电大西方经济学名词解释小抄参考

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1、专业好文档1、需求规律：是指商品价格提高，对该商品的需求量减少，反之，商品价格下降，则对该商品的需求量增加，这种需求数量和商品价格成反向变化的关系称需求规律或需求定理。2、供给规律：是指商品价格提高，对该商品的供给量增加，反之，商品价格下降，则对该商品的供给量减少，这种供给数量和商品价格成正向变化的关系称供给规律或供给定理。3、需求收入弹性：是指需求量相对收入变化作出的反应程度，即消费者收入增加或减少百分之一时所引起对该商品需求量的增加或减少的百分比。4、收入效应：是指消费者购买两种商品时，由于一种商品名义价格下降，可使现有货币收入购买力增强，可以购买更多的商品达到更高的效应水平。5、无差异曲

2、线：是用来表示给消费者带来相同效用水平或相同满足和谐的两种商品不同数量的组合。6、预算线：也称消费者可能线，它是在消费者收入和商品价格既定的条件下，消费者的全部收入所能购买到的各种商品的数量组合。7、总效用：是指消费者在一定时间内，消费一种或几种商品所获得的效用总和。8、边际效用：是指消费者在一定时间内增加单位商品所引起的总效用的增加量。9、替代效应：是指当消费者购买两种商品时，由于一种商品价格下降，一种商品价格不变，消费者会多购买价格便宜的商品，少买价格高的商品。10、机会成本：是指生产者为了生产一定数量的产品所放弃的使用相同生产要素在其他生产用途中所能得到的最高收入。11、边际收益：是指每

3、增加一单位产品所增加的销售收入。12、边际技术替代率：是在保持产量不变的条件下，增加一个单位的某种要素投入量时所减少的另一种要素的投入数量。13、完全竞争：是指竞争不受任何阻碍和干扰的市场结构。14、寡头垄断：是指少数几个厂商控制着整个市场中的生产和销售的市场结构。15、垄断竞争：是指许多厂商生产和销售有差别的同类产品，市场中既有竞争因素又有垄断因素存在的市场结构。16、洛伦兹曲线：是美国统计学家洛伦兹提出的，是用以反应国民收入分配平均程度的一种曲线。17、利率：又称利息率，是指利息占借贷资本的比重。18、外部经济：是指某个家庭或厂商的一项经济活动给其他家庭或厂商无偿地带来好处，显然，这项经济

4、活动的私人利益小于社会利益。19、逆向选择：是指买卖双方信息不对称的情况下，差的商品总是将好的商品驱逐出市场。20、公共物品：是指供整个社会即全体社会成员共同享用的物品，如国防、警务之类。这些公共物品只能由政府以某种形式来提供，这是由其非排他性和非竞争性决定的。21、边际消费倾向：是指家庭在增加的收入中消费所占的比重，用公式表示为：MPC=C/Y，其中Y表示家庭的收入的增加量，而C则是增加的收入中的消费的增加量。边际消费倾向说明了收入变动量在消费变动和储蓄变动之间分配的情况。一般地说，边际消费倾向总是大于而小于的，即。22、投资乘数：指由投资变动引起的收入改变量与投资支出改变量与政府购买支出的

5、改变量之间的比率，其数值等于边际储蓄倾向的倒数。23、总需求：一般是指全社会在一定价格水平条件下，对产品和劳务的需求总量。24、总供给：一般是指全社会在一定时间内，在一定价格水平条件下的总产出或总产量。25、失业率：是指失业人数占就业人数与失业人数之和的百分比。26、通货膨胀：一般指产品和劳务价格水平的普遍持续上升。27、滞胀：是指通货膨胀率上升时失业率也上升。28、财政政策：是指政府通过改变财政收入和支出来影响社会总需求，以便最终影响就业和国民收入的政策。29、政府购买支出乘数：是指国民收入变化量与引起这种变化量的最初政府购买支出变化量的倍数关系，或者说是国民收入变化量与促成这种量变的最初政

6、府购买支出变化量之间的比例。30、转移支付乘数：是指国民收入的变动量与引起这种量变的转移支付变动量之间的倍数关系，或者说是国民收入变化量与促成这种量变的政府支出转移支付变化量之间的比例。31、税收乘数：是指国民收入变动量与引起这种变动的税收变动量之间的倍数关系，或者说国民收入变化量与促成这种量变的税收变动量之间的比例。32、货币政策：是指中央银行运用货币政策工具来调节货币供给量以实现经济发展既定目标的经济政策手段的总和。33、公开市场业务：是指中央银行在公开市场上购买或售卖政府债券，以增加或减少商业银行准备金，从而影响利率和货币供给量达到既定目标的一种政策措施。34、再贴现：通常市场经济国家把

7、中央银行给商业银行的贷款叫做再贴现，把中央银行给商业银行的贷款利率叫做再贴现率。35、经济开放度：是指市场经济下，经济开放的程度。一是本国经济以何种方式，何种程度，何种代价进入世界；二是允许别国经济渗透本国经济的方式和程度。36、国际收支平衡表：是指一国在一定时期内，与所有其他国家或地区的经济交往收支状况的统计报表。Winger Tuivasa-Sheck, who scored two tries in the Kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, whil

8、e Slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against USA.Both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a try since Josh Charnleys effort in their first pool match against England on the opening day.Aussie winger

9、 Jarryd Hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by Tuivasa-Sheck with eight.But it is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny Bill Williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.The Kiwi - with a tournament hig

10、h 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the World Cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011.Id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said Williams.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman

11、Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me

12、its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans duringCitys 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediat

13、e investigation into the referees actions.CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA. Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda

14、.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere)

15、where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),

16、e can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.They blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake

17、 against the Kiwis in Manchester.Five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by Englands Josh Charnley in the opening game of the tournament.That could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but I have

18、been impressed by the Kangaroos focus in their games since then.They have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. Theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often g

19、oes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.It is as though their entire tournament has been preparation for the final.In Johnathan Thurston, Cooper Cronk, Cameron Smith and either Billy Slater or Greg Inglis at full-back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. They have play

20、ed in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into Saturday.The Kiwis are a lot less experienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against England will do wonders for their confidence.They defeated Australia in the Four Nations final in 2010 and the last World Cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.