专四专八改错题复习汇总(共10页)

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1、99年改错Part Proofreading and Error Correction (15 min) The following passage contains TEN errors. Each line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way. For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and wri

2、te the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line. For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “” sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “/ a

3、nd put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line. Example Whenart museum wants a new exhibit, (1) an it never buys things in finished form and hangs (2) never them on the wall. When a natural history museum wants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3) exhibit The hunter-gatherer trib

4、es that today live as our prehistoric 1._human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing 2._with animal foods. An analysis of 58 societies of modem hunter- gatherers, including the Kung of southern Africa, revealed that one half emphasize gathering plant foods, one-third concentrate

5、 on fishingand only one-sixth are primarily hunters. Overall, two-thirdsand more of the hunter-gatherers calories come from plants. Detailed 3._studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the University ofLondon, showed that gathering is a more productive source of foodthan is hunting. An hour of

6、hunting yields in average about 100 4._edible calories, as an hour of gathering produces 240. 5._ Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung 6._diet, and no one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, ifthey escape fatal infections or accidents, these contemporaryaborigines

7、 live to old ages despite of the absence of medical care. 7._They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little dental decay, no high blood pressure, on heart disease, and their bloodcholesterol levels are very low( about half of the average American 8._adult), if no one is suggesting what we

8、 return to an aboriginal life 9._style, we certainly could use their eating habits as a model for 10._healthier diet.2000改错 The grammatical words which play so large a part in English grammar are for the most part sharply and obviously different 1._ from the lexical words. A rough and ready differen

9、ce which may seem the most obvious is that grammatical words have“ less meaning”, but in fact some grammarians have called them 2._ “empty” words as opposed in the “full” words of vocabulary. 3._But this is a rather misled way of expressing the distinction. 4._ Although a word like the is not the na

10、me of something as man is, it is very far away from being meaningless; there is a sharp 5._ difference in meaning between “man is vile and” “the man is vile”, yet the is the single vehicle of this difference in meaning. 6._Moreover, grammatical words differ considerably amongthemselves as the amount

11、 of meaning they have, even in the 7._ lexical sense. Another name for the grammatical words has been“little words”. But size is by no mean a good criterion for 8._distinguishing the grammatical words of English, when weconsider that we have lexical words as go, man, say, car. Apart 9._from this, ho

12、wever, there is a good deal of truth in what somepeople say: we certainly do create a great number of obscurity 10._when we omit them. This is illustrated not only in the poetry ofRobert Browning but in the prose of telegrams and newspaper headlines.2001改错 During the early years of this century, whe

13、at was seen as the very lifeblood of Western Canada. People on city streets watched the yields and the price of wheat in almost as much feeling as if 1._ they were growers. The marketing of wheat became an increasing 2._ favorite topic of conversation. War set the stage for the most dramatic events

14、in marketing the western crop. For years, farmers mistrusted speculative grain selling as carried on through the Winnipeg Grain Exchange. Wheat prices were generally low in the autumn, so farmers could 3._ not wait for markets to improve. It had happened too often that they sold their wheat soon sho

15、rtly after harvest when farm debts 4._ were coming due, just to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. 5._ On various occasions, producer groups, asked firmer control, 6._ but the government had no wish to become involving, at 7._ least not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run

16、wild. Anxious to check inflation and rising life costs, the federal 8._ government appointed a board of grain supervisors to deal with deliveries from the crops of 1917 and 1918. Grain Exchange trading was suspended, and farmers sold at prices fixed by the board. To handle with the crop of 1919, the

17、 governmentappointed 9._ the first Canadian Wheat Board, with total authority to 10._ buy, sell, and set prices. 2002改错 There are great impediments to the general use of a standard in pronunciation comparable to that existing in spelling (orthography). One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt “n

18、aturally” and unconsciously, and orthography is learnt 1_ deliberately and consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact, remain throughout our lives quite unconscious with what our speech 2._ sounds like when we speak out, and it often comes as a shock 3._when we firstly hear a recording of ourselves.

19、It is not a voice we 4._recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting is something which we almost always know. We begin the natural learning 5._of pronunciation long before we start learning to read or write, and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and 6._practicing the pronuncia

20、tion of those around us for many more hours per every day than we ever have to spend learning even our 7._difficult English spelling. This is “natural”, therefore, that our 8._speech-sounds should be those of our immediate circle; after all, as we have seen, speech operates as a means of holding a c

21、ommunity 9._and giving a sense of belonging. We learn quite early to recognize a “stranger”, someone who speaks with an accent of a different community-perhaps only a few miles far. 10._2003改错Demographic indicators show that Americans in the postwar period were more eager than ever to establish fami

22、lies. They quickly brought down the age at marriage for both men and women and brought the birth rate to a twentieth century height after more than a hundred (1)_ years of a steady decline, producing the “baby boom.” These young (2)_ adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively large

23、families that Went for more than two decades and caused a major (3)_ but temporary reversal of long-term demographic patterns. From the 1940S through the early 1960s, Americans married at a high rate (4)_ and at a younger age than their Europe counterparts. (5)_ Less noted but equally more significa

24、nt, the men and women on who (6)_ formed families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the (7)_ divorce rate after a postwar peak; their marriages remained intact to a greater extent than did that of couples who married in earlier as well (8)_ as later decades. Since the United States maintain

25、ed its dubious (9)_ distinction of having the highest divorce rate in the world, the temporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in (10)_Europe. Contrary to fears of the experts, the role of breadwinner and homemaker was not abandoned.2004改错 One of the most important non-legislativ

26、e functions of the U.S Congressis the power to investigate. This power is usually delegated to committees - eitherstanding committees, special committees set for a specific (1)_purpose, or joint committees consisted of members of both houses. (2)_Investigations are held to gather information on the

27、need forfuture legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed,to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members andofficials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, to lay the (3)_groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently, committeesrely outside experts to a

28、ssist in conducting investigative hearings (4)_and to make out detailed studies of issues. (5)_There are important corollaries to the investigative power. Oneis the power to publicize investigations and its results. Most (6)_committee hearings are open to public and are reported (7)_widely in the ma

29、ss media. Congressional investigationsnevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakers (8)_to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issues. (9)_Congressional committees also have the power to compeltestimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite for contempt

30、of Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjurythese who give false testimony. (10)_ 2005改错The University as Business A number of colleges and universities have announced steeptuition increases for next year much steeper than the current, very low, rate of inflation. They say the increas

31、es are needed because of a loss in value of university endowments heavily investing in common 1 stock. I am skeptical. A business firm chooses the price that maximizes its net revenues, irrespective fluctuations in income; and increasingly the 2 outlook of universities in the United States is indist

32、inguishable from those of 3 business firms. The rise in tuitions may reflect the fact economic uncertainty 4 increases the demand for education. The biggest cost of being in the school is foregoing income from a job (this is primarily a factor in 5 graduate and professional-school tuition); the poor

33、 ones job prospects, 6 the more sense it makes to reallocate time from the job market to education, in order to make oneself more marketable. The ways which universities make themselves attractive to students 7 include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers, giving students a governance role,

34、and eliminate required courses. 8 Sky-high tuitions have caused universities to regard their students as customers. Just as business firms sometimes collude to shorten the 9 rigors of competition, universities collude to minimize the cost to them of the athletes whom they recruit in order to stimula

35、te alumni donations, so the best athletes now often bypass higher education in order to obtain salaries earlier from professional teams. And until they were stopped by the antitrust authorities, the Ivy League schools colluded to limit competition for the best students, by agreeing not to award scho

36、larships on the basis of merit rather than purely of need-just like business firms agreeing not to give discounts on their best 10 customer.2006改错 We use language primarily as a means of communication withother human beings. Each of us shares with the community in which welive a store of words and m

37、eanings as well as agreeing conventions as 1_to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular 2_message: the English speaker has in his disposal vocabulary and a 3_set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his 4_thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the

38、 other English 5_speakers. His vocabulary, in particular, both that which he uses activelyand that which he recognizes, increases in size as he growsold as a result of education and experience. 6_But, whether the language store is relatively small or large, the systemremains no more, than a psycholo

39、gical reality for tike inpidual, unlesshe has a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by another 7_member of his linguistic community; he bas to give tile system aconcrete transmission form. We take it for granted rice two most 8_common forms of transmission-by means of sounds produced by

40、ourvocal organs (speech) or by visual signs (writing). And these are 9_ _among most striking of human achievements. 10_2007改错 From what has been said, it must be clear that no one can make very positive statements about how language originated. There is no material in any language today and in the e

41、arliest 1 records of ancient languages show us language in a new and 2 emerging state. It is often said, of course, that the language 3 _originated in cries of anger, fear, pain and pleasure, and the 4 necessary evidence is entirely lacking: there are no remote tribes, no ancient records, providing

42、evidence of a language with a large proportion of such cries 5 than we find in English. It is true that the absence of such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in 6 other grounds too the theory is not very attractive. People of all races and languages make rather similar noises in return to p

43、ain or pleasure. The fact that 7 such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmen and Malaysians whose languages are utterly different, serves to emphasize on the fundamental difference 8_between these noises and language proper. We maysay that the cries of pain or chortles of amusement are largely

44、reflex actions, instinctive to large extent, 9 whereas language proper does not consist of signsbut of these that have to be learnt and that are 10_wholly conventional.2008年改错The desire to use language as a sign of national identity is a very natural one，and in result language has played a 1_promine

45、nt part in national movesMen have often felt the need 2_to cultivate a given language to show that they are distinctive 3_from another racewhose hegemony they resentAt the time the 4._United States split off from Britain，for example，there were proposals that independence should be linguistically acc

46、epted by 5._the use of a different language from those of Britain 6._There was even one proposal that Americans should adopt HebrewOthers favoured the adoption of Greek，though，as one man put it，things would certainly be simpler for Americans if they stuck on to 7._English and made the British learn

47、GreekAt the end，as everyone 8._ knows，the two countries adopted the practical and satisfactory solution of carrying with the same language as beforeSince nearly two hundred years now，they have shown the 9._world that political independence and national identity can be 10._ complete without sacrifici

48、ng the enormous mutual advantages of a common language2009年改错The previous section has shown how quickly a rhyme passesfrom one school child to the next and illustrates the further difference (1)_ _between shcool lore and nursery lore. In nursery lore a verse, learntin early childhood, is not usually

49、 passed on again when the little listener (2)_ _has grown up, and has children of their own, or even grandchildren. (3)_ _The period between learning a nursery rhyme and transmittingIt may be something from twenty to seventy years. With the playground (4)_ _lore, therefore, a rhyme may be excitedly

50、passed on whtin the very hour (5)_ _it is learnt; and in the general, it passes between children of the (6)_ _same age, or nearly so, since it is uncommon for the difference in agebetween playmates to be more than five years. If therefore, a playgroundrhyme can be shown to have been currently for a

51、hundred years, or (7)_ _even just for fifty, it follows that it has been retransmitting overand over; very possibly it has passed along a chain of two or three (8)_ _hundred young hearers and tellers, and the wonder is that it remains live (9)_ _after so much handling, to let alone that it bears res

52、emblance to the (10)_ _original wording.2012 PART IV PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN) The passage contains TEN errorsEach indicated line contains a maximum of ONE errorIn each case, only ONE word is involvedYou should proof-read the passage and correct it in the following way: For a wrong wo

53、rd, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line. For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a L sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line. For an unnecessary word, cross the u

54、nnecessary word with a slash / and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line. EXAMPLE When A art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) an it never buys things in finished form and hangs (2) never them on the wallWhen a natural history museum wants an exhibition, it must often build it (3)

55、exhibit Proofread the given passage on ANSWER SHEET TWO as instructed. The central problem of translating has always been whether to translate literally or freelyThe argument has been going since at least the first (1) _ century B.CUp to the beginning of the 19th century, many writers favoured certa

56、in kind of “free” translation: the spirit, not the letter; the (2) _ sense not the word; the message rather the form; the matter not (3) _ the mannerThis is the often revolutionary slogan of writers who (4) _ wanted the truth to be read and understoodThen in the turn of 19th (5) _ century, when the

57、study of cultural anthropology suggested that the linguistic barriers were insuperable and that the language (6) _was entirely the product of culture, the view translation was impossible (7) _ gained some currency, and with it that, if was attempted at all, it must be as (8) _literal as possibleThis

58、 view culminated the statement of the (9) _ extreme “literalists” Walter Benjamin and Vladimir Nobokov. The argument was theoretical: the purpose of the translation, the nature of the readership, the type of the text, was not discussedToo often, writer, translator and reader were implicitly identified with each otherNow, the context has changed, and the basic problem remains (10)_