工业设计专业英语描述

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1、评价标准：（1） 经济性标准：产品的成本、利润、竞争力、附加值和市场前景等。Economy standards: the cost of the product, profit, competitiveness, and added value and the market foreground.（2）技术性标准：功能性、安全性、可靠性、适用性、合理性和有效性等。Technical standards: functional, safety, reliability, applicability, reasonability and effectiveness, etc.（3）社会性标准：产品

2、带来的社会效益、环境效益、对人们身心健康的影响、生活方式的改变和能源的利用方式等。The social standard: the product brings social benefits, environmental benefits, to the health of people body and mind influence, the change in the life style and energy utilization ways, etc.（4）审美性标准：产品的造型风格、时代性、美学价值、个性体现等。 The aesthetic standard: the produc

3、t shape and style of The Times, aesthetic value, and personality reflect, etc.产品设计评价项目Meet functional requirements 满足功能要求Meet cost requirements 满足成本要求Processing、assemble、productive 加工、配装、可生产Easy to use and maintenance 便于使用维护Pleasant 宜人性Appearance beautiful or not 造型外观漂亮与否Environmental friendly 环境友好H

4、ave fashionable feeling 有时尚感A typical design process applied to a product devel-opment might include consideration of thousands of issues associated with cost, assembly, appearance,usability, manufacture, sustainability, export, competi-tiveness, standards and patents, among many others.Little wonde

5、r that it takes a considerable period for adesigner to develop the expertise that facilitates theintegration of issues and associated decision making.The designer essentially manages the process ofdesign and effects the role of both designer andmanager. Management aspects include the context ofthe p

6、roduct, client requirements, the validity of the brief,plus time and cost issues. The designing aspects canrange from broad concepts to the clarification ofdetails. Tasks can include issues associated withpatent and design registrations, engineering, manufac-ture and assembly, competitors products,

7、disposal, anda host of both minor and major considerations.A number of designers and writers have writtenabout designing and unanimously refer to the com-plexity of the process and the difficulty associated withmany problems that are ill-defined. Talbot argues thefollowing:Industrial designers creat

8、e objects thatoccupy space and have plastic and visualform. The process of design that theyemploy involves creativity, the resolutionof complex issues and synthesis. Otherprofessions such as analysts, critics,accountants or managers employ synthe-sis to resolve issues but their work is notnecessaril

9、y creative and new. In contrastdesigners put things together and bringnew things into being, dealing in theprocess with many variable and con-straints some initially known and othersrevealed during the design process .The outcomes of the design process never evolveto one unique and correct answer; i

10、t is this single factthat makes the learning difficult because the answersthat might apply are legion. T:一个典型应用于产品设计过程中,即可能包括考虑上千相关ofissues成本、装配、外形、可用性、制造、可持续性、输出、competi-tiveness、标准和专利,在其他许多人。难怪它需要相当长一段时间里发展为adesigner专长,让theintegration问题及相关的决策。设计师ofdesign管理过程本质上和效果andmanager双方的角色都设计师。管理方面的工作包括上下文热销

11、产品,客户需求有效性的短暂的,加上时间和成本问题。从广泛canrange设计方面ofdetails概念澄清。 任务可能包括相关的问题和设计withpatent注册、工程、制造和装配,竞争对手的产品、处置,安达主持人的两个小和主要考量。一个由多名设计师和作家都writtenabout设计和一致的指的com-plexity过程和相关问题的困难withmany含糊不清的。企业塔尔博特说:工业设计师创造空间和物体thatoccupy塑料和visualform。设计的过程,这theyemploy需要创造力、复杂问题的resolutionof和合成。Otherprofessions如分析师、评论家、会计师

12、或者经理雇佣synthe-sis解决问题,但他们的工作是notnecessarily创造性的和全新的。 在contrastdesigners整理所有的线索,事情bringnew产生、处理过程中有许多变量,con-straints一些已知的和othersrevealed在最初的设计过程。 结果不evolveto设计过程的一个独特的和正确的答案,它是这一factthat使学习困难的,因为这些会使用answersthat举不胜举。One answer might be moreappropriate than another and it is the role of design tobalanc

13、e the conflicting requirements and arrive at anappropriate solution. Schon stated the following:Designers juggle variables, reconcileconflicting values and maneuver aroundconstraints - a process in which, althoughsome design outcomes are superior to othersthere are no unique right answers 2.An indus

14、trial design project may include responsi-bility for the design of the user interface and productfunction and emotive aspects, such as productappeal (visual, tactile and style), together withperceived quality and value. In addition, the designerhas to work with materials and structures that musthave

15、 appropriate engineering properties and be manu-factured, assembled, distributed, maintained, used andresponsibly disposed of. Industrial design problems thusinvolve dealing with a very large number of constraintsto meet goals that may not be clearly defined. Suchdesign problems are usually ill defi

16、ned (as opposed towell-defined problems that can be solved using wellunderstood procedures and have clearly identifiable,correct solutions).The designer generally follows an established proc-ess. While approaches vary, the product developmentprocess (PDP) can be used to describe the way inwhich the

17、designer moves though the project. Thestages in this process are as follows:Product planning;Task verification;Conceptualisation;Embodim design;Communication;Preparation for production.T: 一个答案可能比另一种moreappropriate,它的作用是相互矛盾的要求和设计的tobalance到达anappropriate的解决方案。 已经声明如下:设计师兼顾变量,reconcileconflicting价值观和

18、机动aroundconstraints这一过程中,尽管设计结果优于没有独特的正确答案othersthere2。工业设计项目包括responsi-bility为用户界面的设计和productfunction和感情方面,如productappeal(视觉、触觉和风格),一起withperceived质量和价值。 此外,designerhas工作与材料和结构,适当的工程性质musthave manu-factured、组装、分布式、养护、使用andresponsibly扔进垃圾桶。 工业设计问题thusinvolve处理大量的constraintsto完成那不可能作出明确的规定。Suchdesign

19、问题通常是生病的定义(而不是,就可以解决问题towell-defined使用wellunderstood程序和清楚地识别,正确的解决方案)。设计师一般情况下遵循proc-ess已建立的。虽然方法不同,该产品developmentprocess(PDP)可以用来描述的方式移动inwhich设计师虽然这个项目。在这个过程中Thestages如下:产品策划;任务鉴证;构想能;Embodim设计;沟通;准备生产。The designer will move through the stages of theprocess, not necessarily in a sequential manner,

20、 andmay iterate between the stages refining the stage out-comes until the optimum result is achieved. Forexample, when involved in the product planningstage, the designer may seek information in the prepa-ration for production stage regarding manufactur-ing cost and facilities for production. Simila

21、rly, whenpreparing detail designs, the designer may go back tothe task verification stage to verify the considera-tions outlined in the brief.The graduate designer usually gains employmentin an industrial design consultancy where engagementin projects, ranging from the design of toothbrushesThe Impo

22、rtance of Design Methods.177right across the spectrum of products to motorvehicles, facilitates the building of a foundation ofexperience. The novice designer, starting from anelementary understanding of design gained at univer-sity, will then engage in projects under the watchfuleye of an experienc

23、ed designer. The novice quicklyconsolidates understanding of design and inexorablygains experience in countless issues associated withmaterials, manufacture, engineering, marketing,sustainability, recycling, legislation, standards, patents,specifications, costing, prototyping, communication andproje

24、ct management. Thus, the novice designer willproceed to an experienced designer over a period ofperhaps 10 years.In moving through the stages of the product-devel-opment process, the designer will employ certainprocedures and tools to arrive at effective stageoutcomes. In the product planning stage,

25、 thedesigner may carry out analysis of the features ofcompetitor products. This might be done employing aformal features analysis method or may employ abenchmarking method. Similarly, in the task verifi-cation stage, the designer may employ objectivestrees or morphological analysis.T: 设计者会穿越过程的阶段,不一

26、定在连贯的方式,andmay之间的提炼迭代阶段阶段的最佳结果out-comes直到达到要求。例如:当参与产品planningstage,设计师可能会寻求信息生产阶段prepa-ration关于manufactur-ing成本和设备生产。 同样的,whenpreparing细节设计,设计师可以回到验证阶段到任务验证了considera-tions短暂。研究生设计师通常收益employmentin工业设计顾问在engagementin项目,从设计的牙刷设计方法的重要性在177年的频谱对产品motorvehicles,促进建设ofexperience基础。 新手设计师,从anelementary理解

27、设计获得univer-sity,便会从事项目的watchfuleye下一个有经验的设计师。 新手quicklyconsolidates理解设计和inexorablygains经验相关的问题,在无数withmaterials、制造、工程、市场营销、持续性、回收、立法、标准、专利、规格、成本、成型、通讯andproject管理。因此,设计师willproceed新手到一个有经验的设计师在一段时期内ofperhaps 10年。在移动通过阶段的product-devel-opment过程中,设计师将聘请certainprocedures和工具stageoutcomes到达有效。 在产品规划阶段,可以进

28、行分析thedesigner的特点ofcompetitor产品。 这可能是工作要做用人aformal特点分析方法或也可以雇用abenchmarking方法。同样,在工作verifi-cation阶段,设计师可以雇佣或objectivestrees形态分析。However, experi-enced designers do not necessarily employ formalmethods. In many instances, their experience enablesthem to make a considerable number of mental itera-tions

29、 that may reflect upon, for example, competitorproduct features and arrive at conclusions that areuncannily accurate and conclusive.Eder, writing about engineering designers, explainedthat certain methods are accepted by industry,examples include Total Quality Management (TQM),Quality Function Deplo

30、yment (QFD) and Taguchi 5.He further laments that such methodologies are usedonly in a small fraction of industry. Frostresponded to Eders comments by arguing that muchdesign in industry is incremental and not original and,therefore, not requiring methodological approaches 6.Maffin considered the lo

31、w use of methods in industryand argued that much design in industry is non-originaland that design is based on established concepts anddoes not require elaborate exploration 7.These comments by engineering academics applyequally to the field of industrial design. While experi-enced designers may not

32、 formally employ a particulardesign method, they nonetheless go through a processthat informally lists and considers many issues clari-fied by formal methods. For example, many designersemploy brainstorming techniques but do notnecessarily include Osbornes idea-generation tech-niques. Nor do they ne

33、cessarily establish a brainstorm-ing committee. This capacity to design and informallyapply methods to arrive at outcomes is something thatcomes with experience and it might be argued thatexperienced designers do not need to broadly use de-sign methods.DESIGN METHODS: THE CURRENTSITUATIONDesign meth

34、odology includes the study of the princi-ples, practices and procedures of design. Its primaryfocus is to develop a deep and practical understand-ing of the design process and how this process can bemodified, made more effective and transparent andbe managed to achieve sustainable design outcomes.De

35、sign methodologies evolved from the introduc-tion of new systematic design methods that were firstintroduced in the 1960s.T: 然而,experi-enced不一定使用formalmethods设计师。 在很多情况下,他们的经验enablesthem使相当数量的精神itera-tions可能反映后,例如,competitorproduct特点和到达areuncannily准确的和决定性的结论。 是末力、以得写工程设计师,explainedthat接受某些方法由工业、例子包括

36、全面质量管理(TQM),质量功能展开(QFD)与田口5。他进一步指出这种方法在usedonly一小部分的产业。Frostresponded的评论,Eders,本文认为muchdesign在工业,而不是原来是渐进的,因此,不需要研究方法6。Maffin考虑的方法利用低等认为多设计商标局工业设计是基于non-originaland建立概念不需要精心勘探anddoes7。这些评论applyequally工程学科领域的工业设计。当experi-enced设计师可能没有正式的雇佣一个particulardesign方法,然而经过一个processthat非正式名单和考虑很多问题,clari-fied用形

37、式的方法。 例如,许多designersemploy脑力激荡,但奥斯本的idea-generation tech-niques notnecessarily包括。 他们也不必然建立brainstorm-ing委员会。 这种能力的方法来设计和informallyapply到达thatcomes预后的有经验的东西,也许thatexperienced设计师认为不需要广泛使用设计方法。设计方法:CURRENTSITUATIONDesign方法包括守则的研究,实践和程序的设计。它的primaryfocus是发展一个深入的和实用的understand-ing的设计过程中,这个过程可以bemodified如

38、何使更有效、透明的andbe设法实现可持续发展的设计结果。设计方法eThose methods were appliedin certain fields of design practice and these includedengineering, industrial, architectural and urban design.During the same period, the techniques of creative engi-neering and brainstorming became more widespread andthese provided some b

39、ases for idea generation. Some ofthe early methods did not work very well in practice;they were cumbersome to apply and required consider-able input data and paperwork. For these reasons, de-signers did not embrace those methods and believed thatthey constrained the design process 8.The design metho

40、ds introduced in the 1960s and1970s drew attention to the need for design to be moretransparent and more substantially based on a struc-ture of analysis. However, the methods introducedfailed to achieve wide acceptance as part of the nor-mal process of designing and were not incorporatedinto the tea

41、ching of design on a significant scale. Othermethods either existed or evolved and were univer-sally accepted, such as design-by-drawing, brainstorm-ing, Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and modelling,and these were included in the teaching of design.A number of methods were introduced, includingquality

42、function deployment (QFD), value analysis(VA) and design for X (DFX). Although these wereadopted by certain sections of industry, the adoptionby the design industry was generally minimal. Variousauthors have written about the low level of adoptionby industry of the aforementioned methods. Huangand M

43、ak refer to other reports by Wright (1996), Norell(1993), McQuater (1996), Dale and Shaw (1990), andPandey and Clausing (1991), and the general conclu-sions point to a low incidence of usage in industry 9.T: 这些方法的appliedin某些领域的设计实践,这些includedengineering、工业、建筑和城市设计。同样的时期,创造性的工程技术和脑力激荡变得更加广泛的测定提供了一些依据

44、创意的产生。一些早期的方法吗?没有很好地工作实践,他们难于申请,要求consider-able输入数据和文件。由于这些原因,de-signers没有拥抱方法和相信拘泥于传统的设计过程扩散8。介绍了设计方法在1960年代and1970s来吸引注意力的需要,设计moretransparent基于构造更严重的分析。然而,这种方法introducedfailed达到广泛认同的一部分,nor-mal设计过程和不incorporatedinto教学设计的一个重要尺度。 Othermethods要么存在,univer-sally接受或进化,如design-by-drawing,brainstorm-ing、

45、计算机辅助设计(CAD)和造型,这些都包括在教学设计的。 有多种方法进行了介绍,includingquality机能展开(QFD)、价值分析(VA)以及设计X(DFX)。虽然这些wereadopted通过特定的部分行业、adoptionby设计行业的一般都是最小的。Variousauthors已经写过有关低水平的adoptionby产业上述方法。 Huangand麦是指由赖特其他报告(1996),诺瑞尔(1993),McQuater(1996),戴尔和萧伯纳(1990),andPandey和Clausing(1991),和一般conclu-sions指向一个发病率低的用法在工业9。One re

46、ason advanced for the limited use of method-ologies was that formal design tools have notbeen taught widely at colleges and universities in thepast L.N. Green & E. Bonollo178Designers do not make use of simple toolssuch as Pareto analysis, cause and effect,control charts and checksheets and suchare

47、perceived by design staff as contrib-uting little to the design and developmentprocess and are viewed almost with disdain.There is even reluctance to utilise thosetechniques that have direct application todesign such as QFD, design of experi-ments, fault tree analysis and failure mode and effects an

48、alysis (FMEA) .Thus, design methods are seen as somethingoutside the design process, additional and optional.Designers come to learn of design tools through short-course training. However, the problem arises thatdesigners cannot readily include these tools in thedesign process because it is difficul

49、t to change estab-lished and proven techniques of design. Many of thesetools and methods require significant input data andpaperwork and, as a result, they are time-consuming.Since most design is engaged under the pressure ofdeadlines, it is difficult to introduce new ways underthese circumstances .

50、In summary, it may be argued that the experienceddesigner does not employ certain methodologiesbecause of the following:The designer, over time, has developed a data-base of expertise that facilitates effective designdecision making;Many methods are cumbersome, requiringsignificant input data and pa

51、perwork and, as aresult, are time consuming;Formal design tools were not taught at universi-ties in the past and currently.It follows, then, that methods and processes arenot included in the curriculum of many university andcollege courses.T: 提出了有限的一个原因是,使用method-ologies形式设计工具不是真实教广泛的学院和大学在过去绿色和大肠Bo

52、nollo178Designers L.N.不要用简单的toolssuch为帕累托分析、原因和效果、控制图和checksheets和suchare设计人员所contrib-uting小的设计与developmentprocess和收看几乎和鄙视。 甚至有不愿意利用thosetechniques直接应用,todesign如QFD设计中,根据故障树分析和故障模式与影响分析(FMEA)。因此,被视为somethingoutside设计方法的设计过程中,额外的和可选的。设计师的设计工具来学习通过训练。疗程不过,这个问题就不能轻易thatdesigners包括这些工具在设计的过程,因为它是难于改变est

53、ab-lished和实践技术的设计。许多thesetools和方法andpaperwork要求重大的输入数据,因此,他们是费时的。由于大多数设计ofdeadlines订婚的压力下,很难采取新措施underthese情况。总之,它可能认为,experienceddesigner不雇用某些methodologiesbecause以下:设计师,随着时间的推移,已建立起了一个便于后台数据库的有效designdecision专业制作;许多方法是沈重,requiringsignificant输入数据和文件,所以,耗时长,没有正式的设计工具任教,目前universi-ties过去。它遵循,那么,这样的方法及

54、过程不包括在许多大学的课程andcollege课程。Certainly, CAD and modelling iswidely taught, but methods like VA, QFD or FMEAare not widely adopted. In addition, the design andproduct development process is not formally taughtas a means of understanding the way design iscarried out. This leaves the student designer in a

55、ninvidious situation trying to do what he/she does notknow how to do, in order to get the sort of experiencethat will help him/her learn what designing is 2.A STRUCTURED SURVEYIn 2004, the writers initiated a survey of industrialdesign programmes in Australia, Singapore, the UK,Korea and New Zealand

56、. The purpose was to deter-mine the effectiveness of various aspects of studentsapproaches and the methods they used as they progressthrough their final-year major projects. Large numbersof questions were posed firstly to understand thecapability of student designers in such areas as timemanagement,

57、 conceptualisation and idea generationskills, and secondly to understand the design methodsemployed by student designers.T: 当然,计算机辅助设计(CAD)和造型iswidely教,但是方法如VA,QFD或FMEAare不广泛采用。此外,设计开发过程是andproduct没有正式的一种手段taughtas了解设计iscarried出来。 这使得学生设计aninvidious情况努力在做他/她做notknow如何去做,为了得到的那种experiencethat将帮助他/她学习

58、设计2。一个结构SURVEYIn 2004年进行的一项调查显示,作家开始industrialdesign课程在澳大利亚、新加坡、英国、韩国、新西兰。目的是deter-mine各方面的有效性的学生和使用方法approaches他们,因为他们progressthrough高中生的重要工程项目。大numbersof问题首先要了解thecapability造成学生设计师timemanagement等领域,generationskills构想能和理念,其次要能够理解设计由学生methodsemployed设计师。The Function of ArtFor many people, to speak o

59、f a function of art is to engage in a contradiction in terms. Art does not exist to fulfill a secondary purpose or to perform a useful function. Art is intended to convey beauty or to provoke thought. Its existence is its own justification.艺术的作用对于许多人来说,说一个函数的艺术作品是从事在用词上自相矛盾。艺术不存在完成次要目的或履行“有用”的功能。艺术的

60、目的是传递美丽或惹思想。它的存在是它自己的理由。The Function of DesignFor many individuals, design is intended to serve a specific purpose. A good design fulfills its stated purpose efficiently and well. While good design is often attractive, looks and appearance are believed to be secondary where design is concerned. In a quote attributed to architect Louis Sullivan, form ever follows function.设计的功能对于许多个人,设计的目的是为特定的目的。一个好的设计有效地履行宣称的目的。而好的设计通常是有吸引力,长相和外表被认为是在设计有关。二次在一个报价建筑师路易斯沙利文归因于、“形式曾经跟功能。”