT modified asphalt has better performance than BT modified asphalt.E. Nanotechno

39、logy in firefightingThe fire-resistant gelling process of steel structures is often performed through a thick coating, sprayed with cement to increase the fragility and adhesion required for polymer addition. Nano-cement research (nanoparticles) has created a new paradigm for application in this fie

40、ld. This is achieved through the mixing of carbon nanotube (CNT) and cementitious material-fabricated fiber composite materials, and can inherit the excellent properties such as high strength of carbon nanotubes. Polypropylene fibers are considered as a more economical method of increasing fire resi

41、stance than conventional insulation methods. Carbon nanotubes can also be used to produce protective apparel materials due to their flame retardant properties.3 The impact of nanotechnology on architectureA. Advantages1) Compared with the traditional TiO2, the surface area of nano-TiO2 increased by

42、500% and the opacity was reduced by 400%. At present, the production water of nano-TiO2 has reached 4 million tons, which is approximately US$45/kg to US$50/kg, and the traditional TiO2 price is US$2.5/kg.2) The global carbon nanotube market grew from US$ 51 million in 2006 to more than US$ 800 mill

43、ion (BCC) in 2011.3) The construction progress of nano-modified concrete reduces labor-intensive (expensive) projects. In addition, maintenance and maintenance costs can be reduced.4) The annual sales of the paint and coating industry is approximately US$2 billion (Bell et al. 2003). Nano-alumina an

44、d titanium dioxide have a 4 to 6-fold increase in wear resistance, toughness, and bond strength (Gagel, 2002).5) The potential market for nanocomposites in the next two decades is estimated to be US$34 billion (Lauka and Bonnbla, 2001).6) The total number of fire-fighting systems in 2004 was approxi

45、mately US$ 4.5 billion, and it is expected to grow to more than US$80 billion by 2010 (Helmut Caesar, 2008).7) Embedded nanosensors in infrastructure construction materials, with the lowest cost, fully integrated and self-powered fault prediction and high capital structure prediction mechanisms (eg,

46、 reservoirs, nuclear power plants, bridges).B. The disadvantage1) Due to the small particle size, nanoparticles have potentially negative effects on the respiratory and digestive tract, skin or eye surface 4 which increases the hazards of workers.2) Since nanotechnology-related industries are relati

47、vely new, people who are committed to building research and development (even in some areas of application) must have an interdisciplinary background.3) New policies in nanotechnology require the cooperation of governments at all levels, R&D institutions, manufacturers and other industries.4) Small-

48、scale production and high costs remain the major obstacles to nanotechnology (Royal Society, 2004).5) The commercialization of the product takes a long time. Concrete, for example, can eliminate the need for reinforcing bars. The commercialization is expected to take 2020.4 Sustainable constructionT

49、he cement industrys annual production rate of 2.35 billion tons has contributed about 5% of the global carbon dioxide emissions. It has been found that additives such as calcium, calcium aluminate and calcium-sulphur-aluminum (BASF, 2008) reduce CO2 emissions by nearly 25% during the production phas

50、e. The wall made of nano-modified concrete may be used as a heat-insulating material in cold weather, used as a conductor when the outside temperature drops or when the interior environment temperature of the building is low, thereby reducing the energy required for regulating the interior of the bu

51、ilding. load. With the further technological development of LEDs and OLEDs in insulating materials and smart glass, buildings meet their own energy needs will become a realistic vision.5 Future Projection of Nanotechnology in ConstructionMultinational companies and venture capital investment invest

52、a lot of money in nano-related research. Many world-class companies such as IBM, Intel, Motorola, Langxun, Boeing, and Hitachi have significant nano-related research projects or have launched their own initiatives on nanotechnology. The National Science Foundation estimates that by 2015, the impact

53、of nanotechnology on the global economy will be $1 trillion. In order to achieve the goal of market size prediction, the industry will employ nearly 2 million workers to study nanomaterials, nanostructures and nanosystems. Commercialization of products takes a long time because companies prefer to m

54、onitor the monitoring development of research institutes and laboratories before investing heavily. In addition, the development of nanotechnology, especially in combination with bionic research, will produce better and more efficient materials, structural design and a truly revolutionary approach t

55、o production, sustainability, and adaptability to changes in the environment. 6. ConclusionsResearch on nanotechnology related to construction is still in its infancy; this article defines the impact of nanotechnology on construction and discusses the main advantages and disadvantages. In recent yea

56、rs, large-scale investment has been made in the research and development of nanotechnology. In the nano-related products, the development of the construction industry does not have a very good marketing, and it is difficult for industry experts to judge. The large-scale and feasible measures of nano

57、science and nanotechnology in the field of construction can help the development of nanotechnology related to seed engineering. Research on the timely orientation of nanotechnology in infrastructure construction has been listed as a key research subject, ensuring that the potential advantages of thi

58、s technology are used to provide a longer service life and a more economical infrastructure. This article summarizes how a nanotechnology can have the greatest impact on the roadmap and strategic action plan for civil engineering.中文译文土木工程中的纳米技术Chong K P摘要为了拓宽视野, 本文对土木工程中的纳米技术的实践意义和创新作了阐述。 它创造了具有新特性和

59、功能的材料设备系统。纳米技术在构建创新基础设施系统中 的作用对土木工程的实践和拓宽领域带来了革命性的改变。本文首先介绍了纳米技 术和它们跨学科应用的优缺点,其次是土木工程一般的背景资料和目前的发展情 况。此外,阐述了无论在市场上还是准备用于建筑行业的功能导向的纳米技术材料 和产品的细节以及一定时间内可能导致的后果。列举了一些目前纳米技术在世界各 地不同部分的土木工程领域的应用实例。对在最具挑战性的经济因素下它的实用性 进行了简要的讨论。最后是未来的发展趋势,纳米技术的发展对土木工程向着更经 济的基础设施,具有较长使用寿命和低成本的潜在影响的探讨。关键词: 土木工程,纳米材料,纳米技术,可持续发

60、展1引言A .背景作为建筑行业的人肯定都对获得原材料,把它们组合在一起然后把它们构建成 一个可识别的形式的概念非常熟悉。建筑成品是一个被动的物体。随着环境影响和 项目业主的滥用它的功能在慢慢衰退。建筑绝不是一门新的科学或技术,但在其历史上已经发生了很大的变化。同样,纳米技术也不是一门新的科学和技术,而更可 以说是一个扩展的科学和技术。 粒子的大小是关键因素, 在纳米技术中 (任何事物, 从一百或者更多下降到几纳米,或10-9m)大大的改变了材料的特性。另一个重要方面是,作为纳米尺寸的粒子,在表面上原子的比例相对于内部增加会产生新的属 性。正是这些“纳米效应” ,最终确定了我们所熟悉的“宏观”

61、的所有属性,这正是纳米技术的力量来源如果我们可以在纳米尺寸上操纵元素,那就可以影响其宏观性质,并产生新材料和新工艺。B .什么是纳米?纳米,一纳米是一米的十亿分之一。”纳米技术” 的定义有很多,但一般是指在 0.1100nm尺度的空间内来研究理解物质。控制在纳 米尺寸上的意义与重要性是在这种范围内不同的物理定律发挥作用(量子物理学) 。 接近纳米级的方法有两种:从上而下收缩,或者自下而上发展。 “自上而下”的方 法需要将结构通过加工和蚀刻技术减小到最小纳米级尺寸,而“自下而上”的方法 通常被称为分子纳米技术,意味着控制或定向原子和分子的组合来创建结构。 C .建筑纳米技术20世纪 90年代 7

62、初英国的德尔菲调查显示建筑行业是唯一一个确定纳米技术 具有广大前景的新兴技术的行业。瑞典和英国建筑报告 8-9中也强调了纳米技术 的重要性。此外,预制混凝土及混凝土制品被确定为在 1015年间可能会受到纳米 技术影响的 40个行业领域之首 6。然而,建筑行业的发展滞后于其他工业部门, 由此纳米技术的研究吸引了大型工业企业和风险投资家的浓厚兴趣和投资。意识到 纳米技术在建筑行业的巨大潜力和重要性,在 2002年年底,欧盟委员会批准拨款成长工程 GMA1-2002-72160” NANOCINEX ”建立一个纳米技术在建筑结构中的 卓越贡献的网站。2纳米技术在土木工程中的应用由于纳米技术产生的产品

63、具有许多独特的性质,因此纳米技术可用于许多领域的设计和施工过程中。除此之外,这些特性还可以显著的解决当前建设过程中存在的问题,并可能改变建设过程中的要求和组织形式。它的一些详细应用研究如下:A .混凝土混凝土是一种最常见和广泛使用的建筑材料。纳米技术被用于研究其属性,如 水化反应,碱硅酸反应(ASR )和粉煤灰反应。碱硅酸反应是由于硅质岩水泥和 二氧化硅等碱性活骨料的含量引起的。在混凝土配合比中用 pozzolona 取代部分水泥可以减少 ASR 孔隙流体的碱度。粉煤灰不仅提高了混凝土的耐久性和强度更 重要的是达到可持续发展的要求,减少了水泥的用量。不过,这种混凝土的固化过 程减慢是由于粉煤灰

64、和早期强度的增加,在普通混凝土中也是比较低的。纳米二氧化硅的添加产生致密的微观和纳米结构使机械性能得到了改进。随着部分 水泥被添加的纳米二氧化硅所替换,粉煤灰混凝土的密度和强度提高了,尤其是在 早期阶段。掺杂大量粉煤灰的混凝土早期可以在纳米尺度上填充大量粉煤灰水泥颗粒之间的孔隙来改善孔径的分布。无定形纳米 SiO2的扩散 /浆料是用来改善密实混 凝土 11的抗离析性。添加少量碳纳米管(1%)可以增加抗压和抗折强度 1。这 也可以改善由硅酸盐水泥和水组成样品的力学性能。氧化多孔碳纳米管(MWNT )的 抗压强度(+25N/MM2)和抗弯强度(8N/MM2)相对于未经加强的参考样品有最好的改进。开

65、裂是许多结构的一个大问题。伊利诺依州 Urbana-Champaign 大学的分校正在 研究愈合聚合物,其中包括微胶囊化的治疗剂和催化化学反应的触发器 8。当微 胶囊被裂纹破坏时, 愈合剂释放到裂纹中与催化剂接触。 发生聚合反应粘结裂纹面。 自我修复的聚合物特别适合于解决微裂纹的桥墩柱。但它需要昂贵的环氧注射。研究表明,把厌氧微生物(不需要氧气)添加到混凝土搅拌水中在 28天内强度增加 了 25%。希瓦氏菌的微生物的浓度为 105个细胞毫升,纳米尺度的观察显示在其表 面上有沉积的水泥砂基质。这导致了填充材料在水泥砂基质孔隙中的生长以增加强 度。最后,在今天应用混凝土纤维来增加预制混凝土构件的强度是相当普遍的。在 程序中的一大进步是含有纳米二氧化硅粒子和硬化剂的纤维片材(基质)的使用。 这些纳米粒子愈合了混凝土表面小的裂缝,并在加强的应用程序中混凝土基质和纤维材料之间的表面形成牢固的键。B. 结构复合材料钢材是一种重要的建筑材料。 1992年联邦公路管理局和美国钢铁协会以及美国 海军通过将铜纳米颗粒焊接在钢晶体的边界开发了新的,低碳,高性能钢(HPS ) , 具有较高耐腐蚀性主要用于桥梁的建设。山特维克南澳弗雷斯TM是山特维克南澳弗雷斯材料技术开发的一种新型不锈钢。 由于它的高性能, 很适合运用于轻巧而又坚固的设计。 MMFX2纳米改性钢, 美国 MFX 钢铁公司