transcriptiontranslationPPT课件

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1、Transcription and TranslationFrom DNA to RNA to proteinOverviewGenes in DNA contain information to make proteins.The cell makes mRNA copies of genes that are needed.The mRNA is read at the ribosomes in the rough ER.Protein is produced.Key PlayersmRNA carries the information from a gene in DNA.Riboso

2、mes,made of rRNA,consist of subunits and carry out an enzyme-like role.tRNA carries specific amino acids to the ribosome.TranscriptionRNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for making mRNA copies of genes.DNA unzips at the site of the gene that is needed.TranscriptionRNA polymerase matches bases i

3、n the sense strand with RNA bases,building a strand of mRNA that carries the information encoded in the DNA.TranscriptionEncoded in DNA is a signal telling RNA polymerase where to stop.Transcription ends at that point.TranscriptionThe completed mRNA molecule then moves from the nucleus to the rough

4、ER for translation.TranslationInitiation begins with a tRNA bearing methionine(met)attaching to one of the ribosomal units.The codon for methionine is a universal“start”codon for“reading”the mRNA strand.TranslationThe ribosomal unit binds to mRNA where the code for met is located(AUG).The anticodon(

5、UAC)of the tRNA matches the“start”codon on mRNA(AUG).TranslationThe larger ribosomal subunit now binds to the smaller unit,forming a ribosomal complex.The tRNA binds to the first active site on the ribosome.Translation may now begin.TranslationThe second codon in mRNA(GUU)matches the anticodon of a

6、tRNA carrying the amino acid valine(CAA).The second tRNA binds to the second active site on the large subunit.TranslationA catalytic site on the larger subunit binds the two amino acids together using dehydration synthesis,forming a peptide bond between them.TranslationThe first tRNA now detaches an

7、d goes of to find another met in the cytoplasm.The mRNA chain shifts over one codon,placing the second codon(CAU)over the second active site.TranslationA tRNA with an anticodon(GUA)matching the exposed codon(CAU)moves onto the ribosome.This tRNA carries histidine(his).TranslationA new peptide bond f

8、orms between val and his on the catalytic site.The tRNA that carried val will detach and find another val in the cytoplasm.The mRNA strand will then shift over one more codon.TranslationThe process continues until the ribosome finds a“stop”codon.The subunits detach from one another,the mRNA is relea

9、sed,and the polypeptide chain moves down the ER for further processing.The initial met is removed and the chain is folded into its final shape.SummaryTranscription Animationhttp:/learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/transcribe/MutationsAny mistakes in the DNA code can result in a“broken”(non-functio

10、nal)protein.A mutation affecting only a few somatic cells(body cells)might not have any effect,unless the mutation turns the cell cancerous.A mutation affecting a sex cell can be passed on to the offspring.Types of MutationsPoint mutation:base substitution that may or may not code for a different am

11、ino acid.Insertion mutation:one or more bases is inserted into the DNA strand.Deletion:one or more bases is deleted from the DNA strand.Effects of mutationsOriginal:THE FAT CAT SATPoint mutation:THA FAT CAT SATInsertion:THE FTT ATC ATS ATDeletion:THE FTC ATS ATHemoglobin mutationsDNAmRNAAmino AcidProperties of AAEffect on proteinDiseaseOriginal codon 6CTCGAGGlutamic AcidHydrophilicNormalNoneMutation 1CTTGAAGlutamic AcidHydrophilicNeutralNoneMutation 2GTCCAGGlutamineHydrophilicNeutralNoneMutation 3CACGUGValineHydrophobicLoses water solubilitySickle Cell Anemia部分资料从网络收集整理而来，供大家参考，感谢您的关注！