中西方饮食文化对比研究英语专业毕业论文

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1、 湖北省高等教育自学考试英语专业毕业论文研究中西方饮食文化的差异准考证号：013511210578考生姓名：刘羽笛指导老师：刘世平2013年3月武汉大学外语学院制A Study of Differences between Chinese and Western FoodLiu YudiSupervisor：Liu ShipingMarch 2013论文摘要本文主要探讨了中西方饮食文化的差异。在这个复杂的世界文化，饮食文化在世界文化中起着十分重要的作用。中西方文化的差异带来了中西饮食文化的差异，不同的国家有自己不同的饮食文化特点。 中国是一种农耕文化的陆地文化，而传统的西方文化是一种畜牧文化的

2、海洋文化，两种不同的文化反映出人们生活方式的差异，其中饮食文化更是具有代表性的一个方面。在不同的文化背景下，无论是在饮食观念、饮食对象、厨具、餐具还是餐桌礼仪等各个方面这些饮食文化的差异都是显而易见的。但是，随着国际之间的交流与融合，中西饮食文化业将会在交流中共同发展，这对全世界范围内的文化交流将起到促进的作用。 关键词: 差异；文化；饮食文化AbstractThis thesis explores the differences between Chinese and Western dietary culture. In the complex world culture, the die

3、tary culture plays an extremely important role in the world culture. The differences between Chinese and Western culture created the differences between Chinese and Western dietary culture. Different countries have their own dietary cultural. Traditional Chinese culture is agricultural culture and l

4、and culture, while traditional western culture is animal husbandry culture and ocean culture. These two kinds of cultures reflect diverse life styles in which food is the most representative aspect. In variously cultural contexts, whether it is in concept, objects, kitchen ware, table ware, or table

5、 manners these differences are obvious. But as development of the communication and integration of the international, Chinese and western dietary culture will be developed in common communication. This will play a significant role to promote the communication of culture in the worldKey words: differ

6、ences; culture; food dietetic cultureContentsIntroduction.1Chapter One Dietary Concept.21.1 Chinese dietary concept.21.2 Western dietary concept.3Chapter Two Food and Drink42.1 The main of materials42.2 Condiment.62.3 Side dish72.4 Wine .8Chapter Three Table Manners.93.1 The Differences between Chin

7、ese and Western Table Manners.93.2 The characteristic of Table Manners103.2.1 The characteristic of Table Manners in China .103.2.2 The characteristic of Table Manners in the West11Chapter Four Kitchen ware and table ware124.1 Kitchen ware.124.1.1 Chinese kitchen ware.124.1.2 Western kitchen ware.14

8、4.2 Tableware.154.2.1 Chinese Table ware.164.2.2 Western Table ware.17Conclusion.19Works cited.21A Study of Differences between Chinese and Western FoodIntroductionDiet is not only the premise of social development, but also the paramount material base for human to survive with good health condition

9、. In the early stage of barbarism, like other animals, looking for food to survive is just the instinct for human beings. But when man began to use fire to cook food and they entered the age of civilization, especially the time of cooking with the pottery, the food became the creation made by the hu

10、man own wisdom and their technology. Then there is the essential difference in diet between human beings and animals that the diet has its cultural nature. Thus the history of human diet is to be this kind of history that human adapt to nature, conquer and reform nature to survive and develop in the

11、 nature, and the human dietary culture gradually comes into being in the course of this progress. As an important part of human culture, the dietary culture has a generalized meaning and a narrowed meaning. This thesis discuss the dietary culture in this narrow sense which is the total of material w

12、ealth and spirit wealth created and accumulated in the long-term progress of food consumption, and it is the knowledge about what to eat, how to eat and why to eat, including dietary object, dietary tableware and so on.China has profound cultural heritage of dietary culture and diet play a foremost

13、role in peoples daily life so that dietary culture take a huge proportion in Chinese culture. Facing the dietary culture from other countries, we should accept or reject them based on ourselves condition. We cant only chase for enjoyment in taste, because it is harmful to our physical health if we e

14、at too much foreign food which is belong to the high calories food. However, it is obvious that we shouldnt aimlessly reject all the new objects. Under the influence of entering the WTO and globalization, the international connection has become closer and closer so that the collision and fusion in t

15、he dietary culture always happen between Chinese and westerners. Granted, it takes a long time for two different cultures to merge and coexist and there must be an aspect that both sides cant adapt to each other. If this phenomenon occurs, we should try our best to understand, respect and tolerate a

16、nother culture in right manner. The difference of dietary culture between Chinese and westerners will arouse culture misunderstanding in certain extent. For example, many Chinese think that Hamburger, KFC and McDonalds are the typical food in American. But it is not the fact. The fact is American fo

17、od is very complex.Therefore, in this thesis, we discuss the difference of dietary culture between Chinese and westerners from dietary concept, dietary object, cooking utensil, dietary tableware and table manners. Through the study, it is beneficial for both sides to strengthen the communication in

18、culture, and more able to eliminate the obstacles and misunderstanding when two nations are communicating, so that people can have in-depth understanding about the dietary culture from China and western countries. To study both parties dietary culture difference from various aspects, it can not only

19、 help us to strengthen the awareness and adaption in the culture communication, but also can enhance our understanding, tolerate and accept the foreign culture. Then this makes Chinese and western dietary culture can mutually develop and fuse in communication, which it plays a remarkable role in boo

20、sting the development of culture in the whole world (赵, 2006:1). Chapter One Dietary Concept1.1 Chinese dietary conceptIn Chinese dietary culture, people play more attention to pursuing the taste than to emphasizing the nutrition. They consider that the nutrition is less important if the food is del

21、icious and good-looking enough. The reason why there is a unique dietary culture that eating is on top of the list in Chinese nation is that productivity has been always under the average level for thousands of years and people have not enough food to eat. People often say the taste is the most impo

22、rtant in the whole of color, aroma and taste. In addition, the key of special charm in Chinese diet is nothing but its taste. Chinese think a lot of art and sensibility, so the pursuit of delicious taste is always the highest meaning in dietary. However, a part of the nutrition may lack in pursuing

23、the deliciousness in Chinese diet. The shape of the food is the external thing while the taste is the internal thing. Emphasizing the inner and not decorating painstakingly the external, or emphasizing the taste rather than showing off the form of the dishes, is the paramount expression in Chinese d

24、ietary concept. But it does not take any count of the collocation of nutrition. The medicated food appeared in the Tang dynasty and now there is a formulation that “diet therapy is better than medical treatments”, which all reflect that Chinese pay attention to the collocation in dietary nutrition s

25、ince ancient times. However, the traditional nutrition theory only has a vague concept without specific data analysis as westerners to figure out what kind of food is good for health with nutrition. Chinese people are thinking highly of eat. Bread is the staff of life, this old adage explained that

26、we see eating as important as days. Because our national for thousands of years are in the low level of productivity, people always do not have enough to eat, so they would have a unique food culture that eating is very important. I think this is probably from a survival to needs. Li Xiaohong pointe

27、d out: If a culture put ate as primary, so it will appear two phenomena: on one hand will put the food function to acme, not only survive, but also use it to maintain healthy, this is also the culture basis that diet cures more than the doctors. On the other hand, the excessive attention to eat, it

28、can make the person praise highly of delicious pursuit(李, 2010: 33). 1.2 Western dietary conceptIn western dietary culture, eating like a biological machine add fuel, especially about the foods nutrition composition, protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and all kinds of inorganic element content (党

29、, 2010:10), people play more attention to pursuing the nutrition than to emphasizing the color, aroma and taste. The western diet is a kind of rational diet so that they devote particular care to the nutrition and collocation. They treat dietary as a science with a realistic attitude to lay stress o

30、n dietary nutrition and as a result, the pursuit of nutrition becomes the highest meaning in diet. The core standard in evaluating food in westerners is whether it is reasonable in dietary nutrition and whether it accord with the scientific demand. Westerners often think that food is just a means of

31、 survival so that they pay more attention to dietary nutrition and supply condition of energy and they seldom connect dietary with spiritual enjoyment, which reflects a strong practicability and utilitarian. For westerners, the only thing they care is not what the food color, aroma, taste and shape

32、is, is the nutrition must be guaranteed. Then they spend time on paying attention to how many calorie, vitamin, protein, etc. should be absorbed a day with neglect of color, aroma and taste. Even if the taste may be the same, even compared with Chinese food, or as dull as cardboard, but the sense pu

33、sh them to eat because it is nutritive. For another word, it just like refuels the machine. As to westerners, the taste is the secondary. If heating up the food will cause the loss of nutrition, they prefer to eat the half-baked, even raw food. Therefore, the western dietary can be summarized with c

34、onvenience and practicability. There is a case in point that a nutritive breakfast can be simply made of a combination of some bread, jam, cheese, butter and fresh vegetables.Chapter Two Food and Drink2.1 The main of materialsThe Chinese dietary culture mainly originates from farming culture, which

35、decides the Chinese dietary structure that takes crops as the principal thing and meat as the auxiliary thing. Whats more, there is a plenty of production and a lot of species in grain crop because of the vast fields, fertile soil and superior technology in planting. On the contrary, animal breeding

36、 is rare in China so much so that it is very common for people to eat the grain. Chinese dietary structure is based on vegetable food, including grain, bean, greens, fruit as well as cereal. In fact, in the Chinese dishes, vegetarian dishes are the most common food; only in holidays or at the higher

37、 living standards do they have the meat. It is a very distinct line between main food and subsidiary food. The main food is the five cereal and the subsidiary food is vegetable with a little meat. Therefore, when Chinese prepare the diet, you can see most dishes are vegetables and a few are meat. Wh

38、ats more, rice and noodles are the principle food; tea and wine are the main drinking in their life.China is known for vast fields and various geographical environments with a long history and an abundant production as well as species of plants and animals, which offer the sufficient resources of pr

39、oducts to the formation of Chinese dietary culture. Chinese staple food is based on rice and wheat. On the side, millet, corn, buckwheat, potato and sweet potato are also the main food people usual eat so they take a tiny place in the dietary culture. Except for the rice noodles, there are still kin

40、ds of food can be supplied for people to make their life more colorful, including the other kinds of pasta, steamed bun, deep-fired dough sticks, various porridge, cookie and ever-changing snacks. In the Chinese long history, the distribution of “south rice and north wheat” has formed this situation

41、 that the main raw materials are rice and wheat in Chinese staple food. Most Chinese people prefer to take vegetarian diet as the principle thing. According to a study of western botanist, there are more than 600 species of vegetables in China. It is six times more than the west. In fact, in the Chi

42、nese dishes, vegetarian dishes are considered as the common food, and only in holidays or at the higher living standards, the meat can be a part of the usual diet.The western dietary culture mainly originates from rear livestock culture, which decides the western dietary structure that takes meat an

43、d dairy products as the principal things and vegetarian dishes as the auxiliary thing. According to the weather, it is not suitable for western countries to plant the crop so that they give priority to animal husbandry and give second place to agriculture. In addition, another factor to give first p

44、lace to animal is that the technology is quite high in the animal cultivation. As a result, there are a lot of kinds of animals and a huge production of meat in western countries. The main agriculture products are wheat, corn, and grape and so on. In the western dietary structure, the meat also take

45、s up the excessive place in the dishes. They are mainly beef, chicken, pork, mutton as well as fish. It is obvious that what they usually eat is provided with a “three-high” characteristic that is high protein, high fat and high calorie. Therefore, meat has occupied and will always occupy the remark

46、able high proportion in western dietary. Although the proportion of planting has increased in recent years, the proportion of meat in dietary structure is always higher in the western than in Chinese. Therefore, when westerners prepare the diet, you can see most dishes are meat and a few are vegetab

47、les. Whats more, bread and meat are the principle food; coffee, wine and milk are the main drinking in their life.In the western-style food, there is no doubt that meat is the representative in raw material. Since the ancient age, the westerners have given the first place to meat as the dish. They d

48、evote particular care to the taste of different kinds of meat and the characteristic of diverse parts of meat. That is to say, no matter what method can be able to be used to process, they always hope that they can bring the aroma into full play from every kind of meat. Any variety of cheese that is

49、 worshiped by westerners is the necessary thing should be appeared on the table. On the contrary, for most customers in China, they do not think that they can take in because the peculiar smell is too strange to get used to.2.2 CondimentThe condiment is also different between the Chinese and western

50、ers in cooking dishes. In China, the taste plays a part as the soul in the dish so that there are seven main kinds of taste in the Chinese diet, including sour, sweet, bitter, salt, peppery, fresh and obscure. The purpose of condiment is to exert a positive effect on reaching the excellent fusion fr

51、om some seasoning, which has the ability to add aroma without weird smell as well as the smell from fresh meat or fish. Whats more, it can ameliorate the color of the dishes which can draw their attention to have a try. They usually choose the ginger, scallion, garlic, soy sauce, vinegar and monosod

52、ium glutamate to be their condiments in common use. But sometimes, they will use grain wine to season.The western-style food is almost the meat, which is always processed into a piece of massive one. Thus there is a big problem in the condiment that it is difficult to saturate the massive piece with

53、 condiment used in China. In order to solve this problem, they make up with two methods that they adopt to cook sauce without anything and they have the entree with sauce. Since then, they have formed a special way in condiment in western-style dish. Based on the five used foundation of sweet, sour,

54、 bitter, salt and peppery in the west, they prefer to such effect that can make them feel a deep delicious with appetite. They usually choose the cream, butter, sauce, lemon, onion, celery and bay leaves to be their condiments in common use. In addition, spice and wine are the two important factors

55、in cooking. Because both vanilla and spice have the special smell, they exert an indispensable effect on the aroma of their dishes. For instance, when they cook the vegetable soup、spaghetti and sauce、stuffed、salad, they always used a kind of mixed spice, which are used to mix together with the marjo

56、ram and oregano. In addition, thyme is also the main spice for them to add into the soup, venison and barbecue while sage is mainly used in the dishes made with pork in their daily life(哈里斯, 2001:177).2.3 Side dishThe side dish also plays a significant part in the Chinese dietary structure. The side

57、 dish indicates that they are the combination for raw material in one dish, including cold dish and hot dish, or the combination for all the dishes showed up on the table. The latter one develops based on the former one and there is no denying that the highest form is belonging to the latter one. No

58、w we take side dish of hot dish as an example to make a compare. The side dish of hot dish is required with the quality of dish in China. It should coordinate appropriately with one or several kinds of raw materials which have been processed to the shape they need. Then a complete dish comes into be

59、ing. As a chef for side dish, he must not only be proficient in the skill of cutting up, but also be familiar with the shape of the finished product. Besides, it is awfully essential for the chef to be acquainted with the cooking method for the reason that the raw material will have some changes dur

60、ing the cooking. In addition, the fundamental rules of the collocation are very crucial in the dish, such as, the collocation of color, the collocation of shape, the collocation of aroma, the collocation of taste and the collocation of nutrition and so on. And all of these collocations prefer to con

61、centrate on reflecting the collocation of meat and vegetables. In other words, it is the collocation of animal material and vegetarian material. The Chinese make plant as the main dish, and has a lot of contact with the advocacy of Buddhism. Their think the animal is the life, but plants the laws of

62、 nature not to work, therefore, advocates the vegetarianism (杨, 1993:4). For the westerners, the side dish is also the indispensable part in hot dishes. As usual, after finishing the main food that they have already put on a dish, a small amount of vegetables, rice or noodles processed should be put

63、 on the edge of the dish or on another dish by side. Thus a complete piece of dish completes. It is said that the food have a collocation with the main food is called side dish. A case in point is that French fries and vegetarian salad are the side dish of fried chicken or other kinds of hamburger i

64、n the KFC or McDonalds. Thus it can be seen that there is a certain difference between Chinese diet and western diet in the form of side dish. However, the effect they exert is the same. They both own the function to complement the nutrition, to balance the dietary, to enhance the beauty and to give the aroma. In addition, the fu