浅谈英语四级作文攻略.ppt

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1、浅谈四级作文攻略,概述,大学英语四级新题型考试第一部分是写作，写作写得如何会直接影响以后的做题。短文写得得心应手，对后面的答题可起到事半功倍的作用，否则就有可能功亏一篑。四级写作的体裁包括说明文、议论文和应用文。写作的素材或要求可以是中文、英文和图表。写作字数在120字以上，写作的时间为30分钟，但你应留少量时间作最后的检查。写作既考查你的思考判断能力，也考查你的表达能力。因此，你应对一些校园、社会新闻和常识有一定的认识和见解，并能够有层次地、结构完整地在文章中清楚表达你的观点。,文章的基本结构,概论 文章的基本结构 写作的三段论模式,一、概论,文章是由段落构成，而段落的基本结构是由主题句、支

2、撑句和结尾句所构成，它的具体结构可以用以下的图表加以表示：,1/2,二、文章的基本结构,2/2,写作的三段论模式,大学英语四级写作通常采用三段论模式，即： 开头段(introduction) 主体段(body paragraph) 结尾段(conclusion),(一)开头段,开头段概论 常用的开头段的表达方法 开头段的常用核心句型,开头段概论,对于大学英语四六级的写作考题来说，限于篇幅，其开头段一般都不长。然而，这寥寥几句话却占有十分重要的地位，它表达的是整篇文章的主题思想。在议论文中，我们称之为中心论点，它起到驾驭全文的作用。一个意义清晰、明确的开头段，将有助于读者理解全文；一个精彩、新颖

3、的开头段还能激起读者的阅读欲望。,常用的开头段的表达方法,使用引语（use a quotation） 引用具体或粗略的数据 （use figures or statistics） 提出问题（ask a question） 给出具体实例或报道（offer relevant examples or reports） 定义法（give definition） 主题句法（use of topic sentence）,常用的开头段的表达方法,使用引语（use a quotation） 使用一段名人名言，或人们常用的谚语、习语，以确定文章的写作范围和方向。如：“Great minds must be re

4、ady not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.” Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success.分析：开头引用Colton的名言说明“创造机会”对于成功的重要性，点明主题。,常用的开头段

5、的表达方法,引用具体或粗略的数据 （use figures or statistics）当然对于图表题型，该种方法是必须的选择，具体做法是给出一些具体或粗略的数据，然后作出概括性分析，点明主题或引出需要论述的问题。如：As is demonstrated in the table, more and more college graduates are out of a job in our country, which is a serious problem to our economic development and social security. It is estimated t

6、hat in 2004, there are 500,000 unemployed graduates, more than 30% higher than in 2002.分析：文章引用2004年找不到工作的毕业生达到50万这一数据来说明大学生找工作难这一现象的严重性，很有说服力。,常用的开头段的表达方法,提出问题（ask a question）提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论。如：What do you want from your work Money Promotions Interesting challenges Continual learnin

7、g Work-based friendships The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provide more than material things.分析：文章开头提出“你想从工作中得到什么”这一问题，然后自问自答，指出工作除了物质利益，还可以给我们带来很多其它收获这一结论。,常用的开头段的表达方法,给出具体实例或报道（offer relevant ex

8、amples or reports）给出具体生活实例或新闻报道如：As regards the stress for college students, there has been a heated discussion among the public in the society. It was reported that a student killed four of his classmates just because of a trivial matter. It can be easily seen that pressure has become a serious iss

9、ue we cannot neglect.分析：文章通过引用新闻报道的一个实例，说明了大学生心理问题的严重性。,常用的开头段的表达方法,定义法（give definition）针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深入探讨。如：As we all know, practice makes perfect. This is an accumulated experience we inherit from our forefathers, and now it is still widely applied to our daily life. It means that the more we

10、 practice, the more likely we are going to do things perfectly.分析：文章用It means that这一句型，说明了practice makes perfect的含义。,常用的开头段的表达方法,主题句法（use of topic sentence）文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题，然后围绕主题内容进行发展。如：Nowadays one of the serious problems China is faced with is the increasing illiteracy among the adolescents. Acc

11、ording to a recent survey by Dr. Li, dean of Educational Department of Beijing Normal University, about 18% of the children between 8 and 15 years old have dropped out of school across the country.分析：文章开头即提出中国的文盲现象日益严重这一问题，然后再用实例数据加以佐证。,开头段的常用核心句型, As opposed to generally accepted views, I believe t

12、hat The arguer may be right about , but he seems to neglect to mention the fact that . Although it is commonly agreed that , it is unlikely to be true that . There is an element of truth in this statement, but it ignores a deeper and more basic fact that . In all the discussion and debate over , one

13、 important fact is generally overlooked.,开头段的常用核心句型, On the surface （At first thought）, it （this） may seem a sound （an attractive）suggestion （solution / idea）, but careful weighing on the mind （on closer analysis / on second thought）, we find that Although many people believe that , I wonder whether

14、 the argument bears much analysis,开头段的常用核心句型, The danger （problem / fact / truth / point） is that. I agree with the above statement because I believe that . There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of . Those who object to argue that . But people who favor , on the other hand, argue tha

15、t.,开头段的常用核心句型, Currently （In recent years / In the past few years / For many years now）, there is （hasbeen） a（n） general （widespread / growing / widely held） feeling towards （concern over / attitude towards / trend towards / awareness of / realization of / illusion of / belief in）. As far as I am co

16、ncerned, however, I believe that . Now it is commonly （widely / generally / increasingly） believed （thought / held /accepted/ felt / recognized / acknowledged） that . But I wonder （doubt） whether ,(二)主题段,主体段概述 主体段段落扩充方法,主体段概述,主体段的写作方法是多种多样的，而不同的方法会产生不同的效果，不同的方法需用不同的组织形式。因此，在动笔之前，必须先选择好所采用的方法，然后根据自己所

17、选的方法确定相应的结构形式，才能把文章写好。,主体段段落扩充方法,一、列举法（Listing） 二、举例法（Exemplification） 三、分类法（Classification） 四、比较对照法（Comparison and Contrast） 五、因果法（Cause and Effect）,列举法（Listing）定义,也叫枚举法。是一种在主题句中提出论点，然后列举一系列论据或原因对主题进行论证或阐述的方法。列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间顺序等进行。,列举法作文例子,To get the most out of your textbook you should

18、follow several steps very carefully. First, you should make a preliminary survey of each book to get a general idea of what the book contains. Second, you should read for deeper understanding and formulate questions as you read. Next, make notes of the major point of each chapter. Then, test yoursel

19、f to be sure that you can answer questions likely to be raised in class or in examinations. Finally, review your notes and reread any parts of the book that are unclear to you.,常用于列举法的过渡连接词,first, second, third, etc.; in the first place, in the second place; first of all, first and foremost; to begi

20、n with, to start with; for one thing, for another; also, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more; above all; next; beyond that; initially; eventually, last but not least.,举例法（Exemplification）定义,作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容。严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者的观

21、点，且事例可多可少。,举例法作文例子,There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people

22、 can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sport that is suitable to them.,举例法中常见的过渡性词语,for example, for instance, as an example, as an illustration, such as/ such, a case in point is, to illustrate,

23、 in particular, specifically, say, next, namely, that is, like, take as an example, etc.,分类法（Classification） 定义,在阐述某一概念的段落中，常用分类法。通过对概念中所包括的事物进行分门别类地叙述，使读者有更为清晰的认识。,分类法作文例子,Ever since humans have lived on the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of

24、thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech, when there is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language in which motions stand for letters, words and ideas. Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of

25、 these symbols of whole words are very vivid and exact and can be used internationally; spelling, however, cannot. Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction. Ot

26、her forms of language can be found in signal flags, Morse code and picture signs.,常见的用以分类的词语,动词：sort (into), divide (into), classify, group, fall into, etc. 名词：sorts, classes, groups, categories, types, kinds, aspects, etc.,比较对照法（Comparison and Contrast） 定义,比较对照法由比较和对照两部分组成，但两者往往一起用以阐述两者或者更多事物间的异同，常

27、用于说明文和议论文写作。比较描述的是所比对象的相同、类似点，而对照则强调所描述对象之间的不同，甚至相反之处。 常用的比较对照的结构模式有两种，即整块比较法和逐点比较法。 在整块比较法中先集中描述A，再集中描述B。其模式为：A1、 A2、 A3B1、 B2、 B3,第一种模块例子,Computers have both favorable and unfavorable aspects. First, computers can calculate. They can make work more efficient for they have a high speed of calculati

28、on. Besides, people can communicate with each other by E-mail, which costs people less money and less time. Most important of all, computers create wide communication around the world. People can communicate with each other via the Internet. They can make friends all over the world. But every coin h

29、ad two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. To begin with, since computers can do a lot of work for us, such as calculation, we may rely too much on then and become lazier and lazier. To make matters worse, although it is convenient for people to communicate with each other by E-mail, the

30、original warm relationship may become cold, for people will have fewer opportunities to talk to each other face to face. Worst of all, computers can spread viruses caused by electronic hackers resulting in a lot of important information being lost.,第二种模块及例子,逐点比较法是A、B双方同时逐点描述，其模式为： A1 B1 A2 B2 A3 B3例

31、如： A proverb says, “Like father, like son.” But the proverb doesnt seem to fit my grandfather and my father because they have more differences than similarities. First, my grandfather is introverted, while my father is extroverted. We can easily read what is on my fathers mind, but it is hard to fin

32、d out what my grandfather is thinking about. Next, my grandfather is always indifferent to children. He seldom talks with children and the children are somewhat afraid of him. In contrast, my father is very warm-hearted to children. He likes to talk with them, so the children in my family all like h

33、im. Finally, my grandfather is obstinate. Once he had made a decision, he never changes it. However, my father, even after he has made a decision, will ask others for opinions. If he thinks the opinions are reasonable, he might change his mind. Although my grandfather and my father resemble each oth

34、er very much in appearance, they differ in character, thinking and behavior.,常见的比较对照的过渡性词语,常用的表示比较的过渡性词语有： similarly, likewise, correspondingly, in a similar way, in the same way, too, like, resemble, similar to, equal to, equally, important, bothand, the same as 常用的表示对照的过渡性词语有： on the one hand, on

35、the other hand, on the contrary, in/ by contrast, in contrast to, in sharp contrast, conversely, otherwise, however, nevertheless, but, yet, (al)though, even though, whereas/ while, it is truebut, instead, unlike, rather than, in spite of, contrast with, differ(ent) from, contrary to,因果法（Cause and E

36、ffect）定义,因果法经常用以阐述原因，回答“为什么”这类问题，分析事物发展的前因后果，也多见于说明文和论述文。因果关系的普遍性决定了因果关系的复杂性，通常因果关系模式有一因一果、一因多果、一果多因和多果多因等，而以因果方式扩展段落时通常可采用先因后果或先果后因的一因多果或一果多因模式，其中的多因或多果用通常以枚举方式列举。,因果法作文例子,The role of women in todays society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people

37、 through the womens movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields of interest serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to

38、view their independence positively.,常用的表示因果关系的过渡性词语,because, as, since, for, owing to, because of, due to, on account of, as a result of, for the reason, result from, thus, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, for this reason, on that account, as a result, as a consequence, it follows that, res

39、ult in, contribute to,（三）结尾段,结尾段概述 常用的结尾段的表达方法 结尾段常用的的核心句型,结尾段概述,开头和结尾往往是读者注意最多的部分。开头引起读者注意，提出主题；结尾与开头呼应，使读者感觉全文论述完整，圆满结束。从某种意义上来说，结尾更容易给读者留下深刻印象。人们常把好的文章结尾称作是“画龙点睛”，可见结尾部分对整篇文章所起的作用。,常用的结尾段的表达方法,总结归纳 重申主题 预测展望 提出建议 提出问题 引用格言,常用的结尾段的表达方法, 总结归纳简要总结归纳文章要点，以便深化主题印象。如：In conclusion I would like to say t

40、hat children need to be understood but children also need to understand their parents. It is only when parents and children come to understand each other that we can solve problems effectively and narrow the generation gap.分析：文章通过in conclusion引出对前面所作论述的归纳，使主题更加明确。,常用的结尾段的表达方法, 重申主题再次强调和确定文章开头阐述的中心思想

41、。如：Admittedly, science has created atomic bombs and produced pervasive pollution. But it has transformed the lives of millions of people. It has multiplied mans energy, hopes, ambitions and understanding. It has elevated and will continue to elevate man intellectually and spiritually.分析：文章对前文的观点进行了重

42、复，使之更加鲜明。,常用的结尾段的表达方法, 预测展望立足当前，放眼未来。如：So to sum up, we should offer our help to all who are in need. We expect to get love from others and we also give love to others. I believe that the relationship between people will be harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in.分析：文章通过对

43、未来积极的展望，说明了爱在生活中的重要性。,常用的结尾段的表达方法, 提出建议提出解决问题的途径、方法或呼吁人们采取相应的行动。如：As the issue plays such a key role in our society, sufficient attention should be paid from both the government and the public. The government should make sure that the census is well carried out and the people should be actively invo

44、lved in the census.分析：文章在结尾从政府和公众两个角度提出建议，以保证人口普查的顺利进行。,常用的结尾段的表达方法, 提出问题提出具有发人深省的问题，从而突出中心思想。如：Old people may choose to live alone for themselves and even embrace this living pattern. But in the deep part of their hearts, they must feel lonely. They need their children to stay with, to talk with, a

45、nd take care of them. Why cant young people think of the days when they are getting old分析：文章最有用一个反问句“年轻人为什么不想想自己年老时的情形”来提醒他们将心比心，设身处地，去关心父母双亲。,常用的结尾段的表达方法, 引用格言用格言、谚语或习语总括全文中心思想。如：Many yeas ago, a great philosopher Francis Bacon remarked that “Knowledge is power.” This can now be translated into con

46、temporary terms. In our social setting, “Knowledge is change”and accelerating knowledge-acquisition, fueling the great engine of technology, means accelerating change.分析: 文章借用培根“知识就是力量”名言的结构，指出“知识就是变化”以深化主题，给读者留下深刻的印象。,结尾段常用的的核心句型, From what has been discussed above （Taking into account all these fa

47、ctors / Judgingfrom all evidence offered）, we may safely draw （reach / come to / arrive at） the conclusion that . All the evidence （analysis） supports （justifies / confirms / warrants / points to） a（n）unshakable （unmistakable / sound / just） conclusion that . It is high time that we place （lay / put

48、） great （special / considerable） emphasis onthe improvement （development / increase / promotion） of .,结尾段常用的的核心句型, It is high time that we put an end to the deep-seated （unhealthy / undesirable /deplorable） situation （tendency / phenomenon） of . We must look （search / call / cry） for an immediate ac

49、tion （method / measure）,because the present （current） situation （phenomenon / tendency / state / attitude） of , if permitted （allowed） to continue （proceed）, will surely （certainly） lead to （result in） the end （destruction / heavy cost） of .,结尾段常用的的核心句型, There is no easy （immediate / effective） solu

50、tion （approach / answer / remedy） tothe problem of , but might be useful （helpful / beneficial）. No easy method （solution / recipe / remedy） can be at hand （found / guaranteed） to solve （resolve / tackle） the problem of , but the common （general / public） recognition of （realization of / awareness o

51、f / commitment to） the necessity （importance / significance） of might be the first step towards change （on the right way / in the right direction）.,结尾段常用的的核心句型, Following these methods （suggestions） may not guarantee the success in （solutionto）, but the pay-off will be worth the effort. Obviously （C

52、learly / No doubt）, if we ignore （are blind to） the problem, there isevery chance that . Unless there is a common realization of （general commitment to） , it is very likely（the chances are good） that .,结尾段常用的的核心句型, There is little doubt （no denying） that serious （special / adequate / immediate /furt

53、her） attention must be called （paid / devoted） to the problem of . It is necessary （essential / fundamental） that effective （quick / proper） action （steps/measures / remedies） should be taken to prevent （correct /check / end / fight） the situation （tendency / phenomenon）.,结尾段常用的的核心句型, It is hoped th

54、at great efforts should be directed to （expended on / focused on） finding（developing / improving） . It remains to be seen whether , but the prospect （outlook） is not quite encouraging（that rosy）. Anyhow, wider （more） education （publicity） should be given to the possible（potential / grave /serious /

55、pernicious） consequences （effects） of .,结尾段常用的的核心句型, To reverse （check / control） the trend （tendency） is not a light task （an easy job）,and it requires （demands / involves / entails） a different state of mind towards （attitude towards / outlook on） . For these reasons, I strongly recommend that . F

56、or the reasons given above, I feel that .,三、三个原则,首先，一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想，该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达。整个段落必须紧扣这个主题（stick or hold to the topic），这就是段落的统一性（unity）。 其次，一个段落必须有若干推展句，使主题思想得到充分展开，从而给读者一个完整的感觉,这就是完整性(completeness or adequateness）。 再者， 一个段落不是杂乱无章的，而是有机的组合，句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑，从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅（smooth），这就是连贯性（co

57、herence）。下面我们就对这三个标准分别加以说明。,1、统一性 一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心，任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。请看下例： My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never wa

58、nt to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.本段的controlling idea 是like to keep physically fit

59、，但段中有两个irrelevant sentences，一个是I bought two new suitcases last week，另一个是My mother was a premature baby。与中心句无关，偏题的句子从上面两个例子可以看出，native speakers同样会造出来irrelevant sentences。卷面上如果这种句子多了，造成偏题或离题，那问题就更严重了。,2、完整性正像我们前面说得那样，一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现，如果只有主题句而没有推展句来进一步交待和充实，就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样，虽然有推展句，但主题思想没有得到相对圆满的交待，给读者一种

60、意犹未尽的感觉。这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。例如：Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work - you produce something rather than more anxiety or depression.本段的主题句是段首句。本段的两个推展句均不能回答主题句中提出的问题。什么是“a mind in turmoi

61、l”（心境不平静）Physical work又如何能改变这种情况？为什么它能起therapy的作用？读者得不到明确的答案。,由于四级统考的作文部分只要求写一篇100120个词的三段式短文，每一段只有大约40个词左右，因此，要达到完整就必须尽可能地简明。例如：It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture m

62、eans, but a careful writer can almost always explain it. 段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法，必须有具体事例加以验证。上述两个推展句只是在文字上对主题作些解释，整个段落内容空洞，简而不明。如果用一两个具体的例子的话，就可以把主题解释清楚了。比如下段：,It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you cant swim and fall in the riv

63、er and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming Help?,3、连贯性（coherence） 连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面，前者指的是内在的逻辑性，后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连，句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系；反之，只有意连而没有形连，有时行文就不够流畅。 1）、意连 段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序，不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思，边写边想，写写停停，那就写不出

64、一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。,A按时间先后排列（chronological arrangement） We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine oclock. Then, when we had been driving in the dese

65、rt for nearly two hours it must have been close to noon the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was our oclock and we were exhausted. Here, judgment ran out of us and we started the toug

66、h climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.,本段从“rose”（起床）写起，然后是吃早餐（“not to miss breakfast”, “closing at nine oclock”），然后是“close to noon”，一直写到这一天结束（“By nine”）。,B. 按位