博物馆翻译材料

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1、博物馆翻译材料The Immigrant Story In the 1950s and 1960s, Chinese immigration to the UK expanded rapidly. Large numbers of refugees arrived in Hong Kong, due to unstable politics in the region. This combined with Post-War unemployment led many Hakka-speaking Chinese to make their way to Britain.From the 19

2、70s, a new wave of immigrants came to Greater Manchester to join family and friends who had already settled in the city. Their help was needed in the expanding catering trade. The introduction of long haul flights at Manchester airport in 1981 and the opening of the Chinese Consulate in 1986 added t

3、o Manchesters appeal.The vibrant Chinese community continues to attract immigrants to the city, with many new settlers arriving in 1997 and in 1999 when control of Hong Kong and then Macau was handed back to the Chinese authorities. Most recently, Mandarin-speaking Chinese from mainland China have a

4、rrived in the city seeking work and education opportunities. Many recent immigrants are refugees many from Fujin province in south eastern China. Cultural differences have led to tentative bonds between the new immigrants and the early Chinese settlers. In the city, many Chinese live in areas such a

5、s Longsight and Levenshulme. There is also a community in Rusholme near the Chinese Consulate, as well as a large population in Cheetham Hill. Arts Calligraphy is the traditional art of writing Chinese characters. After centuries of creation and involvement, calligraphy has become a unique art. Call

6、igraphy is not handwriting; it must show originality, style, strength and personality. Writing may be neat and even ornate, but that does not make it calligraphy. The tools used for calligraphy are called the Four Treasures in Study, namely the Chinese brush, ink, paper and stone. Today, Mr. La is o

7、ne of the foremost calligraphers in the city of Manchester. He is also a talented artist and the unofficial photographer of Chinatown events and gatherings. He often promotes the Chinese Library at the Manchester City Library with displays of his calligraphy and art. Other prominent Manchester artis

8、ts include Mary Tang, Dinu Li and Di Qiang and Lilli Yang. The Chinese Arts Centre (1986) on Thomas Street presents a dynamic changing exhibition of contemporary Chinese art work, for example, the work of Mary Tang whose most recent exhibition there was in 2010. Traditional forms of music and dance

9、are thriving in Manchester with many clubs and classes existing. Learning to play the traditional instruments guzhang and pipa is still popular with the younger generation. During the New Years Festival celebrations the Manchester Chinese Centre staged 22 individual music and dance performances in o

10、ne day. Chinese LiteratureLiterature in ManchesterWithin the Manchester City Library is the Chinese Library. It was set up in 1986, at a time when the Chinese immigrants in Manchester had become a solid part of Manchesters life. It is the first comprehensive Chinese library service in the UK and com

11、prises of newspapers, fiction and nonfiction for all ages. As well as housing the Chinese Library, Manchesters Central Library Service has supported smaller projects such as Dim Sum Little Pieces of Heart, an anthology of British-Chinese stories published by Common word in 1997. Several mainstream C

12、hinese and British-Chinese novels and books have originated from Manchester in the late twentieth and early twenty first century. One of the more famous novels is Helen Tses Sweet Mandarin (2007) is based on the true story about her familys dramatic journey from living in China to working in Manches

13、ters restaurant scene. Sweet Mandarin is a classic immigrants story as well as breaching many other boundaries. The books success has led to translations being published in over thirty countries. Ged Neary, a Manchester-born man who married into a Chinese family, has published the novel Rice Ticket,

14、 expanding the British-Chinese novel genre in Manchester and the UK. Big titles, non Manchester related titles such as Memoirs of a Geisha and Chinese Cinderella have opened many non-Chinese readers eyes to immigrant stories. Logical？HistoryAny remains of early Chinese writing generally fall into th

15、e categories of either philosophy or religious writings. During the Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE), poetry and other creative writing genres boomed in popularity. This could be accredited to the Chinese invention of paper (Jin Dynasty, 265-420 CE) and printing (Tang Dynasty), enabling any literature to b

16、e available to the increasingly literate population. Popular early novels held a moral message; there were also romance and historical themes. Most of these novels were written anonymously. Four CategoriesThe ancient Chinese organised their literature according to four categories. This system was ca

17、lled the sibu system and organised literature according to its content. Its origins are unclear but its history is vast and it was used to organise the books in the Imperial Library at the beginning of the Later Han period (25-220 CE). The four categories are Confucian Classics, historiography, phil

18、osophers and masters of disciplines, and anthologies (of any kind, e.g. poetry, letters). Manchester houses an important piece of the fourth category poetry, in the Thomas Bellot Chinese Collection, at the Manchester Museum. A naval surgeon from Oldham Street in Manchester, Bellot acquired many item

19、s from Hong Kong at the end of the Opium wars in 1843 when he was making one of several visits to China. These items include artefacts, books and manuscripts from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, early examples of Chinese calligraphy, illustrated embroidery pattern books and books of Buddhi

20、st and Christian content. The collection was given to the museum in Bellots will, after his death from yellow fever in 1857. Poetry in ManchesterMr Zhang Guo Qiang has managed to fluidly combine both poetry and literature. He is a Chinese-born ex-Communist soldier who, after retiring from the army a

21、ged sixty in 1990, came to Manchester in 1998 to be with his daughter. He is an extremely successful poet, whose poetry reflects on his experiences in the army as well as his experiences in Manchester. In his collections he describes his experiences of events with Manchester organisation such as Wai

22、 Yin and the North West Language School, with whom he works as a consultant, and festivals in Manchester such as Qingming and New Year in Chinatown. As well as the celebration of 20 years of friendship between Manchester and its twin city Wuhan. 语法不通Zhangs poetry was written after he settled in Manc

23、hester, with books published in 2002, 2004 and 2008. As well as poetry, Mr. Zhang has also written an autobiography, describing his experiences of the wars and politics he was involved in whilst fighting for China and supporting Korea against America. In this book, which was written in Manchester an

24、d published in China in 2008, he shares his experiences of being an underground soldier for Communism between 1946 and 1949, when Chairman Mao established the PRC. He also writes about both left- and right-wing politics, his experiences of the Korean War in the 1950s and the Cultural Revolution in t

25、he 1960s. The Manchester Chinese Centres hugely successful annual North West Poetry Festival in May has stoked the creative fires of all those in Manchester and the UK who are interested in learning about ethnic arts. Last year the festival attracted 122 entries, totalling more than 240 participants

26、. Also participating in the festival was the Royal Northern College of Music, whose performance of the Red Knot, the true story of the Morecambe Bay tragedy, combined many different Chinese art forms.History The Book of Songs was compiled in the Zhou Dynasty (1122-256 BCE) and was the first antholog

27、y of Chinese poems. The 305 poems (consisting of many folk poems) favoured by the philosopher and educator Confucius, were all collected from the north area of the Yellow River.During the Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE) Chinese poetry became greatly influenced by the style of the State of Chu, which Ch

28、inas boundaries had expanded to include during the 4th century BCE. The State of Chu was more advanced than that of the northern civilisations. Their poetry, collected in The Songs of Chu, was more lyrical and romantic than the more straightforward writings of the north. The eventual amalgamation of

29、 the two styles evolved into the fu, a poem in rhymed verse with introductory and concluding prose.During this time, a standardised form of creative writing began to emerge and flourish. With the Emperor Wu (156-87 BCE) establishing the Yuefu (music bureau), which was a government managed programme

30、for collecting poetry and songs as well as establishing guidelines for the writing and performance of them. The standard for poetry then became 5 characters per line, as this was believed to create a smoother and more melodious performance, playing to the subtler human emotions.This evolved into wha

31、t we recognise as the shi or classical style of poetry. This style has five or seven characters in a line, with a pause before the last three. Towards the end of the Tang Dynasty, the ci style rose in popularity. This style expressed feelings of desire but was used to address a wide range of topics.

32、 The next popularity shift saw the san qu form of poetry, a freer form, take the spot light. With the invention of printing in the Tang Dynasty, poetry became much more easily accessible to all of Chinas rapidly growing and increasingly literate population. Chinese Medicine, Health and Well-beingHea

33、lth and well-being are most important in life, both physically and psychologically and when we are unwell, we seek medical assistance. Unfortunately, this can be difficult for many Chinese patients in the UK who have difficulty communicating in English. They are unable to translate their symptoms or

34、 medical terms for diseases and illnesses; thus, native doctors are able to offer them the best treatment at times. Health problems in China are frequently tackled by both Western and Chinese medicine in harmony; often using Western medicine to cure the disease and Chinese medicine to prevent diseas

35、e or provide a better recovery.For these reasons in Manchester, health centers for Chinese people were established to overcome these problems. Chinese people therefore have two choices of medical care: Western medicine with the usual NHS via GPs appointments and their own Chinese medicine through pr

36、ivate practitioners and medical herb shops. Patients can still use both if preferred, with guidance from the Chinese Health Information Centre (CHIC) which is staffed by doctors who understand Chinese people and their culture. Chinese Health Information Centre (Victor, please make live link to CHIC)

37、 Established in 1987 by Doctor Chui, the Chinese Health Information Centre (CHIC) which is based in Manchester city centre was formed to reduce the language and cultural barriers of health within the Chinese and English community. Further aims were to promote and educate others about diseases and ho

38、w they can be prevented. CHIC provides the Chinese community with a more personal approach of health service by means of volunteer Chinese GPs who see patients three times a week. CHIC is the only ethnic group practice which provides its own interpreting support. Additionally, CHIC also provides tel

39、ephone enquiry and drop-in service for people, health information leaflets, health talk sessions, monthly diabetic screening, exercise activities, parenting, drug awareness and first aid classes. CHIC is another way of drawing the Chinese community together with almost 8,000 patients registered and

40、rising each year. These activities help the community to build self-confidence as well as giving the opportunity for isolated community members to make new friends.Types of Traditional Chinese MedicineTraditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) theories align with the Buddhist and Taoist teaching that daily

41、living should be kept in balance with the human body. Like the Yin-Yang with the five elements in cycles, one body part cannot work without the help of others.The body system is viewed as a whole vessel, with many channels for which life force qi (blood) flows through functional models of what we ot

42、herwise know as organs. Treating the body as a functional system means when medical problem occurs (e.g. a disruption in the flow qi); treatment focuses on the cause to encourage qi to flow again and heal itself whilst the body rebalances with dietary rehabilitation and gentle exercise like Tai Chi.

43、Besides asking general questions about how patients feel and their family histories, diagnoses of conditions are established by feeling for the radial artery pulse, along with observation of the tongue, different parts of the torso for tenderness, difference in body part temperature and body odors c

44、an all provide information about the patient.Traditional Chinese Medicine treatments branch into these major types: - Acupuncture A technique of inserting and manipulating fine needles into specific acupuncture points on the body, this is often used to relieve pain along with the use of Moxibustion

45、(the burning of mugwort, a small, spongy herb) to warm and encourage blood circulation. Herbal Medicine Medicine is made with a complex combination of Chinese herbs that cure problems and balance the body. Each remedy is tailored to the patient depending on their health problems. It is often brewed

46、from its crude form into a medical soup. Dietary Food Therapy Rebalancing the body from excess or deficiencies with food to replenish needed nutrients. Die-Da A popular Chinese liniment which can heal external damage such as bruises, sprains and sore muscles. Cupping A massaging technique using glas

47、s cups on the body. A vacuum effect is created by warming air inside the cup with matches to make the cup expand and then cool. Used with massage oils, the cups are slid around the body. The slight vacuum effect gives a reverse pressure massage. Tui-Na Hands on body massage using acupressure (thumb

48、presses), rubbing, percussion and stretches. Its purpose is to rebalance the body and open the bodys defensive qi to encourage its movements in the muscles. Mental HealthChinese mental health issues are currently being addressed in Manchester by projects such as the SEVA Project Victor, please make

49、live link to and the Kwan Wai Project. The Wai Yin Chinese / Vietnamese Mental Health Project was set up in 1999 as one of the many projects at the Wai Yin Chinese Womens Centre as a result of needs identified during research funded by the National Lottery. The Kwan Wai formerly known as the name Ch

50、inese / Vietnamese Mental Health Project was changed to the Kwan Wai Project in 2002. Kwan Wai means support and caring. It is funded by Manchester Social Services Department, SEVA is a Hindi word which means service to your community, bringing honour to you and your family. Seva is a new initiative

51、 in Manchester which started in January 2011. The Team was formed as a partnership between Wai Yin Chinese Womens Society, the Pakistani Resource Centre and the African and Caribbean Mental Health Service. The purpose of the SEVA Team is to help minority ethnic communities develop services which can

52、 support people suffering from mental health problems. Chinese OperaIn ManchesterThe first opera group in Manchester was a Cantonese opera group, founded in Chinatown in the 1980s by Ann Law (an opera star from Hong Kong). As well as organising and participating in performances, Anns group were invo

53、lved in teaching opera, singing and performance to a number of different groups in and around Manchester. In the 1990s several performers moved away from this group to found the Manchester Chinese Opera Group, performs very successful annual performances. Ann Law continues to teach the traditional d

54、iscipline of Chinese opera through “Anns Cultural Club” in the Hong Kong restaurant and the Wai Yin community organisation in Manchester, as well as elsewhere in Britain.The Manchester Chinese Opera Group is self -funded and rehearses weekly in Chinatown, in the basement of the Kwok Man restaurant .

55、 They organise one performance a year at the Royal Northern College of Music. They attract huge audiences and are the largest Chinese opera performances in Europe. Their operas are visual and audio feasts, with fantastic costumes and fascinating choreography. A traditional Chinese twenty four piece

56、orchestra accompanies each performance. The Manchester Chinese Opera Group plays a very important part in Greater Manchesters cultural activities, both past and present. History in ChinaOpera in China emerged out of the traditional folk dances. During the Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE), great effort was

57、made to preserve the folk dances. To this end, schools were established to teach them. The development of these dances, as well as singing and storytelling that were already a part of many such dances, nurtured the beginning of what we would now call Chinese opera. However, dances were only really d

58、istinguished from opera much later on. Evidence of a rudimentary theatre has been found in from the Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE), consisting of a square stage enclosed in railings. One of the oldest and most influential styles of opera still existing today is the Kunqu opera which dates back to the en

59、d of the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368). During and after the Yuan Dynasty, opera became very popular in the courts; it wasnt until the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) that it became fashionable with the rest of the population. In China TodayToday the most active operas in China are the Peking Opera in the North

60、 and the Yue Opera in the Southern province of Guandong. However, each region in the country has its own local opera, such as the Wu Opera in Shanghai or the Chuan Opera in Sichuan, whilst other types of performances with a strong local flavour exist, such as the Imitation Tang Dance of Xian in Shaa

61、nxi. The most popular opera among the predominantly Cantonese Chinese in the United Kingdom is the Yue opera. Like the traditional folk dances, performance of Chinese opera requires great skill. A performance not only requires the ability to sing, but also the performers much perform acrobatics, emo

62、tive storytelling, acting and martial arts, all in extremely extravagant costumes. Performance and CostumesMost costume designs come from the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 CE). The extravagant embroidery, jewels and ornaments make a dazzling picture, whilst the high court shoes increase the height of the

63、performers and require even more the skill to move in. Costume also tells the audience about the characters of the cast. Stiff armour is worn by those playing military officials, often with a tiger or dragon on the front and two great pheasant plumes on their head gear. Headdresses indicate the soci

64、al status of the character the more elaborate the headdress, the higher the position. Similarly, different hats are worn by different characters. A scholar or official, for example, will wear a black hat with two fins coming down to the sides, rectangular fins are worn by high officials, rounded fin

65、s denote a villain and long, thin fins are worn by the highest ranking government officials. Elongated sleeves emphasise conversation, for example, they are flicked when making a point or shaken when angry.Face Painting and MasksPainted masks and full make-up are used to aid storytelling. The colours and patterns follow a tradition that indicates the character of the individuals. A red face shows