专八改错讲义word版

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1、新东方在线网络课堂（） 专八改错讲义英语专业八级短文改错精讲精练主讲老师：翁华八级改错文章选材和文体 基本上说明文为主,大多数没有标题. 题材广泛,涉及社会,语言,农业,人口学,教育学,易于理解，结构清晰. 填词; 改词; 删词 ; 灵活运用语法知识; 扩大词汇量 , 掌握固定搭配；exercise vs. exorcise 增强篇章意识 ; 不知是何缘故，批改作文时，讲短文改错时，和一些英语爱好者聊天时，都不由自住地想起Forrest Gump (阿甘正传)这部电影，影片中主人公阿甘智商低常人一节儿，所以说话经常有语病，导演如此安排是为了更好突出阿甘这个人物形象，例如：“jenny is m

2、y best good friend, we were like peas and carrots again.” “Well, it just dont make no sense” Shawshank Redemption（肖申克的救赎）中有一句“hi, man, I heard you read a lot, I dont read good, I wanna learn from ya!”English corner : honey, you are very importantly to me, you know, Im leaving.20012010八级改错题型中各个词类的错误频

3、率 介词及介词词组： 24come up with 相处hold out on 对某人保守秘密take out on 拿出气 形容词和副词：17increasingly favorite topicgenetically programmed 限定词：15 （冠词，不定代词）in the charge of vs. in charge of 连词和连接副词：13 代词：11-12 动词：11-12 单个介词错误表现 单个介词：主要有4个，1) by 2) like like 4) despite by 例：but in central London winter sunshine has in

4、creased about 70% since 1958. likeThe huntergather tribes that today live as our prehistoric human ancestor consume primarily a vegetable diet supplemented with animal foods. .these contemporary aborigines live to old ages despite of the absence of medical care. 常见错误类型分析 词法错误名词：moves vs. movements a

5、ffiliate vs. affiliation 句法错误主谓一致，倒装，虚拟语气，非谓语动词，时态，语态，比较级，最高级，it结构 语篇错误上下文语义，逻辑语义的衔接词法错误之常考类型 冠词错误: 多余 缺失 误用 代词错误: 多余 缺失 误用 名词错误: 单复数故意用错 介词副词错误: 多余 缺失 误用 形容词和副词比较级最高级误用/词性误用 冠词 A , an和 the的特殊情况 We say “Play water /play fire”, but we cannot say “make fire”. should be “make a fire” 球类、棋类名称前用定冠词the, 音

6、乐名称前用零冠词 School/college/prison/hospital/bed/class/church 等词 一日三餐不加冠词，但是具体某一顿饭，一顿什么样的 “东南西北”,属于of，接壤on，远离to the+天体 固定搭配中 in the charge of /in charge of In the front of / in front of; a number of / the number of 序数词在不表示特指的情况下如果修饰单数可数名词，要用不定冠词来修饰。 He made the experiment a second time./ He bought a thir

7、d football. The Vatican The Netherlands （一般的国家名称前不加冠词） Mount Fuji, Ireland, Sicily （沙漠河流群山一般加定冠词the） The times, The peoples Daily, The new York times The Washington Post 但是 Today; Life; Newsweek 代词改错的关键1) 代词的指代一定要明确； 2） 代词的单复数与所指代的名词或名词词组一定要一致 代词经典案例1）whereas proper language does not consist of sign

8、s but of these that have to be learnt and that are wholly conventional. those2) there were proposals that independence should be linguistically accepted by the use of a different language from those of Britain. that代词改错续1. The ways which universities make themselves attractive to students include so

9、ft majors, student evaluations of teachers ,(答案：在ways和which之间加上介词in)2. The period between learning a nursery rhyme and transmitting it may be something from 20 to 70 years. anything3. young animals compared with the human infant they very quickly grow the capacity to fend them. themselves that4. Pop

10、ulation of china is greater than of Japan. 真题分析2009年真题The previous section has shown how quickly a rhyme passes from one schoolchild to the next and illustrates the further difference 1_between school lore and nursery lore. 1. the further difference改为a further difference（此处应该用不定冠词表示泛指）2010年真题Similar

11、ly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo language could be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor manufacture or cricket if these topics formed the part of the Eskimos life. 10_ 10. the part去掉the或者改the为a2007年真题It is often said, of course, that the language 3_originated in cries of anger

12、, fear, pain and pleasure, 3. 删除the, 表示泛指2006年真题the English speaker has in his disposal vocabulary and a 3_set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his 4_thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the other English 5_speakers.3. 改in为at, at ones disposal为固定短语，翻译为“由某人做主”4. 改ena

13、bles为enable, 定语从句与先行词vocabulary and a set of grammatical rules保持一致5. 删除the, 此处需要泛指2005年真题The rise in tuitions may reflect the fact economic uncertainty 4_increases the demand for education. The biggest cost of beingin the school is foregoing income from a job (this is primarily a factor in 5_graduat

14、e and professional-school tuition).4在fact和economic之间力口上关系代词that。这是一个同位语从语，that在同位语从句中是不能省略的.5把定冠词the去掉, in school表示上学这个抽象意义2003年真题Demographic indicators show that Americans in the postwar period were more eager than ever to establish families. They quickly brought down the age at marriage for both m

15、en and women and brought the birth rate to a twentieth century height after more than a hundred 1_ years of a steady decline, producing the “baby boom.” 2_1. 改height为high，high作为名词翻译为“最高水平”，又如reach an all-time high2删除a，此处steady decline指稳定下降的行为、过程而不是其结果，为不可数名词，故应去掉定冠词a。十年真题精讲2011 年真题 From a very early

16、 age, perhaps the age of five or six, I knewthat when I grew I should be a writer. Between the ages of about 1 seventeen and twenty-four I tried to abandon this idea, but I did sowith the conscience that I was outraging my true nature and that 2 soon or later I should have to settle down and write b

17、ooks. 3 I was the child of three, but there was a gap of five years 4 on either side, and I barely saw my father before I was eight. For this and other reasons I was somewhat lonely, and I soon developed disagreeing mannerisms which made me unpopular throughout my 5 schooldays. I had the lonely chil

18、ds habit of making up stories andholding conversations with imaginative persons, and I think from 6 the very start my literal ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of 7 being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facility with words and a power of facing in unpleasant facts, and I felt th

19、at this created 8 a sort of private world which I could get my own back for my failure 9 in everyday life. Therefore, the volume of serious i.e. seriously 10 intended writing which I produced all through my childhood and boyhood would not amount to half a dozen pages. I wrote my firstpoem at the age

20、 of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation.1. 在grow后加up, 考固定短语。2. conscience改为consciousness 考词语区别, consience翻译为“良心，道德心”, consciousness翻译为“意识”。3. soon改为sooner，sooner or later是固定短语。4. 在child前加middle，考上下文理解。5. disagreeing 改为disagreeable，disagreeing只能作动名词， 不能作形容词。disagreeable mannerisms 令人讨

21、厌的习惯。6. imaginative改为imaginary，考形近词，imaginative翻译为“有想象力的”，imaginary翻译为“想象的，虚构的”。7. literal 改为literary，考词义区别，literal翻译为“字面的”，literary 翻译为“文学方面的”。8. 去掉face后的in，face接宾语时是及物动词，考动词的基本用法。9. 在world后加in或者改which为where，考定语从句。10. Therefore改为However或者But，考语境。2010年真题So far as we can tell, all human languages are

22、 equally complete and perfect as instruments of communication: that is, every language appears to be well equipped as any other to say 1_the things their speakers want to say. 2_There may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive3_peoples or cultures, but that is another matter. Certainly, n

23、ot all groups of people are equally competent in nuclear physics or psychology or the cultivation of rice . Whereas this is not the 4_fault of their language. The Eskimos , it is said, can speak aboutsnow with further more precision and subtlety than we can in 5_English, but this is not because the

24、Eskimo language (one of those sometimes miscalled primitive) is inherently more precise and subtle than English. This example does not come to light a defect 6_in English, a show of unexpected primitiveness. The position issimply and obviously that the Eskimos and the English live in similar7_enviro

25、nments. The English language will be just as rich in terms 8_for different kinds of snow, presumably, if the environments in whichEnglishwas habitually used made such distinction as important. 9_Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo language could be as precise and subtle on the subj

26、ect of motor manufacture or cricket if these topics formed the part of the Eskimos life. 10_1. be后插入 as，asas引导的同级比较。2. their改为its，its代替every language。3. There改为It，It此处作为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式。4. Whereas改为But，语境需要表示转折的连词，whereas表示对比。5. further 改为much，further不能修饰比较级。6. come改为bring，(sth)come to light，bring

27、sth to light，bring to light the defect of English =bring the defect of english to light 揭示英语的缺陷。7. similar改为different，根据语境应该用different。8. will改为would，虚拟语气。9. as important去掉as。10. the part去掉the或者改the为a，be/become/form (a) part of 是固定短语。2009年真题The previous section has shown how quickly a rhyme passesfr

28、om one school child to the next and illustrate the further difference 1_between school lore and nursery lore. In nursery lore a verse, learnt in early childhood, is not usually passed on again when the 2_little listenerhas grown up, and has children of their own, or even 3_grandchildren.The period b

29、etween learning a nursery rhyme andtransmittingit may be something from twenty to seventy years. With 4_the playgroundlore, therefore, a rhyme may be excitedly passed 5_on within the very hourit is learnt; and in the general, it passes 6_between children of the same age, or nearly so, since it is un

30、common for the difference in age between playmates to be more than five years. If ,therefore, a playground rhyme can be shown to have beencurrently for a hundred years, oreven just for fifty, it follows that it 7_has been retransmitted over and over; very possibly it has passed 8_along a chain of tw

31、o or threehundred young hearers and tellers, andthe wonder is that it remains liveafter so much handling, 9_to let alone that it bears resemblance to the 10_original wording.1. illustrate改为illustrates，and连接两个动词，前后形式一致。2. 改when 为until，结构not.until翻译为“直到才”。3. their改为his，代词与前文a little listener在单复数上保持一致。

32、4. something 改为anything， 此处指二十到七十的任何时段。5. therefore改为however，根据上下文逻辑关系。6. in the general去掉the，习惯用法in general 表示总的来说，一般不用冠词。7. currently 改为current，这里起的是表语的作用，需要形容词而不是副词。8. it has passed改为 it has been passed，与分号前的被动保持一致。9. live 改为alive，alive一般作补语，live一般作定语。10. to let alone改为 let alone，let alone 为习惯搭配，

33、意思是“更不用说”。2008年真题The desire to use language as a sign of national identity is avery natural one, and in result language has played a prominent 1_part in national moves. Men have often felt the need to cultivate 2_a given language to show that they are distinctive from another 3_ race whose hegemony

34、they resent. At the time the United States 4_split off from Britain, for example, there were proposals thatindependence should be linguistically accepted by the use of a 5_different language from those of Britain. There was even one 6_ proposal that Americans should adopt Hebrew. Others favouredthe

35、adoption of Greek, though, as one man put it, things wouldcertainly be simpler for Americans if they stuck on to English 7_ and made the British learn Greek. At the end, as everyone 8_ knows, the two countries adopted the practical and satisfactorysolution of carrying with the same language as befor

36、e. 9_Since nearly two hundred years now, they have shown the world 10_that political independence and national identity can be completewithout sacrificing the enormous mutual advantages of a commonlanguage.1. One 改为thing 2. moves改成movements，move名词意思是迁移, 搬家，改变，movement意思是指在一定时期内为达到某种原则或政策而进行的一系列活动及事件

37、。3. distinctive改成distinct或different，distinctive意思是有特色的，与众不同的，而distinct意思是不同的，这里强调的是显示出来的不同，而且distinctive不能与from连用，只能是distinct或是different才能与from连用。4. 在time后加when，这里是限定性定语从句，缺少关系副词引导，所以用时间副词when5. accepted 改成represented。6. those改成that，这里指的是英国的语言英语，下文也提到了美国不愿意用英语，这里应该指代的是单数，所以不用复数those，而用单数that。7. 删除on

38、，固定搭配stick to表示坚持，而hold on to, 也表示坚持。8. At 改成In，in the end,表示最终，结果，而at the end 表示在某某的结束时，要与of连用。9. carrying with 改成 carrying on with， carry on with为固定搭配，意思是坚持，继续下去。10. now改成ago2007真题From what has been said, it must be clear that no one can make very positive statements about how language originated.

39、 There is no material in any language today and in the earliest 1_records of ancient languages show us language in a new and 2_emerging state. It is often said, of course, that the language 3_originated in cries of anger, fear, pain and pleasure, and the 4_necessary evidence is entirely lacking: the

40、re are no remote tribes, no ancient records, providing evidence of a language with a large proportion of such cries 5_than we find in English. It is true that the absence of such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in 6_other grounds too the theory is not very attractive. People of all races

41、and languages make rather similar noises in return to pain or pleasure. The fact that 7_such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmen and Malaysians whose languages are utterly different, serves to emphasize on the fundamental difference 8_between these noises and language proper. We maysay that

42、the cries of pain or chortles of amusement are largely reflex actions, instinctive to large extent, 9_whereas language proper does not consist of signsbut of these that have to be learnt and that are 10_wholly conventional. 1. and改为or，any language today or records of ancient languages 是并列成分，在否定句中用or

43、。2. show改为showing，现在分词作定语。3. 删除the，表示泛指。4. and改为but，根据语境此处是转折。5. large改为larger，后面有than，应该用比较级。6. in改为on，on other grounds “ 基于其它理由”，为固定搭配。7. return改为response，in response to “对作出反应”。8. 删除on，emphasize sth，emphasize是及物动词 。9. 在large前加a，extent 是可数名词，前面要加冠词，to a large extent翻译为“在很大程度上”。10. these改为those2006

44、年真题We use language primarily as a means of communication withother human beings. Each of us shares with the community in which welive a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions as 1_to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular 2_message: the English speaker

45、has in his disposal vocabulary and a 3_set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his 4_thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the other English 5_speakers. His vocabulary, in particular, both that which he uses active-ly and that which he recognises, increases in size as h

46、e growsold as a result of education and experience. 6_But, whether the language store is relatively small or large, the systemremains no more than a psychological reality for the individual, unlesshe has a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by another 7_member of his linguistic communit

47、y; he bas to give the system aconcrete transmission form. We take it for granted the two most 8_common forms of transmission-by means of sounds produced by ourvocal organs (speech) or by visual signs (writing). And these are 9_among most striking of human achievements. 10_1. agreeing改为agreed，agreed

48、conventions翻译为“习俗”。2. words前加the，此处为特指。3. in改为at，at ones disposal为固定短语，翻译为“由某人做主”。4. enables改为enable，定语从句与先行词vocabulary and a set of grammatical rules保持一致。5. 删除the，此处需要泛指。6. old改为older，此处需要比较级。7. seen改为understood，system应该是被理解。8. 删除it，考查固定结构take sth. for granted，take it for granted that。9. or改为and，语境

49、需要并列关系而不需选择关系。10. most前加the，形容词最高级中that一般不能省略。2005年真题The University as BusinessA number of colleges and universities have announced steeptuition increases for next year much steeper than the current, very low rate of inflation. They say the increases are needed becauseof a loss in value of universit

50、y endowments heavily investing in common 1_stock. I am skeptical. A business firm chooses the price that maximizes its net revenues, irrespective fluctuations in income; and increasingly the 2_outlook of universities in the United States is indistinguishable from those of 3_business firms. The rise

51、in tuitions may reflect the fact economic uncertainty 4_increases the demand for education. The biggest cost of beingin the school is foregoing income from a job (this is primarily a factor in 5_graduate and professional-school tuition); the poor ones job prospects, 6_the more sense it makes to real

52、locate time from the job market to education, in order to make oneself more marketable.The ways which universities make themselves attractive to students 7_include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers, giving studentsa governance role, and eliminate required courses. 8_Sky-high tuitions have

53、 caused universities to regard their students ascustomers. Just as business firms sometimes collude to shorten the 9_rigors of competition, universities collude to minimize the cost to them of the athletes whom they recruit in order to stimulate alumni donations, so the best athletes now often bypas

54、s higher education in order to obtain salaries earlier from professional teams. And until they were stopped by the antitrust authorities, the Ivy League schools colluded to limit competition for the best students, by agreeing not to award scholarships on the basis of merit rather than purelyof need-

55、just like business firms agreeing not to give discounts on their best 10_customer.1. investing应改为invested，过去分词作定语。2. 在irrespective和fluctuations之间加上介词of，irrespective of是一固定用法，意指“不论，不管，不顾，”等，此处指公司不顾收入的波动变化。3. 把those改为that， that此处代替outlook。4. 在fact和economic之间力口上关系代词that，这是一个同位语从语，that在同位语从句中是不能省略的.。5.

56、把定冠词the去掉, in school表示上学这个抽象意义。6. 把形容词poor改为其比较级poorer，这句中的poor与后面的more形成一对比较关系，表示“越越”。7. 在ways和which之间加上一个介词in.8. 这里应该用动词的ing形式，即eliminating，以便使句型结构与前面的giving(students a governance role)保持一致，否则句子结构和意思都显得不正确。9. 将shorten(缩短；使变短)改为minimize，此处属于用词不当。10. 将to give discounts on改为to give discounts to their best customer，意为实业公司给最好的客户提供优惠，give discounts to sb为固定短语。2004年真题One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S Congressis