全新版大学英语第二册Unit.ppt

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1、,B R _ main,Listening and Answering the Questions,History of English,Winston Churchill,Julius Caesar,Viking,Norman,William Caxton,Otto Jespersen,Renaissance,B R _ History of English,History of English,The root of English,The development of Modern English,20th Century English,B R _ Winston Churchill,

2、Winston Churchill,A Brief introduction to Winston Churchill,Chronology of Winston Churchill,A Video Clip about Winston Churchill,Yes. For example, the meaning of “your house burns up” is the same as that of “your house burns down”, or “you fill in a form” is the same as “you fill out a form”.,B R _

3、Listen and Answer the Questions 1,1. What is the passage about?,Listen and Answer the Questions,Directions: Listen to the recording two or three times and then think over the following questions.,English is a great language, but it is also a crazy language.,2. Can you give one or two examples to ill

4、ustrate the messiness of the English language?,3. Are you sure of all the idiomatic usages mentioned in the recorded passage?,Some of the more confusing usages are explained here:,1) ship by truck / send cargo by ship:,ship can be either a verb or a noun.,The first “ship” means “send”, the second on

5、e “a large boat”.,2) noses that run / feet that smells:,B R _ Listen and Answer the Questions 2,This refers to what people usually say “have a running nose” (流鼻涕), “have smelly feet” (臭脚).,3) a slim/fat chance:,a remote possibility,4) a wise guy:,a person who pretends to be much wiser than he/she re

6、ally is; a derogatory term,a wise man:,a really wise person; a commendatory term,5) overlook:,fail to see or notice, pay no attention to,oversee:,control (work, workmen),B R _ Listen and Answer the Questions 3,6) hot /cold as hell:,extremely hot/cold,7) burn up:,catch fire and flare up,burn down:,be

7、 destroyed by fire,8) fill in a form/fill out a form:,synonymous,9) go off:,start an action, usually accompanied by a great noise,go on:,continue doing something,B R _ Listen and Answer the Questions 4,10) when stars are out:,when stars appear in the sky,when lights are out:,when lights are turned o

8、ff,11) wind up a watch:,tighten the spring of a watch,wind up a speech:,end a speech,B R _ Listen and Answer the Questions 5,B R _ The root of English 1,The root of English,English began as a west Germanic language which was brought to England by the Saxons around 400 A.D. Old English was the spoken

9、 and written language of England between 400 and 1100 A.D. Many words used today come from Old English, including man, woman, king, mother, etc. But Old English was very different from modern English and only a few words can be easily recognized. In the 9th and 10th centuries, when Vikings invaded E

10、ngland, Old Norse words, e.g. sky, take and get and many place names, entered the language.,From the Norman Conquest (1066) until the late 12th. century English was replaced as the official language by Norman French, though English was still used by the lower classes. English from about 1300 to 1500

11、 is known as Middle English. It was influenced by French and also Latin in vocabulary and pronunciation. French brought many words connected with government, e.g. sovereign, royal, court, legal and government itself. Latin was the language of religion and learning and gave to English words such as m

12、inister, angel, master, school and grammar. Literature began again to be written in English during this period. One of the most famous Middle English works is Chaucers The Canterbury Tales,B R _ The root of English 2,Modern English developed from the Middle English dialect of the East Midlands and w

13、as influenced by the English used in London, where a printing press was set up by William Caxton in 1476. English changed a great deal from this time until the end of the 18th century. During the Renaissance, many words were introduced from Greek and Latin to express new ideas, especially in science

14、, medicine and philosophy. They included physics, species, architecture, encyclopedia and hypothesis. In the 16th century several versions of the Bible helped bring written English to ordinary people. The Elizabethan period is also famous for its drama, and Shakespeares plays were seen by many peopl

15、e.,The development of Modern English,BR_ The development of Modern English 1,The development of printing helped establish standards of spelling and grammar, but there remained a lot of variation. Samuel Johnsons A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) was the first authoritative treatment of Eng

16、lish. It defined about 40,000 words and gave examples of their use. By the 18th century American English was established and developing independently from British English. After colonists arrived in the US new words began to be added from Native American languages, and from French and Spanish. In 17

17、83, soon after Johnsons dictionary was published, Noah Websters The Elementary Spelling Book,BR_ The development of Modern English 2,was published in the US. At first it used Johnsons spellings, but later editions contained many of what have come to be known as American spellings, e.g. harbor and fa

18、vorite.,BR_ The development of Modern English 3,During the 19th and early 20th centuries many dictionaries and books about language were published. New words are still being added to English from other languages, including Chinese (feng shui) and Japanese (karaoke). Existing words gain new senses, a

19、nd new expressions spread quickly through television and the Internet. English is now an international language and is used as a means of communication between people from many countries. As a result the influences on the English language are wider than ever and it is possible that World English wil

20、l move away from using a British or American standard and establish its own international identity.,20th Century English,BR_ 20th Century English,As a politician, Winston Churchill is remembered as one of Britains greatest statesmen. He was the son of the Conservative politician Lord Randolph Church

21、ill and his American wife Jennie. As a young man he served as a soldier in India and Egypt, and as a journalist in South Africa, before entering politics. Churchill became Prime Minister and Minister of Defence in 1940. His radio speeches during World War II gave the British people a strong determin

22、ation to win the war, especially at times of great crisis. Examples of Churchills phrases still often quoted today are “I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat”, and “This was their finest hour”.,A Brief introduction to Winston Churchill,BR_A Brief introduction to Winston Churchill

23、1,The Conservative Party led by Churchill lost the election of 1945, but he became Prime Minister again from 1951 to 1955 when he retired, aged 80. When he died in Jan 1965 he was given a state funeral.,BR_A Brief introduction to Winston Churchill 2,Chronology of Winston Churchill,November 30, 1874,

24、October 1, 1911,April 30, 1915,November 6, 1924,Born Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill at Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, near Oxford.,Appointed First Lord of the Admiralty in Liberal government.,Failure of the Dardanelles Expedition, in World War I, led to his resignation as First Lord of the Admiralty

25、.,Baldwin named him Chancellor of the Exchequer.,BR_Chronology of Winston Churchill 1,May 10, 1940,July 1945,April 24, 1953,December 10, 1953,January 24, 1965,Appointed to head wartime coalition government.,Lost general election.,Knighted by Queen Elizabeth II.,Awarded Nobel prize for literature in

26、recognition of “historical works and biographies as well as his brilliant speeches.”,Died in London; given a state funeral; buried in the churchyard at Bladon, near Blenheim.,BR_Chronology of Winston Churchill 2,Directions: Watch this video clip and answer the following questions.,A Video Clip about

27、 Winston Churchill,1. What do you learn from the clip?,2. What do you think of Winston Churchill?,BR_ A Video Clip 1,BR_ A Video Clip 2,Julius Caesar (100-44 BC),Julius Caesar was the best-known of all the ancient Roman leaders, and the first one to land in Britain with an army. He did this twice, i

28、n 55 and 54 BC, although Britain did not become part of the Roman Empire until nearly a hundred years later.,BR_ Julius Caesar,eastern England, and the Danish king Canute ruled England from 1016. The Vikings were feared as violent and cruel, but they were also noted for their skill in building ships

29、 and as sailors. They had an important influence on English,Viking,Viking was a member of a people from Scandinavia who attacked parts of northern and western Europe, including Britain and Ireland, in the 8th to 11th centuries. In Britain they were also known as Norsemen. They settled on the Scottis

30、h islands and in areas of,culture and the English language.,BR_ Viking,Norman,Norman refers to any of the people from Normandy in northern France who settled in England after their leader William defeated the English king at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. The Normans took control of the country, a

31、process known as the Norman Conquest. They used many of the,BR_ Norman 1,existing Anglo-Saxon methods of government of the state and the church, but added important aspects of their own and made government much more effective. The language of government became first Latin,and then Norman French, and

32、 this caused many new words to be added to the existing English language.,BR_ Norman 2,William Caxton (c. 14221491),William Caxton was the man who set up the first printing firm in Britain. He printed his first book in 1474. By printing books in English, Caxton had a strong influence on the spelling

33、 and development of the language. were French stories which he translated himself.,BR_ William Caxton,Otto Jespersen (18601943),BR_ Otto Jespersen,Otto Jespersen was a Danish philologist, grammarian, and educationist. He promoted the use of the “direct method” in language teaching with the publicati

34、on of his theoretical work How to Teach a Foreign Language (1904). Other books include his seven-volume Modern English Grammar (19091949).,Renaissance,BR_ Renaissance 1,BR_ Renaissance 2,The Renaissance emerged in northern Italy in the 1300s when, not content with the abstract and highly subjective

35、thinking of the Middle Ages, scholars turned for inspiration to the ancient Greeks and Romans with their love of earthly life. Italian architects rediscovered ancient construction techniques and incorporated Greek and Roman columns, arches, and domes into their public buildings. Instead of the flat,

36、 stiff figures of the Middle Ages, Renaissance artists portrayed rounded, flesh-and-blood people, people filled with emotions. To depict the world they lived in realistically, Renaissance artists developed linear perspective, which creates on a,flat surface the illusion of depth. Renaissance scholar

37、s explored their world through mathematics, science, and engineering. Probably the most famous people of the Renaissance times are Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. By the 1500s the Renaissance had spread to Spain and the countries of northern Europe, where people sought to blend the intense inter

38、est in human affairs with spiritual ideals.,BR_ Renaissance 3,G R _ main,Part Division of the Text,Further Understanding,G R _ Further Understanding,Pair Discussion,English the Sea of Language,Questions and Answers,Further Understanding,G R _ Part Division of the Text 1,Part Division of the Text,Par

39、ts,Para(s).,Main Ideas,1,13,2,416,Massive borrowing from other languages is a major feature of the English language.,Tells about the history of the English language from the Indo-European parent language to modern English.,G R _ Part Division of the Text 2,Parts,Main Ideas,3,1719,Tolerance, love of

40、freedom, and respect for the rights of others these qualities in the English-speaking people explain the richness of their language.,Para(s).,Pair Discussion,Directions: Look at the picture below. Answer these questions with a partner.,What are differences between English and French in borrowing for

41、eign words?,English has a vocabulary of about one million words while French has only about 75,000 words.,English has borrowed a lot of words from other languages while French hasnt. And the French government even tries to ban words from English.,GR_ Pair Discussion1,2. What can we infer from the in

42、vention of a French word “balladeer”?,In borrowing foreign words, English people are open-minded while French people are conservative.,GR_ Pair Discussion 2,We know the reason why English has become the first truly global language.,3. How did the word “Walkman” come into being?,The Japanese put two

43、simple English words together to name their product.,English the Sea of Language,eye,angel,sky,royal,kingly,capsule,water,thermometer,habitual,mahjong,Old English,Vikings,French,Chinese,Latin,Christianity,Greek,GR_ English the Sea of Language,Questions and Answers,1. Who is Otto Jespersen?,He is a D

44、anish scholar.,2. According to Otto Jespersen, what is the cause for English to become what it is?,Its the result of the great respecters of the liberties of each individual.,3. What is English language in the authors opinion?,English is the tongue of common man.,GR_ Questions and Answers,The story

45、of our English language is typically one of massive stealing from other languages. That is why English today has an estimated vocabulary of over one million words, while other major languages have far fewer. French, for example, has only about 75,000 words, and that includes English expressions like

46、 snack bar and hit parade. The French, however, do not like borrowing foreign words because they think it corrupts their language. The government tries to ban words from English and declares that Walkman is not desirable; so they invent a word, balladeur, which French kids are supposed to say instea

47、d but they dont.,D R _ Text 1,THE GLORIOUS MESSINESS OF ENGLISH,Walkman is fascinating because it isnt even English. Strictly speaking, it was invented by the Japanese manufacturers who put two simple English words together to name their product. That doesnt bother us, but,it does bother the French.

48、 Such is the glorious messiness of English. That happy tolerance, that willingness to accept words from anywhere, explains the richness of English and why it has become, to a very real extent, the first truly global language.,DR_ Text 2,How did the language of a small island off the coast of Europe

49、become the language of the planet more widely spoken and written than any other has ever been? The history of English is present in the first words a child learns about identity (I, me, you); possession (mine, yours); the body (eye, nose, mouth); size (tall, short); and necessities (food, water). Th

50、ese words all come from Old English or Anglo-Saxon English, the core of our language.,Usually short and direct, these are words we still use today for the things that really matter to us.,Great speakers often use Old English to arouse our emotions.,Virtually every one of those words came from Old En

51、glish, except the last surrender, which came from Norman French. Churchill could have said, “We shall never give in,” but it is one of the lovely and powerful opportunities of English that a writer can mix, for effect, different words from different backgrounds. Yet there is something direct to the

52、heart that speaks to us from the earliest words in our language.,For example, during World War II, Winston Churchill made this speech, stirring the courage of his people against Hitlers armies positioned to cross the English Channel: “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grou

53、nds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender.”,Two centuries ago an English judge in India noticed that several words in Sanskrit closely resembled some words in Greek and Latin. A systematic study revealed that many modern languages des

54、cended from a common parent language, lost to us because nothing was written down.,When Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 B.C., English did not exist. The Celts, who inhabited the land, spoke languages that survive today mainly as Welsh. Where those languages came from is still a mystery,but there

55、 is a theory.,Identifying similar words, linguists have come up with what they call an Indo-European parent language, spoken until 3500 to 2000 B.C. These people had common words for snow, bee and wolf but no word for sea. So some scholars assume they lived somewhere in north-central Europe, where i

56、t was cold. Traveling east, some established the languages of India and Pakistan, and others drifted west toward the gentler climates of Europe. Some who made the earliest move westward became known as the Celts, whom Caesars armies found in Britain. New words came with the Germanic tribes the Angle

57、s, the Saxons, etc. that slipped across the North Sea to settle in Britain in the 5th century. Together they formed what we call Anglo-Saxon society.,The Anglo-Saxons passed on to us their farming vocabulary, including sheep, ox, earth, wood, field and work. They must have also enjoyed themselves be

58、cause they gave us the word laughter.,The next big influence on English was Christianity. It enriched the Anglo-Saxon vocabulary with some 400 to 500 words from Greek and Latin, including angel, disciple and martyr.,Then into this relatively peaceful land came the Vikings from Scandinavia. They also

59、 brought to English many words that begin with sk, like sky and skirt. But Old Norse and English both survived, and so you can rear a child (English) or raise a child (Norse). Other such pairs survive: wish and want, craft and skill, hide and skin. Each such addition gave English more richness, more

60、 variety.,Another flood of new vocabulary occurred in 1066, when the Normans conquered England. The country now had three languages: French for the nobles, Latin for the churches and English for the common people.,With three languages competing, there were sometimes different terms for the same thin

61、g. For example, Anglo-Saxons had the word kingly, but after the Normans, royal and sovereign entered the language as alternatives. The extraordinary thing was that French did not replace English. Over three centuries English gradually swallowed French, and by the end of the 15th century what had dev

62、eloped was a modified, greatly enriched language Middle English with about 10,000 “borrowed” French words.,Around 1476 William Caxton set up a printing press in England and started a communications revolution. Printing brought into English the wealth of new thinking that sprang from the European Ren

63、aissance. Translations,Translations of Greek and Roman classics were poured onto the printed page, and with them thousands of Latin words like capsule and habitual, and Greek words like catastrophe and thermometer. Today we still borrow from Latin and Greek to name new inventions, like video, televi

64、sion and cyberspace.,As settlers landed in North America and established the United States, English found itself with two sources American and British. Scholars in Britain worried that the language was out of control, and some wanted to set up an academy to decide which words were proper and which w

65、ere not. Fortunately their idea has never been put into practice.,That tolerance for change also represents deeply rooted ideas of freedom. Danish scholar Otto Jespersen wrote in 1905, “The English language would not have been what it is if the English had not been for centuries great respecters of

66、the liberties of each individual and if everybody had not been free to strike out new paths for himself.” I like that idea. Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and rights of man in the modern world. The first shoots sprang up in England, and they grew stronger in America. The English-speaking peoples have defeated all efforts to build fences arou