被动语态主谓一致

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1、Module 1语态语态(Voice)是动词的一种形式，它表是动词的一种形式，它表示句子的主语和谓语动词之间的关系。示句子的主语和谓语动词之间的关系。语态通常分为主动语态和被动语态。语态通常分为主动语态和被动语态。被动语态被动语态(Passive Voice)表示句子的主表示句子的主语是动作的承受者。其句子的谓语动语是动作的承受者。其句子的谓语动词是：词是：be+v-ed形式。形式。由于语态是动词的一种形式，它只表示句子的主语和谓语动词之间的关系，它没有表示动作发生的时间和方式，因此，被动语态形式的句子，仍然有各种时态变化。由于构成被动语态的行为动词变成了动词-ed形式，所以，被动语态句子的时

2、态都要体现在助动词be上。1 1被动语态的构成被动语态的构成 be+v-ed1）一般现在时一般现在时 am/is/are+v-ed Youre wanted on the telephone.有人给你打电话。2）一般过去时一般过去时 was/were+v-ed The book was finished last week.这书是上周写完的。3）一般将来时一般将来时 will be+v-ed Youll be allowed to go out tomorrow.明天让你出去。4）现在进行时和过去进行时现在进行时和过去进行时 The building is being built.这幢楼正在建

3、设之中。这幢楼正在建设之中。The bikes were being repaired.那时正在修自行车。那时正在修自行车。5）现在完成时和过去完成时现在完成时和过去完成时This book has been translated into English.这本书已被译成英语。这本书已被译成英语。The car had been repaired.这时汽车已修完了。这时汽车已修完了。2 2被动语态的用法被动语态的用法1)我们不知道或没有必要说明动作的执我们不知道或没有必要说明动作的执 行者是谁行者是谁(这时都这时都不带由不带由by引起的短语引起的短语)。The book is written

4、for teachers.这种书是为教师写的。这种书是为教师写的。2)动作的承受者是谈话的中心动作的承受者是谈话的中心(这时这时可带可带 由由by引起的短语引起的短语)。The shop is run by a young man.这家商店是由一个年轻人经营的。这家商店是由一个年轻人经营的。3)出于礼貌措辞等方面的考虑不愿说出动出于礼貌措辞等方面的考虑不愿说出动 作的执行者是谁。作的执行者是谁。It is generally considered not advisable to smoke here.一般认为在这儿吸烟是不妥当的。一般认为在这儿吸烟是不妥当的。4)被动结构能使句子得到更好的安

5、排。被动结构能使句子得到更好的安排。Liu Dehua appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.刘德华在台上出现，观众给予了热烈的掌刘德华在台上出现，观众给予了热烈的掌声。声。3.3.学习、使用被动语态应注意下面几点学习、使用被动语态应注意下面几点1)短语动词的被动语态，要保持短语动短语动词的被动语态，要保持短语动词的完整性，动词后面的介词或副词切词的完整性，动词后面的介词或副词切记不可遗漏。记不可遗漏。These books must be taken good care of.这些书必须好好保管。这些书必

6、须好好保管。The children were well looked after.孩子们受到了良好的护理。孩子们受到了良好的护理。2)带带双宾语双宾语的动词的被动语态：的动词的被动语态：(give,send,take,bring,teach,tell,offer,sing,buy,promise,make,write,ask,lend,show,pay等等)将其中一个宾语变成主将其中一个宾语变成主语，另一个宾语作为保留宾语，或变为介词语，另一个宾语作为保留宾语，或变为介词宾语，作状语。宾语，作状语。We gave him some picture-books.He was given som

7、e picture-books.Some picture-books were given to him.我们给他一些图画书。我们给他一些图画书。3)情态动词情态动词的被动语态：的被动语态：和和shall或或will一样。一样。We can divide an atom.An atom can be divided.原子是可分的。原子是可分的。4)有些动词主动语态形式表示被动语态如：有些动词主动语态形式表示被动语态如：sell,wash,draw,keep,prove,clean,run,wear,cook,read,smoke,cut,burn等。等。The book sells well.

8、这本书畅销。这本书畅销。Silk wears well.丝耐穿。丝耐穿。This cloth washes well.这种布料耐洗。这种布料耐洗。4.Practice:1“Town Hall is the tallest building in the city.”“_ from here?”A.Can it seeB.Can it be seen C.Can be seen itD.Can see答案答案 B。Town Hall(市政厅市政厅)应当是被看应当是被看见，所以应在见，所以应在B和和C中选择。又因这是一个中选择。又因这是一个问句，故选问句，故选B。2“The ceremony ha

9、s already started.”“Look!The flag is _ now.”Abeing raised BrisenCbeing rose Draising答案答案 A。rise vi.升起，不能有被动形式，升起，不能有被动形式，故故B,C不能选用。不能选用。raise vt.举起，升起。举起，升起。后要接宾语，后要接宾语，故故 D不适用。不适用。being raised正在被升起，正符合题意。正在被升起，正符合题意。3.The things talked about in this report _ over a year ago.A.had taken place B.took

10、 place C.have taken place D.were taken place答案答案B。take place,occur,happen发生，发生，均为不及物动词词组，没有被动语态。均为不及物动词词组，没有被动语态。4The anti-Japanese War _ in 1937 and it _ eight years.Awas broken out;lasted Bbroke out;lasted Cbreak out;lasts Dbroke out;was lasted答案答案 B。break out,last 均为不及物动词均为不及物动词（短语），没有被动语态。（短语），没

11、有被动语态。5Come and sit down by the fire.Your hand _.Afeels so cold Bis felt so coldly Cfeels so coldly Dfeel so cold答案答案 A。feel（摸起来有（摸起来有的感觉）的感觉）seem,sound,look 等作为系动词使用，系表结构没等作为系动词使用，系表结构没有被动语态。有被动语态。6I need one more stamp before my collection _.(1994)Ahas completed BcompletesChas been completed Dis c

12、ompleted我所集的邮票还差一张才能成整套。我所集的邮票还差一张才能成整套。答案答案D。before引导的引导的时间状语从句中时间状语从句中用现在时表示将来用现在时表示将来，而，而collection与与complete之间为被动关系。之间为被动关系。7In some parts of the world,tea _ with milk and sugar.(1993)Ais serving Bis served Cserves Dserved在世界上一些地区，人们饮茶时都加牛奶在世界上一些地区，人们饮茶时都加牛奶和蔗糖。和蔗糖。答案答案B。本题叙述的是一般的情况，常。本题叙述的是一般的情

13、况，常用一般现在时，答案可在用一般现在时，答案可在B和和C中选中选择。择。serve意思是意思是“供给供给”或或 “送上送上”，此处应用被动语态。此处应用被动语态。8.If city noises _ from increasing,people _ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now.(1992)Aare not kept;will have to Bare not kept;have to Cdo not keep;will have to Ddo not keep;have to如果对城市的噪声不加以控

14、制，二十年后如果对城市的噪声不加以控制，二十年后甚至在餐桌上人们将不得不大声叫嚷才能甚至在餐桌上人们将不得不大声叫嚷才能使对方听见。使对方听见。答案答案A。If从句中，从句中，“噪声被加以控制噪声被加以控制”需用被动语态，答案为需用被动语态，答案为A或或B。主句。主句中时间状语为中时间状语为“从现在起二十年后从现在起二十年后”，要用将来时表示，所以答案为要用将来时表示，所以答案为A。9.The water will be further polluted unless some measures _.(1992)A.will be taken B.are takenC.were taken D

15、.had been taken如果不采取措施，河水将会进一步受到污染。如果不采取措施，河水将会进一步受到污染。答案答案B。主句中为一般将来时，。主句中为一般将来时，unless引导引导条件状语从句用一般现在时表示将条件状语从句用一般现在时表示将来来，而，而“措施措施”应该是应该是 “被采取被采取”，用被，用被动语态。动语态。10.Good care must _ babies particularly while they are ill.(1992)A.take B.take of C.be taken D.be taken of婴儿必须得到精心的照顾，尤其是在他们婴儿必须得到精心的照顾，尤

16、其是在他们生病时。生病时。答案答案 D。take care of babies意为意为“照看照看婴儿婴儿”。句子主语为。句子主语为care，谓语动词必，谓语动词必须用被动语态，所以答案为须用被动语态，所以答案为D。1.The flowers were so lovely that they _ in no time.(2007全国全国I)A.sold B.had been sold C.were sold D.would sell 2.As the years passed,many occasions birthdays,awards,graduations _ with Dads flow

17、ers.(2007湖南湖南)A.are marked B.were marked C.have marked D.had marked 3.Leonardo da Vinci(14521519)_birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free.(2007重庆重庆)A.is said to be buying B.is said to have bought C.had said to buy D.has said to have bought 4.Have you handed in your sch

18、oolwork yet?Yes,I have.I guess it _ now.(2007辽宁辽宁)A.has graded B.is graded C.is being graded D.is grading “一致一致”是指句子成分之间或词语之是指句子成分之间或词语之间在性、数等方面应保持一致。间在性、数等方面应保持一致。“主谓一致主谓一致”是指谓语动词与主语必是指谓语动词与主语必须在人称、性、数上保持一致，须在人称、性、数上保持一致，即主语是复数，谓语也用复数形式，如即主语是复数，谓语也用复数形式，如are,were,have等，等，主语是单数，谓语要用单数形式，如：主语是单数，谓语要用

19、单数形式，如：is,was,has,works等。等。1.由and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，一个人的双重身份或匹配出现的事物时谓语动词为单数，由and连接的两个并列成分表示两个不同的概念时，谓语动词用复数。The worker and writer is from Beijing.(那个工人兼作家)The worker and the writer are from Beijing.(那位工人和那位作家)Bread and butter is a daily food in the West.Both Cathy and her daughter Linda have gone fishi

20、ng in Canada.常见的由常见的由and连接的指一个概念的有：连接的指一个概念的有：the needle and thread 针线针线salt and water盐和水盐和水the folk and knife 刀叉刀叉 iron and steel 钢铁钢铁time and tide 岁月岁月2.everyone of,one of,each of,either of,neither of+复数名词作主语，谓语用单数。Each of the students has a book.Each of the girls likes dancing.One of them has bee

21、n abroad.Neither of the two boys is good at English.one of复数名词定语从句复数名词定语从句结构结构如果如果one前面没有限定词前面没有限定词，这个句型中的，这个句型中的“复数名词复数名词”是先行词，是先行词，定语从句的谓语定语从句的谓语动词用复数；动词用复数；如果如果one前面有前面有the only,the first,the last,the right等限定词修饰等限定词修饰，则，则one是先行词，是先行词，定语从句的谓语动词用单数。定语从句的谓语动词用单数。John is the only one of the students

22、 who has the keys.John is one of the students who have the keys.3.more than one,many a+单数名词单数名词作作主语，意义上是复数，谓语动词常用单主语，意义上是复数，谓语动词常用单数。数。(形单意复形单意复)More than one student has tried.Many a student and teacher is watching the football match.Many a man has died in the war.4.each/every/no/many a+单数名词 and ea

23、ch/every/no/many a+单数名词 作主语，谓语动词用单数。1.Each book and each paper is foundin its place.2.Every boy and every girl has the rightto receive education.3.Many a boy and many a girl has seenthese painting.4.Every hour and minute is important.第二个each,every,no,many a可以省略。5.a+单数名词+and a half，a+单数名词+or two 作主语时

24、，谓语动词用单数。1.A year and a half has passed.2.A day or two is enough.one or two+复数名词,one and a half+复数名词作主语，谓语用复数。1.One or two boys know it.2.One and a half months have passed since I saw him.3.A month and a half has passed since I saw him.none of.结构作主语结构作主语指代不可数名词作主语，谓语用单数；指代不可数名词作主语，谓语用单数；指代复数名词作主语，强调

25、全体，谓语指代复数名词作主语，强调全体，谓语用复数更好一些；用复数更好一些；着重个别，则用单数较好。着重个别，则用单数较好。None of the money is yours.None of us havehas ever been abroad.6.all,none,some,any 等不定代词作主语，等不定代词作主语，根据其指代的内容而定。根据其指代的内容而定。All are present.All the food tastes good.7.“a number of复数名词复数名词”作主语，作主语，谓语用复数谓语用复数;“许多许多”“the number of复数名词复数名词”作主作

26、主语，语，谓语用单数谓语用单数。“的数量的数量”The number of traffic accidents has increased.A number of children like this song.the quantity of+复数名词或不可数名复数名词或不可数名词，词，谓语用单数谓语用单数。a quantity of+复数名词复数名词,谓语用复数谓语用复数。a quantity of+不可数名词不可数名词,谓语用单数谓语用单数.quantities of+复数名词或不可数名词，复数名词或不可数名词，谓语用复数。谓语用复数。8.Quantity/ies of+名词复数名词复数/

27、不可数名词不可数名词Quantities of tea were sold last month.A large quantity of beer was sold out.The quantity of books in the library is amazing.9.population 做主语指人口做主语指人口,谓语用单数；谓语用单数；指人的行为、居民等，谓语常用复数；指人的行为、居民等，谓语常用复数；分数分数/百分数百分数+of the population做主语，做主语，谓语用复数。谓语用复数。The population of the village is 538.One thi

28、rd of the population here are workers.10.the Olympic Games,the Asian Games 做主语，谓语用复数。做主语，谓语用复数。The Olympic Games are held every four years.谓语动词要和 of 之后的名词保持一致。11.1.Two-thirds of the people present are against the plan.2.Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is covered by sea.3.Over twenty percen

29、t of the city was destroyed in the war.4.Forty-five percent of the doctors were women.5.Only 40 percent of the students in the class are boys.12.集体名词集体名词class,family,army,team,club,population,enemy,party,crowd,majority,crew,audience,government,public,group,committee等作主语。强调整体用单数，指个体成员用复数。His family i

30、s in Harbin.His family are music lovers.The committee was made up of 10 members.The committee were in the hall.This class consists of 45 students.Mr.Green teaches it This class are all diligent.Mr.Green teaches them.The team is the best in the league这个队在联赛中打得最好。这个队在联赛中打得最好。The football team are havi

31、ng baths足球队队员们在洗澡。足球队队员们在洗澡。1His family _ a small one2His family _ fat and short A.is,is B.are,are C.is,are D.are,is 此题应选此题应选。family是一个集合名词，是一个集合名词，具有单数具有单数(侧重指整体侧重指整体)和复数和复数(侧重指侧重指个体个体)两种可能。两种可能。但是并不是所有的集合名词都具有以上两种用法：1.有的集合名词总是用作单数有的集合名词总是用作单数(不可数不可数)：clothing衣服，衣服，poetry 诗歌，诗歌，baggageluggage 行李，行李

32、，furniture家俱，家俱，scenery 景景色等。色等。2.有的集合名词总是表示复数意义有的集合名词总是表示复数意义(但不但不用复数形式用复数形式)：people人，人，police警察，警察，cattle牲口等。牲口等。3.goods,clothes,glasses,shoes,scissors及及trousers,chopsticks,compasses等以复数等以复数形式出现的名词作主语，谓语用复数；形式出现的名词作主语，谓语用复数；4.news,politics,maths,physics,plastics等等形式为复数而意义为单数的名词作主语，形式为复数而意义为单数的名词作主

33、语，谓语用单数。谓语用单数。The goods belong to Mr.Wang.No news is good news.My trousers are new.13.“theadj./v-ed/v-ing”作主语作主语 the+dying,young,old,blind,rich,sick,wounded,poor及及dead等词，等词，相当于复相当于复数名词，代表整个类别，故作主语时谓数名词，代表整个类别，故作主语时谓语用复数。语用复数。The old in China are living a happy life.The wounded have been saved.The si

34、ck have been cured and the lost have been found.14.表示时间、距离、钱额、重量、空间、体积等意义的复数名词作主语，谓语动词常用单数。1.Eight hours of sleep is enough.2.A hundred miles is a long distance.3.Ten pounds was missing from my pocket.4.Twenty years has passed since he left his hometown.15.动名词、不定式、从句做主语动名词、不定式、从句做主语1).单个动名词或不定式作主语，谓

35、语单个动名词或不定式作主语，谓语用单数。用单数。Making speeches is not her strong point.Growing flowers needs constant watering.2).由由and连接的两个连接的两个(或多个或多个)动名词或不动名词或不定式作主语定式作主语 如果并列的动名词或不定式语义相同或如果并列的动名词或不定式语义相同或相似，谓语用单数；相似，谓语用单数；如果语义不一致，则谓语用复数。如果语义不一致，则谓语用复数。Lying and stealing are not right.To love and to be loved is sweet t

36、o me.3).由由that,where,when,whether,how等等词引导的名词性从句作主语，主句的谓词引导的名词性从句作主语，主句的谓语常用单数形式。语常用单数形式。How they can finish their work is still unknown.Where we will go has not been decided.When and where to hold the meeting _ not decided.When to hold the meeting and where to have lunch _ not decided.isare4.)由由wha

37、t引导的名词性从句作主语引导的名词性从句作主语，谓，谓语一般用单数语一般用单数(表语是复数时也可用复表语是复数时也可用复数数)；如果；如果what从句是带有复数意义的并从句是带有复数意义的并列结构，主句的谓语用复数。列结构，主句的谓语用复数。What they are after(寻找寻找)is money.What we want areis promises.What he says and(what he)does do not agree.16.Not only he but also I am invited.I or his brothers were to blame.Neith

38、er I nor he is to attend the meeting.Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film.Not only I but Jane and Mary _ tired of having one examination after another.A.is B.are C.am D.be析析:由由“or,eitheror,neithernor,notbut,not only but also”连接两个并列主连接两个并列主语时，动词与靠近的主语保持一致。语时，动词与靠近的主语保持一致。

39、17.当当 there be/here be 句型的主语是一系句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。致。1.There is a pen,a knife and several books on the desk.2.There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.3.Here is a letter and a book for you.4.There are three chairs,two tables and a bike in th

40、e house.主语后跟主语后跟结构时，谓语动词一般和结构时，谓语动词一般和前面的主语保持一致。前面的主语保持一致。1.The teacher with a number of students is in the classroom.2.Tom,as much as you,was responsible for the loss.3.He more than you is anxious to go there.A library with five thousand books _ to the nation as a giftA.is offered B.has offeredC.ar

41、e offered D.have offeredWe Chinese _ a hard-working peopleA.is B.are C.is being D.are being此题应选此题应选。这里应注意的是：我们通常。这里应注意的是：我们通常说的是主谓一致（即谓语与主语保持一说的是主谓一致（即谓语与主语保持一致），而不是表谓一致（即不是谓语与表致），而不是表谓一致（即不是谓语与表语一致），本题意为：我们中国人是一个语一致），本题意为：我们中国人是一个勤劳的民族。勤劳的民族。但是有些主语由于本身具有单数和复数但是有些主语由于本身具有单数和复数两种可能，它的谓语到底用单数还是复两种可能，它

42、的谓语到底用单数还是复数，要看具体的语境（多数情况是看其数，要看具体的语境（多数情况是看其后面词语的单复数）：后面词语的单复数）：1 aWho is your brother？bWho are your brothers？2 aWhat he said is quite correctbWhat he left me are only a few old books1._ you or he the teacher of English?Neither my sister nor my mother _ present at the meeting.A.Are,was B.Is,were C.

43、Are,are D.Is,is 2.When and where to build the new factory_ yet.(1991全国全国)A.is not decided B.are not decided C.has not decided D.have not decided析析:当当when和和where加不定式指的是同加不定式指的是同一件事时，谓语动词用单数。一件事时，谓语动词用单数。3.I,not you,_ in the wrong.Not I but he _ been invited.A.were,have B.were,has C.was,has D.was,have

44、4.E-mail,as well as telephones,_ an important part in daily communication.A.is playing B.have played C.are playing D.play5.One or two days _ enough to see the city A.is B.are C.am D.be6.Neither my wife nor I myself _ able to persuade my daughter to change her mind A.is B.are C.am D.be7.Not the teach

45、er,but the students _ looking forward to seeing the film A.is B.are C.am D.be8.His“Selected Poems”_ first published in 1965.A.were B.was C.has been D.have been9.A woman with some children _ soonA.is coming B.are coming C.has come D.have come10.No one except my parents _ anything about this。A.know B.

46、knows C.is known D.are knownNo one knows anything about this except my parents.11.The teacher as well as the students _ the book already A.has read B.have read C.are reading D.is reading12.All but one _ in the accident A.was killed B.were killed C.will be killed D.are killed All were killed in the a

47、ccident but one.13.The number of people invited _fifty,but a number of them _ absent for different reasons.A.were;wasB.was;was C.was;wereD.were;were14._ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass.A.Two fifth;is B.Two fifth;are C.Two fifths;is D.Two fifths;are15.Mathematics _ the lan

48、guage of science.A.is B.are going to be C.are D.were16.A good deal of money _ spent on books.A.have B.has C.have been D.has been17.On the wall _ two large paintings.A.hangs B.hang C.hanged D.hanging18.“_turn green in spring.A.Leaf B.Leafs C.Leave D.Leaves 19.Nobody but Jane _ the secret.A.know B.kno

49、ws C.have known D.is known 20.All but one _ here just now.A.is B.was C.has been D.were21.As a result of destroying the forests,a large _ of desert _ covered the land.A.number;has B.quantity;has C.number;have D.quantity;have22.Every boy and every girl as well as some teachers who _ to visit the museu

50、m _ asked to be at the school gate before 6:30 in the morning.A.are;areB.is;is C.are;isD.is;are1.How are the team playing?Theyre playing well,but one of them _ hurt.（2002北京春）北京春）A.got B.gets C.are D.were真题解析：本题考查主谓一致和时态的真题解析：本题考查主谓一致和时态的用法。首先从主谓一致入手，用法。首先从主谓一致入手，one of them为单数主语，可以先排除为单数主语，可以先排除C和和D

51、；根据句意，根据句意，“有个人受伤了有个人受伤了”应该是应该是一般过去时，因此答案为一般过去时，因此答案为A。2.All the preparations for the task _,and we are ready to start.(2000全国春全国春)A.completed B.complete C.had been completed D.have been completed 真题解析：本题考查名词的主谓一致。首真题解析：本题考查名词的主谓一致。首先，根据句意先，根据句意“所有的准备工作都已经所有的准备工作都已经做完了，我们准备开始做。做完了，我们准备开始做。”可见此处可见此处应

52、该用现在完成时；其次，应该用现在完成时；其次，preparations为复数，即主语为复数，所以用为复数，即主语为复数，所以用have，故正确答案为故正确答案为D。3.I told him what I was surprised _ his attitude towards his study.(2000年春季上海卷年春季上海卷)A.isB.wasC.at isD.at was 真题解析：本题考查主谓一致、固定搭配真题解析：本题考查主谓一致、固定搭配和从句时态的问题。和从句时态的问题。be surprised at为为固定搭配，固定搭配，at不能省略，它后面的宾语不能省略，它后面的宾语是是w

53、hat；what I surprised at充当充当told后后面宾语从句的主语，是一个面宾语从句的主语，是一个what引导引导的名词性句子，后面的谓语动词应该的名词性句子，后面的谓语动词应该用单数，且和主句用一般过去时，从用单数，且和主句用一般过去时，从句对应也要用过去时。因此，正确答句对应也要用过去时。因此，正确答案是案是D。4.Every possible means _ to prevent the air pollution,but the sky is still not clear.(2000上海春上海春)A.is used B.are used C.has been used D.have been used 真题解析：本题考查主谓一致和时态问题。真题解析：本题考查主谓一致和时态问题。主语的主语的means为单数名词，意思是为单数名词，意思是“手段、手段、方法方法”，因此，要先排除，因此，要先排除B和和D项；根据项；根据句意句意“所有阻止空气污染的方法都用过了，所有阻止空气污染的方法都用过了，但天空气还是不干净。但天空气还是不干净。”，可见，此处应，可见，此处应该用现在完成时。答案为该用现在完成时。答案为C。