定语从句

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1、Knowledge changes fate 明博教育第四讲 定语从句（一） 在复合句中充当定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句，所以，也称作形容词性从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词两种。一、关系代词引导的定语从句 引导定语从句的关系代词主要有who, whom, whose, which, that等。它们分别代替前面的先行词，并在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语。 Awho 指人，在定语从句中作主语。 What was the

2、name of the man who lent you the money 借钱给你的那人叫什么名字？（定语从句修饰先行词the man） He who laughs lst laughs best. 谁笑到最后谁笑得最好。（定语从句修饰先行词he） The chairman of the meeting, who spoke first, sat on my right. 会议主席坐在我右边，他先发言。（定语从句修饰先行词the chairman） Bwhom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语。在口语或非正式文体中，whom可省略或可用who来代替，但在介词后面以及在非限制性定语从句中只能用who

3、m。 There are some people (whomwho)we like and others (whomwho) we dislike. 有些人我们是喜欢的，有些人则是我们讨厌的。（定语从句分别修饰先行词people, others） The people whomwho I work with are all friendly. 和我一起工作的人都很友好。（定语从句修饰先行词the people） Mr Carter, whom I spoke to on the phone last night, is very interested in or plan. 昨晚我在电话里和卡

4、特先生交谈过，他对我们的计划很感兴趣。（非限制性定语从句中不能用who代替whom） Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office. 两个人来到我的办公室，我以前从未见过他们。（在介词后面不用who） Cwhose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语，后面要紧跟被修饰的名词。 There are some people whose faces you can nevr forget. 有些人，他们的脸你永远难以忘怀。（定语从句修饰先行词people） I saw some trees whose l

5、eaves were black because of the polluted air. 我看见一些树的树叶由于空气污染而发黑。（定语从句修饰行词trees） Dwhich 1指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语。做宾语时常可省略。 English is a language which is easy to learn. 英语是一门容易学的语言。（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略） This is a folk song which is now very popular. 这是目前非常流行的一首民谣（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略） The river which flows t

6、hrough London is the Thames. 流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略） The children like cookies (which) my wife makes. 孩子们喜欢我夫人做的饼干。(关系代词which作makes的宾语，可以省略) 2which引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面的整个主句，相当于and this。 Jim passedhis driving test, which surprised everybody. 吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使大家都感到惊讶。（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the driving tes

7、t） Sheila couldnt come to the party, which was a pity. 希拉不能来参加聚会，真遗憾。（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the party） 3which在非限制性定语从句中有时也可以作定语。 John stayed here for a week, dring which time we visited the West Lake together. 约翰在这里呆了一星期，在此期间我们一起游了西湖。 It might snow this weekend, in which case we wont go to Beijing. 周末可能下雪

8、，在这种情况下，我们就不去北京了。 Ethat 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语（做宾语时常可省略）。 He is the man that lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那个人。（定语从句修饰先行词the man，作主语） I dont like stories that have unhappy endings. 我不喜欢结尾悲伤的故事。（定语从句修饰先行词stories，作主语） The dress (that) Ann boughtdoesnt fit her very well. 安买的衣服不太合身。（定语从句修

9、饰先行词the dress，that作宾语可省略） Is there anything (that) I can do for you 有我能为你效劳的事吗？（定语从句修饰先行词anything，that作宾语，可省略） 提示： 在口语中，that有时还可以作关系副词，相当于when或介词+which结构。 We left the day (that) he arrived. 他来的那一天，我们就走了。（that替when） He doesnt see things the way (that) we see them. 他看问题的方法和我们不一样。（that代替in which） Imagi

10、ne the speed (that) he drives his car! 很难想象，他开车的速度那么快！（that代替at which）F其他关系代词 as 和but也可作关系代词，引导定语从句。1as as可以在限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句中作主语或宾语。 在限制性定语从句中，as可跟在由suc, so, the same修饰的先行词之后。 Such men as heard him were deeply moved. 听过他说话的人，都会深受感动。（as在定语从句中作heard的主语） Ive never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过

11、像他讲的这样的故事。（as在定语从句中作tell的宾语） He lifted so heavy a stone as no one else can lift. 他搬起别人都搬不起的大石头。（as在定语从句中lift的宾语）比较： 在the sameas结构中，as也可用that代替。但严格地说，the sameas强调相同，the samethat注重同一。 She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的衣裙。（as指的是与先行词相似的同类事物） She wore the same dress that sh

12、e wore at Marys wedding. 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。（that指的是与先行词同一事物） 在非限制性定语从句中，as可代表主句整个句子，引导的定语从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，一般用逗号与主句分开。 As everyone knows, Taiwan belongs to China. 众所周知，台湾属于中国的领土。 He is from the outh, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人，这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。必背： 一些由as引导的定语从句常位于句首，已形成了固定的说法。 as is known to

13、 all 这是众所周知的 as has been said before 如前所说 as is often the case 情况常常如此 as may be imagined 这可以想象得出 as has been pointed out 正如已经指出的那样 as often happens 这种情况常常发生 2but but作关系词只能引导限制性定语从句，同具有否定意思的主句连用，相当于thatnot, whonot或whichnot。 There is not a single student in my class but would like to study more. 我班上没有

14、一个学生不愿意多学一点的东西的。（but = whonot ） There are very few but are against war 很少人不反对战争。（but = whonot） G介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 介词+关系代词引导的定语从句是一种非常常见但也比较复杂的定语从句结构。 1. 介词+关系代词中介词的位置 关系代词whom, which在从句中作介词宾语时，可以跟介词一起放在从句与主句之间（that, who不可以），也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面，使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词。 He is a man of rich experience, from whom m

15、uch canbe learned. = He is a man of rich experience, whom much can be learned from. 他是个经验丰富的人，从他那儿可以学到很多。 The school in which he once worked is a key school. =The school (which that) he once worked in is a key school. 他曾经工作过的学校是一所重点学校。 The manager in whosecompany I work pays much attention to improv

16、ing our working conditions. =The manager whose company Im working in pays much attention to improving our working conditions. 我就职的那家公司经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。 2介词+关系代词的常见结构 介词+whichwhom This is the famous singerabout whom we have often talked. 这就是那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家。 Fortunately we had a map, without which we wo

17、uld have got lost. 很幸运，我们带了一张地图，如没有的话，我们就会迷路了。 名词+of+ whichwhom Please pass me the book the cover of which is blue. 请把那本蓝封面的书递给我。（也可用whose cover） 数词+o+ whichwhom Shes got three lucky pens, two of which she never uses. 她有三只幸运笔，其中两只从未用过。 In our school there are about 200 teachers, thirty percent of wh

18、om are women. 我校大约有200位教师，其中百分之三十是女教师。 代词+of+ whichwhom In the basket I find many apples, some o which have gone bad. 我发现篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。 There are fifty students in our class, most of whom are from big cities. 我们班有50个学生，其中大多数来自大城市。 Norman won $50,000, half of which he gave to his parents. 诺曼赢得五万美元，

19、他将其中一半给了他父母。 Tom tried on three shirt, none of which he was satisfied with. 汤姆试穿了三件衬衫，都不满意。 最高级+of+ whichwhom China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. 中国有数千个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。 介词+which+名词 He usually returns home at ten, at which hour his father locks all the doors ad windows. 他通常十点钟

20、回家，在这时候他爸爸锁好所有的门窗。 His wife got seriously ill, in which case he had to give up the chance of going abroad. 他的妻子病得很重，在这种情况下，他不得不放弃出国的机会。 3关系代词前介词的选择 在介词+关系代词引导的定语从句中，应注意介词的正确选择。 根据后面动词和介词的搭配关系选择。 The two things of which they felt prud were Jims watch and Dellas hair. 他们引以为豪的两样东西是吉姆的手表和德拉的头发。（feel pro

21、ud of是固定搭配词组） In the dark street there was not a single person to whom she could turn for help. 在漆黑的街道上没有一个她可以求助的人。（turn to sb. for help是固定搭配词组） 根据与前面名词的搭配关系选择。 Ill never forget the ay on which I first met him. 我永远忘不了我第一次遇见他的那一天。(the day前面一般用介词on) Can you imagine a proper situation in which the expr

22、ession can be used 你能设想一个使用这个词语的场合吗？(a situation前面一般用in) 有时须同时考虑动词和介词的搭配关系及介词和名词的搭配关系。 Galileo made a telescope through which he could tudy the sky. 伽里略制作了一个望远镜，通过它他得以研究天空。(study the sky through the telescope) Is that the house in which you once lived 那就是你曾经住过的房子吗？(live in the house) 根据所要表达的意思来确定。 T

23、his is my pair of glasses, without which I cannot see clearly. 这是我的眼镜，离了它我什么也看不清。注意： 当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词应与先行词的人称和数保持一致。 I, who am your best friend, will do all that I can to help you. 我是你的好朋友，我会尽我一切所能来帮你。 The family, who are fond of music, go to the concert once a month. 这家人很爱音乐，他们每月都去听一次音乐会。 He is

24、 one of the boys in ourclass who speak English well. 他是班上英语说得很好的男生之一。（one of +复数名词+关系代词引导的定语从句谓语动词用复数形式） He is the only one of the boys in our class who speaks English well. 他是班上唯一英语说得很好的男生。（the (only) one the very one the right one of +复数名词+关系代词 引导的定语从句谓语动词用单数形式）二、关系副引导的定语从句 引导定语从句的关系副词有when, where

25、或 why等。when, where, why分别在定语从句中作状语，在意义上相当于介词+which结构，分别代替表示时间、地点或原因的先行词。 Awhen 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。 I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。(when= on which) He came at a time when we needed him most. 他是在我们最需要他的时候来的。(when= at which) We will never forget the year 194

26、9, when th Peoples Republic of China was founded. 我们永远忘不了1949年，那是中华人民共和国成立的一年。(when= in which)Bwhere 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。 I recently went back to the town where I was born. 我最近曾回过一次我出生的城市。(where = in which) I would like to live in a country where there is plety of sunshine. 我想住在一个阳光充足的国家。(where = in whi

27、ch) Whats the name of the place where you spent your holiday 你度假的那个地方叫什么名字？(where = at which)Cwhy 指原因，在限制性定语从句中作原因状语。 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。(why = for which) Te reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。 注意: 无论是关系代词，还是关系副词，都在定语从句中取代了先行词，因此，先行

28、词在定语从句中不复出现。【误】This is the book that I borrowed it yesterday.【正】This is the book that I borrowed yesterday. 这就是我昨天借的书。（that在定语从句中取代了先行词the book，作borowed的宾语，因此，要去掉it）【误】The English Corner is the place where people often go there to practise their spoken English.【正】The English Corner is the place wher

29、e people often go to practise their spoken English. 英语角是人们经常去练习英语口语的地方。（where在定语从句中取代了先行词the pace，作go的状语，因此，要去掉there）定语从句练习1.The place _interested me most was the Childrens Palace.A. Which B. where C. what D. in which2.Do you know the man _?A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spo

30、ke3.This is the hotel _last month.A. which they stayed B. at that they stayedC. where they stayed at D. where they stayed4.Do you know the year _the Chinese Communist Party was founded?A. which B. that C. when D. on which5.That is the day _Ill never forget.A. which B. on which C. in which D. when6.T

31、he factory _well visit next week is not far from here.A. where B. to which C. which D. in which7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _we are working.A. where B. that C. which D. there8.This is one of the best films _.A. that have been shown this year B. that have shownC. that ha

32、s been shown this year D. that you talked9.Can you lend me the book _the other day?A. about which you talked B. which you talkedC. about that you talked D. that you talked10.The pen _he is writing is mine.A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of _s

33、at a small boy.A. whom B. who C. which D. that12.The engineer _my father works is about 50 years old.A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom13.It there anyone in your class _family is in the country?A. who B. whos C. which D. whose14.Im interested in _you have said.A. all that B. all what C

34、. that D. which15.I want to use the same dictionary _was used yesterday.A. which B. who C. what D. as16.He isnt such a man _he used to be.A. who B. whom C. that D. as17.He is good at English, _we all know.A. that B. as C. whom D. what18.Li Ming, _to the concert enjoyed it very much.A. I went with B.

35、 with whom I went C. with who I went D.I went with him19.I dont like _ as you read.A. the novels B. the such novels C. such novels D. same novels20.He talked a lot about things and persons _they remembered in the school.A. which B. that C. whom D. what1. A. which用作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语。2C. 和谁讲话”要说speak to

36、sb. 本题全句应为Do you know the man whom I spoke to.。whom是关系代词，作介词to的宾语，可以省略。3. D. where是关系副词，表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。4. C. when是关系副词，表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。5A. which是关系代词，在从句中作forget的宾语。其他几个答案都不能作宾语。6C. 解析同第5题。7. A. 解析见第3题。8. A. 本句话的先行词应该是films,因此，关系代词that是负数概念，其谓语动词应用复述的被动语态have been shown。如果句中的one前面使用了定冠词the，则the o

37、ne应该视为先行词。9. A. “谈到某事物”应说talk about sth.。about是介词，其后要用which作宾语，不能用that。10. A. with which是介词+关系代词结构,常用来引导定语从句.with有用的意思,介词之后只能用which,不能用that. with which在定语从句中作状语,即he is writing with a pen.11. C. in front of which 即in front of a farmhouse. In front of which在从句中作状语.12. D. with whom引导定语从句.with whom放在从句中

38、即为:my father works with the engineer.13. D. whose引导定语从句,在从句中作主语family的定语.14. A. that引导定语从句,因为先行词是all,所以只能选用that引导.15. D. the same.as是固定用法, as引导定语从句时,可以作主语,宾语或表语.在本句话中,as作从句的主语.16. D. such as是固定用法,as引导定语从句时,可以作主语,宾语或表语.在本题中,as作表语.17. B. as作关系代词可以单独用来引导非限制性定语从句。这时as所指代的不是主句中某个名词，而往往指代整个主句的含义。as在从句中可以作

39、主语、宾语。从句可放在主句后，也可置于主句前。在本句中,as作宾语.18. B. Li Ming enjoyed it very much是主句,with whom I went to the concert是定语从句.with whom放在从句中为:I went to the concert with Li Ming.19. C. as引导定语从句时通常构成suchas或the sameas固定搭配，其中such和same修饰其后的名词，as为关系代词，指代其前的名词引导定语从句。 as在从句中可以作主语、表语或宾语。Such修饰单数名词时,要用such a.,本题中such books,

40、such直接修饰复数名词.20. B. things和persons是先行词.当定语从句要修饰的先行词是既表示人,又表示物的名词时,其关系代词要用that.二、改错“People which talk and sing to plants are crazy.”A agriculture expert said in the newspaper.“In fact, singing or talking to plants make them grow better.”The reason is quite simple. When we sing or talk to plants, we b

41、reath out carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) what plants need to live or grow. Plants take in the carbon dioxide during sunlight hour and produce oxygen which people need to live. Singing and talking are helpful, however, only during the night.16.which talk改成who talk17.plants are改成plants are not18.A agriculture改

42、成An agriculture19.make them改成makes them20.what plants改成that/which plants21.to live or grow改成to live and grow22.hour and produce改成hours and produce23.are helpful改成is helpful阅读：Scientists have helped people understand the dangers the earth is facing.As people live on the earth, we should be fully read

43、y to deal with the dangers.If we do not pay more attention to the problems caused by air pollution, our earth may no longer be a healthy place for plants, animals, and people to live.Cleaning up the air is a job that all countries must work on.The problems caused by air pollution can be solved, but

44、a lot of work needs to be done.Governments around the world are beginning to work together to lower the levels of dangerous gases in the atmosphere (大气层).If this can be done well, the ozone layer (臭氧层) can rebuild itself, global warming can be controlled, and acid rain can be reduced.In 1967, the go

45、vernment of the United States passed the Clean Air Act.More parts were added to the act in 1970, 1977 and 1990.As a result of these laws, cars now must reduce the amounts of harmful gases.Power factories must use “clean coal” methods to reduce acidrain gases they produce.In 1970, the Environmental P

46、rotection Agency (EPA) was set up.The EPAs job is to make sure that the environmental laws are being followed and to find out new dangers and offer solutions.The first Earth Day was also celebrated in 1970.While it is very important to address with air on a global scale, each person can also do some

47、thing to protect the earth.Here are some things you can do every day：(1)Turn down the heat and air conditioning.(2)Use the dishwasher only when there are full of dishes.(3)Practice the 3 Rs: recycle, reuse, and reduce.(4)Plant a tree.(5)Walk or ride your bike.()6.If we dont care about _ problems, ou

48、r earth may no longer be a healthy place.A.air pollution B.water pollution C.noise pollution D.sea pollution()7.Every country should _ to solve the problems caused by air pollution.A.rebuild the ozone layer B.clean up the air C.produce harmful gases D.reduce acidrain gases()8.All the things the EPA

49、can do is to _.A.make more laws B.find out new dangers C.protect the environment D.plant trees()9.The Clean Air Act was passed _ by the American government.A.In 1967 B.In 1970 C.In 1977 D.In 1978()10.In our daily life, we can do something to protect the earth by _.A.using more cars B.riding the bike

50、s C.cutting down trees D.turning up the heat配对阅读左栏是对五个人阅读兴趣的描述，右栏是对七个报纸新闻的简介。请为每个人选择最合适阅读的新闻版块。()11.James cares about sports events and how the sports players are now.()12.Bruce is fond of reading.He wants to know what kind of new books have come out and how some famous writers are living now.()13.J

51、ason is really a TV fan.Recently he would like to know what new movies are like and what some famous singers songs are.()14.Kates father is working abroad in Syria (叙利亚).A war broke out there, so she is rather worried about the situation in Syria.()15.Lily is in poor health.She is so eager to know h

52、ow to keep fit.A. Entertainment News In this section, all kinds of news about movies, TV plays, songs and pop stars are available.B.Local News In this section, you will read news about the events which happened in the country.C.Advertisement Here are advertisements of various products, such as food,

53、 medicine, electronic machines and so on.D.Reading New and good books and magazines are introduced here.Of course, you can learn about some wellknown writers.E.International (国际的) News Here are news about events that happened all over the world.F.Sports Report Important sports events are broadcasted

54、 here.And we often interview some good players.G.Health Section Winter is coming and it is easy to get ill.If you want to know how to keep away from disease, you should pay attention to this section.610ABCAB1115FDAEG重点句型句型5：had better（not）动词原形Youd better ask that policeman over there你最好去问问那边的那个警察。句型

55、6：Howadjadv主语谓语！What aanadjn主语谓语！How cold it is today ！今天多冷啊！What a fine picture it is！多美的一幅图画呀！句型7：Thanksbfor（doing）sthThank you for coming to see me感谢你来看我。句型8：Sobe情态动词助动词主语He is a studentSo am I他是一个学生，我也是。句型9：notuntilHe didnt have supper until his parents came back直到他的父母回来他才吃饭。句型10：比较级and比较级The baby cried harder and harder那孩子哭得越来越厉害。