hvac系统中15项有节能潜力的技术

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1、HVAC系统中15项具有节能潜力的技术美国能源部（DOE） J 2002年出了一份报告,报吿中给出了其对丁目前暖通空调领域的55项 节能技术（表1所示）发展潜力研究的结果，根据该一结果选出了 15项极貝潜力的技术（表1中着 重加黑项），并对于该15项技术在目前的技术研究水平、节能潜力、工程经济性、目前发展的困难、 下一步研究的方向做了着重阐述。Component (24): Advanced Conpressors口 Advanced Desiccant Material Backward-Curved/Airfoil Blower Copper Rotor Motor Direct-CoHe

2、at Exchanger Electrodyramic Heat Transfer Electronically Commutated Permanent Magnet Motor (ECPM)口 Electrostatic Filter Heat Pipe High-Efficiency (Custom) Fan Blades High-Temperature Superconducting Motor Hydrocarbon RefngerantImproved Duct Sealinglj Larger Fan Blade Low-Pressure Refngerant MicroCha

3、nnel Heat Exchanger口 Refngerant Additive (to Enhance Heat Transfer) Smaller Centrifugal Compressors Twin-Single Compressor口 TwoSpeed Motor Unconventional (Microscale) Heal Pipe Variable-Pitch Fans Vanable-Speed Drive Zeotropic RefngerantEqvipmem (10):J Dual-Compressor ChillerDual-Source Heat Pump Ec

4、onomizer Enthalpy.Energy Recovery Heat Exchangers for VentilationEngme-Dnven Heat Punip Geound-Source Heat Pump Heat Pump for Cold Climates Liquid Desiccant Air Conditioner Modulating Eoiler/Fumace Phase Change InsulationSystems (T4): /Mi-Water (versus All-Air) Systems Alternative Air Treatment (to

5、reduce OA) Apply Energy Model to Properly Size HVAC equipnientChemical Heat/Cooling Generali on Demand-Control Ventilation Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems Displacement Ventilation Ductl ess Split System Mass Customization of HVAC Equipment Microenvironment (Taskimbient Conditioning) Novel Cool Storage

6、 Natural Refrigerants Radiant Ceiling Cool in g/C hi lied Beam Variable Refrigerant Volume/FlowCoiurofs J Operations (7): Adaptive/Fuzzy Logic HVAC Control Building Automation SystemJ CompleteRetro CommissioningFinite State Machine ConirolPerson Thermostat (e.g. Ring Thermostat)Regular Mantenance Sy

7、stem-C ompon eirt Performa nee Di ag nostics表1暖通空调领域55项节能技术该15项技术分别是：1. 自适丿2/模糊逻華i：控制系统(Adaptive/Fuzzy Logic Controls)2. 独工新风系统(Dedicated Outdoor Air System )3. 冒换通风(Displacement VentllaUon)4. ECPM 的使用(Electronically commutated permanent magnet motors)5. 通风系统屮的焙/能吊冋收热交换器(Enthalpy/Energy Recovery Hea

8、t Exchangers For Venlilation )6. 寒冷地区热亲(冬度热亲)(Heat Pumps For Cold Climates (Zero-Degree Heat Pump)7. 先进的风管密封技术(Improved Duct Sealing)8. 除湿剂空调系统(Liquid Desiccant Air Conditioners)9. 微通道热交换器(MicroChannel Heat Exchanger)10. 1位环境/需求侧控制(Microenvironments/Occupancy-Based Control)11. 基于相变材料的蓄冷(热)(Novel Coo

9、l Storage)12. 冷辐射吊顶(Radiant Ceiling Cooling/Chilled Beam)13. 小型离心式压缩机(Smaller Centrifugal Compressors)14. 系统/部件诊断(System/Component Diagnostics)15. 变制冷剂流砒系统(Variable Refrigerant Volume/Flow)一.综合比较DOE为了评价比校这些节能技术，制定了三项指标：(a) . “技术卩能潜力 ”(Technical energy savings potential)。它的泄义为一项 U运川了一节能技术，并假设该技术在设备选用

10、、系统设计、运行管理方面的要求可以得到满足的 前提卜，其与典熨(常规)系统比较，一年可以节省的能耗的比例(b) .“技术研究水TTechnology Status)它给出了该节能技术冃询所处J：的研究应用阶段。其分为三个阶段：Current技术已有应用，但仍未商品化。New技术已经商骷化，但仍没有在普通建筑中的HVAC设备系统中得以应用。Advanced技术已经商品化，并有实际匸程应用，但仍需进一步的研究和发展。(c) .“简单回收期(simple payback period儿其定义为：_运用该技术所增加的投资一运用该技术后的能耗费用-典熨(常规)系统的能耗费用可以看到，在SPP中没仃考渥利

11、率的彩响，因此就是静态回收期。表2给出了针对“技术节能潜力”和“技术研究水平”，对该15项节能技术的比较。Technology OptionTechnology StatusTechnical Energy Savings Potential (quads)Adaptive/Fuzzy Logic ControlsNow0.23Dedicated Outdoor Air SystemsCurrent0.45Displacement VentiationCurrent0.20Electronically Comminated Permanent Magnet MotorsCurrent0.15E

12、nthalpy/Energy Recovery Heat Exchangers for ventilationCurrent0.55Heat Pumps for Cold Climates (ZeroDegree Heat Pump)Advanced01Improved Duct SealingCurrent/New0.23Liquid Desiccant Air ConOtionersAdvanced0.2/0 06Microchannel Heat ExchangerNew0.11Microenvironmems / Occupancy-Based ControlCurrent0.07No

13、vel Cool StorageCurrent0.2/ 0.032Radiant Ceiling Cooling / Chilled BeamCurrent0.6Smaller Centrifugal ConpressorsAdvanced0.15System/Component DiagnosticsNew0.45variawe Retngerant volume.4zlowCurrent0.3表2 15项节能技术的指标比较1)图1给出了针对“技术能潜力”和“简单回收期”，刈该15项节能技术的比较。-.sluelod duu-Aaes AUJCU 山代Yli uueH【spesb】0.2Ra

14、diut Caliu CoMlii CliiJUd Beim.Endulpv Egrgy Rtccnn Hen Excluiijen far VMtilatiou卜.S、FfflL Conposwit DugasbcDwhcued OatdwrAir SyuemsSaullx 0 20Based ona 046 quad coding energy reduction , coupled Mh a 0.26 supply and return fan energy increaseApproximate Simple Payback Period3.5 to 20 yearsHighly de

15、pendent on di mate, with varmer climates paying back more quickly. Most climates would see 5 to 10-year payback periodsNon-Energy BeriefitsImproved lndcxr Air QualityStratined air traps thermally-linked pollutants above the occupied zone (i.e. above breathing level)Notable Developers/Manufacturers o

16、f TechnologyUC Berkley. MIT, International Air Technoi ogies, European Architecture firms.UC Berkley: Center for the Built Environment MIT Building Technology GroupPeak Demand ReductionYesFrcm a reduction in peak cooling power drawMost Promising ApplicationsBuildings with high ceilings that have mod

17、erate peak cooling load densities (015Considering only exhaust fan, unitary condenser fans, and RAC, PTAC, Small and Medium unitaiy blowersApproximate Simple Payback Period2 5* YearsLowest for very smallHP) motors, increases withmotor sizeNon-Energy BenefitsImproved occupant comfortOnly for variable

18、-speed operation, as this enables better matching of ventilation and heating/80iing needs., decreasing temperature swings.Notable DeYelopersManufacturers of TechnologyA.O. Smith, Poweitec Industnal Corporation. General Eelectric, Emerson, AMETEKPeak Demand ReductionDependsFor fractional HP ratings,

19、ECPMs offer substantial cost- effective peak demand reductions In integral HP applications, where ECPMs provide relatively small cost- effective efficiency gains, electronic drive input current harmonic distortion may corrupt power quality 讪ere there is intensive use of these unitsMost Promising App

20、licationsFractional HP motors (e.g.Jor exhaust fans)Technology “Next Steps?,Cost reduction of ECPMs5. 通风系统中的焙/能彊回收热交换器(Enthalpy/Energy Recovery Heat Exchangers For Ventilation)CharacteristicResultCommentsTechnical MaturityCurrentVeiy limited (1%) share of potential app icationsSystems Impacted by Te

21、chnologyLarge fraction of all ventilation make-up air handling unitsNeed exhaust air from building to be directed close to where air intake is loca:ed Building envelope needs to be reasonably tiqht so that small positive irxloof air pressure can be mantai nod without losing ail make-up air to exfilt

22、rationReadily Retrofit into Existing Eq ui pinenUBuild ings ?YesSubject to limitations noted aboveRelevant Primary Energy Consumption (quads)1L3Energy consumed to condition (heat or cool) ventilation make-up air to Intenor ten0.23Based on 6.5% decrease in cooling： heating, and supDly/retum/exhaust f

23、an energy consunpcon (for aerosol sealing)Approximate Simple Payback Period7 to 14 yearsBased on annual HVAC operating expenses of -S0.60.Tt2Non-Energy BenefitsReduced supply fan and heatino/cooiing equipment sizeWhen sealed at me of installation, and only if HVAC designers consider the reduced leak

24、age when sizing equipment.NotableDevel opers rMan iif acturers of TechnologyAeroseal, Inc.; LBNLLBNL： Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory (DOE)Peak Demand ReductionYesThe highest airflow rates occur at times of peak cooling loads (which generally correspond to peak electric loads), resulting in hig

25、her leakage rates.Most Promising ApplicationsSmall commercial buildings with first-cost constraints that are not commissioned and are. therefore. prone to poor workmanship. Singlestory buildings (more ducting likely cutskfe of conditioned zone Areas with high electricity demand charges (peak loads)T

26、echnology MINext StepsHDevelop lool-prooT standards for duct leakage that consider two primary factors. (1) duct ctesign and craftsmanship issues that encourage low-leakage duct systems at time of installation/cxmmissionifig7 and (2) structural duct support and sealant material property issues that

27、ninimze long-term seal failure due to thermal and pressure cyding Develop additional approaches for existing systems (beyond aerosol sealing).8. 除湿剂空调系统(Liquid Desiccant Air Conditioners )CharacteristicResultCommentsTechnical MaturityNew/adva needEstimated 3 -4 years to commercialization, if develop

28、ment and commercializaion were pursued vigorouslySystems Impacted by TechnologyIn principle： all air conditioning systemsMost compatible with installations already using evaporative coolingReadily Retrofit into Existing EquipmentBuildings?DependsMore readily for ventilation make-up air systems, less

29、 so for complete cooling system Retrofit issues include space constrainls, providing utilities (fuel, flue vents, and cooling water)Relevant Primary Energy Consumption (quads)13/0.3 quadsAll non-individuai cooling / OA cooling; both for non-individual systemsTechnical Energy Savings Potential (quads

30、)02/0 06 quadsSplit: relative to no DOAS / relative to ccnvenaonal DOAS.Approximate Simple Payback Period-5-6 YearsBased on Lowenstein (1998.2000) $385/ton manirfacturing cost estimateNoi-Energy BenefitsImproved humidity control and occupant comfortRenoves humidity from ventilation niake-up air. sta

31、bilizing indoor humidity levels. Low humidity in ducts deters mold and lacterial growth. Relative to air conditioning systems, liquid desiccant systems can remove a much larger portion of latent load tor same-size urits. providing a comfort benefit in nigh humidity applications The scavenging action of liquid desiccants also renoves microbial ccntaninanUfrom the air to improve IAQ. Liquid d