开放英语II(1)13-17阶段复习

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1、英语II（1）第三阶段学习小结深圳电大 苏曼华一、 Units 13-18中主要学习的语法项目：（重难点）1 must 和have to 表示义务和责任的用法（Unit 13），must, should, ought to 后接动词原形用于提出建议或给予劝告（Unit 16） must + 动词原形 “必须” (没有人称和时态的变化) In many secondary schools children must wear a uniform. have to + 动词原形 “不得不”、“必须” （有人称和时态的变化） He had to leave early yesterday. must

2、 多表主观意志，have to 多表客观要求 I must finish my homework. (主观上我想这样做) I have to do my homework before I have dinner. (客观情况要求我这样做) 二者否定式的意义大不相同。 have to 的否定式表示“不必”,must 的否定式表示“不准” I dont have to finish my homework now. I can do it at the weekend. You mustnt arrive late or youll get into trouble. must, should,

3、 ought to 后接动词原形可用于提出建议或给予劝告 must/mustnt 主要表示义务和强制，语气直接、强硬。You must never let in strangers into your house. You mustnt go through a park alone at night.should/shouldnt用于第二人称时可表示温和的建议或命令，也可表示强烈的语气。You should leave your keys near the door.ought to 和 should 往往意义相近，在日常生活交际中多用后者。You ought to have a phone

4、 in the bedroom. 练习：1. When I was a child, we _ wear a uniform for school. (05年7月题) A. had to B. will have to C. have to D. had had to 2. When I was a child, we _ wear a uniform for school. (Unit 18题) A. have to B. must C. had to Key: A C2 动名词和动词不定式（Unit 13） （a）有些动词后跟动名词或不定式意义上没有区别,常见的有to start, beg

5、in, continue, like, love, hate, prefer等。I began (started) learning English five years ago. = I began (started) to learn English five years ago. （b）但有些动词后跟动名词或不定式意义上有区别。后接动名词宾语是指动名词的行为在动词所示行为之前发生；后接不定式宾语是指可能发生在动词所示行为之后的事情。常见的有to remember, forget, stop, regret 和 try。I remember telling her about the me

6、eting. Please remember to post the letter. He stopped smoking. He stopped to smoke. （c）英语中有些动词后面只能接动名词作宾语，如 to admit, avoid, deny, enjoy, finish, mind, consider, give up, keep (on), suggest 等 I enjoy swimming. He admitted (承认) taking the money. （d） 而有些动词后面只能接不定式作宾语，如 to allow, promise, refuse, agree

7、, hope, decide, plan, learn, want, offer, tell, ask, arrange, fail, manage等。 At first he refused to answer any questions. The university has promised to stop the cheating.练习：1. He admitted _ the money. (样题) A. taken B. taking C. take D. to 2. All of us should avoid _ mistakes. (05年1月题) A. to make B.

8、 make C. to be made D. making3. _ on thin ice is dangerous. (05年7月题) A. Walk B. To walk C. Walking D. Walked4. I stopped _ last year. (Unit 18题) A. smoking B. smoke C. to smoke5. The teacher spent a lot of time _ us with grammar. A. help B. to help C. helped D. helping6. Please come early. Dont keep

9、 us _ for long. A. wait B. to wait C. waiting D. waited7. They stopped _ to the recorder and began to write their homework. A. listen B. to listen C. listening D. listened8. She refused _ use her dictionary.A. to let me B. me to C. me using D. letting me9. Dont forget _ goodbye to her, will you?A. t

10、o say B. saying C. being said D. having said10. - What do you plan to do in the coming weekend? -I intend _ a film with my friends. A. to see B. to seeing C. watch D. to watch11. We regret _ you that the materials you ordered are out of stock. a. inform b. to inform c. informing d. informed Key: B D

11、 C A D, C C A A A, B3 非限定性定语从句（Unit14） 定语从句分限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两种。限定性定语从句与先行词关系密切，不可缺少，从句前不用逗号。非限定性定语从句与先行词关系松散，只是提供有用的补充，在书面语中，用逗号与主句的其他部分分开。注意：在非限定性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语不能省略；不能用 that 引导非限定性定语从句。 The coursebooks, which my colleagues found very interesting, were useless for me. 这些教科书对我没用，我的同事却觉得非常有趣。 I go to a

12、n on-the-job training course, which takes one day a week. 比较限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句： The caterers (提供餐饮者) who do meals for us at work are good. (限定性定语从句) 给我们单位提供膳食的那些餐饮人员服务很好。 The caterers Johnsons, who are just round the corner, are very good. (非限定性定语从句) Johnsons 的餐饮人员服务很好，他们就在拐角那边。练习：1. His parents live

13、in Shanghai, _ is a big city in China. (05年1月题) A. that B. what C. which D. it 2. She heard a terrible noise, _ brought her heart into her mouth. A. it B. which C. this D. thatKey: C B4 将来完成时（Unit 14） 时态结构举例（write）现在完成时have/has + V-ed (过去分词)have/has written 过去完成时had + V-ed (过去分词)had written *将来完成时sh

14、all/will + have + V-ed (过去分词)shall/will have written 例句：You will have earned a Direct Certificate by the time you complete the course. 在完成所有“通达”课程后，你将能获得“通达”合格证书。By the end of the course you will have gained three credits. 学完本课程，你将获得三个学分。You wont have earned our certificate by December. 到12月份你还不能获得我

15、处颁发的证书。练习：1. By the end of this year, I _ enough money for a holiday. (04年7月题) A. will have B. will have saved C. will be saving D. will be saved2. The technicians will have installed the computers _ the end of December. (04年7月题) A. at B. in C. by D. to3. By the end of this year, we _ 50,000 yuan. (

16、05年7月题) A. will save B. will have saved C. will be saving D. would have saved4. By the time you come back from Japan, your son _ from a middle school. (05年1月题) A. would graduate B. will be graduating C. will have graduated D. will be graduated5. I hope we _ the instructions ready before you come tom

17、orrow. a. would get b. will have got c. are going to get d. have got6. We _ eighteen lessons by the end of this term. a. have studied b. had studied c. will be studying d. will have studiedKey: B C B C B, D5 现在完成时被动语态（Unit 15） 被动语态结构(be + V-ed)举例（write）* 现在完成时have/has + been + V-ed (过去分词)have/has be

18、en written 过去完成时had + been + V-ed (过去分词)had been written 例句：My car has already been repaired. My car hasnt been repaired yet.Has my car been repaired yet?比较三个易混淆的结构are/is being done (现在进行时的被动语态)The boy is being taken to school right now.have/has been done (现在完成时被动语态)The boy has been taken to school.

19、 have/has been doing (现在完成进行时)What have you been doing all the morning? The company directors have been driven to the airport.公司的董事们被轿车送往飞机场。They have been driving for hours.他们已驾车好几个小时了。练习：1. Different means _ to prevent the children playing with the fire. A. have tried B. have been tried C. has tri

20、ed D. has been tried 2. Now these magazines _ in the library for a long time. A. have kept B. had kept C. have been kept D. were keptKey: B C 6 间接引语和间接问句（Unit 17）直接引语变为间接引语时，注意下列变化：1. 人称的变化：随直接引语变间接引语后的实际情况决定。2. 时态的变化：当引述动词为过去时态时，谓语动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词要起变化。即：现在时态变成相应的过去时态（一般现在变成一般过去，现在进行变成过去进行，现在完成变成过去完成

21、），一般过去变成过去完成，过去完成不变，一般将来变成过去将来。3其他的变化：时间状语，地点状语，指示代词和个别动词也根据情况作相应的变化。各类句子的转换直接引语间接引语例句陈述句引述动词为said或 told, 以连词that 引导的宾语从句。that有时可省略。He said to me, “I like this book.” - He told me (that) he liked that book. 一般疑问句引述动词为asked, 以连词whether 或if 引导的宾语从句。从句用陈述语序。He said, “Are you tired?” - He asked me if I

22、was tired. 特殊疑问句引述动词为asked, 以直接引语中的疑问词引导的宾语从句。从句用陈述语序。He said to me, “Where did you go last month?” - He asked me where I had been the month before. 祈使句引述动词为told, asked等含祈使意义的动词，间接引语用不定式当宾语补足语。“Dont talk,” Mother said to my brother. - Mother asked my brother not to talk. 练习：1. The doctor asked the c

23、hilds parents _. A. what is the problem B. what was the problem C. what the problem is D. what the problem was 2. Lily told us she would go to see her friend if she _ free. A. is B. was C. were D. will beKey: D B7 反意疑问句（Units 17） 句式：陈述句 + 简略问句 (由to be ,to have,助动词或情态动词等加用代词表示的主语构成) 问句的肯定否定关系：肯定+否定或否

24、定+肯定 答句中(不管怎么问)：肯定事实用Yes,+肯定句; 否定事实用No,+否定句 问：Its raining, isnt it? 答：Yes, it is. 或 No, it isnt. 问：He hasnt been there, has he? 答：Yes, he has. 或 No, he hasnt. (1) 反意疑问句以下句尾问句中的动词与陈述句相同： (a) 含有to be的句尾问句: He isnt 16, is he? (b) 含有to have 的句尾问句: You have a son, havent you? (c) 含有情态动词的句尾问句: You can spe

25、ak English, cant you? (d) 含有助动词的句尾问句: She didnt go to see the trial, did she? (2) 注意下列句子中句尾问句的构成。 (a) 陈述句中含有 there be 句式时，句尾问句由谓语动词 + there 构成。 Theres someone waiting, isnt there? (b) 陈述句中的主语为something 或 nothing 时，句尾问句中用代词it. Somethings gone wrong, hasnt it? (c) 陈述句中的主语为 nobody / no one 或somebody /

26、someone时，句尾问句 中用代词they. Nobody liked her, did they? Somebody asked her, didnt they? (d) 陈述句中谓语动词是实意动词，句尾问句需由 do/dont/does/doesnt (一 般现在时)和did/didnt (一般过去时)构成。He thinks juries are fair, doesnt he? You like swimming, dont you? He went to the theatre, didnt he? (e) Lets do sth.的句尾问句应为 shall we. Lets go

27、 to the cinema, shall we? (f) 陈述句中使用 Im, 句尾问句为 arent I. Im the next, arent I?练习：1. They didnt arrest him in the shop, _? (样题) A. didnt they B. did they C. are they D. will they2. Lets go to the cinema, _? (样题) A. will we B. do we C. wont we D. shall we3. Burglaries are going down, _? (04年7月题) A. are

28、 they B. arent they C. do they D. dont they4. You can drive a car, _?. (05年1月题) A. dont you B. cant you C. arent you D. can you5. It seldom snows in Kunmin (05年1月题) A. does it B. doesnt it C. is it D. isnt it g, _?6. Your brother likes swimming, _? (05年7月题) A. isnt he B. does he C. doesnt he D. didn

29、t he 7. You like playing football, _ you? (Unit 18题) A. dont B. does C. did D. do8. Nobody ever heard of him since then, _?A. do they B. dont they C. did they D. didnt they9. Everything seems all right, _?A. doesnt it B. wont it C. dont they D. hasnt it10. No one was interested in what he said, _?A.

30、 was he B. wasnt he C. were they D. werent theyKey: BDBBA, CACAC二、Units 13-18中主要学习的语言功能：本阶段除了学习以上重难点之外，我们还学习了以下语言功能：1still, yet 和 already 的用法 (Unit 15) still (仍然): 强调过去发生的事情及存在的状态目前还在延续。The office block is still being completed. yet 常用于疑问句 (意为“已经”) 和否定句 (意为“还”)Has the shopping mall been opened yet?T

31、he shopping mall hasnt been opened yet. already 常用于肯定句中,意为“已经”The old school has already been demolished.练习：1. Have you finished the work _? (样题) .A. still B. then C. yet D. since Key: C 2. I have _ finished the report. (Unit 18题) A. yet B. already C. still Key: B2表达因果关系（Unit 16） be due to “由于”, to

32、为介词, 后跟名词、名词性短语或代词等 be caused by/ be because of “由于” cause/lead to “导致、引起”, to 为介词, 后跟名词、名词性短语或代词等 The high rate of unemployment is due to the recession (经济不景气). The high rate of unemployment is caused by the recession. The high rate of unemployment is because of the recession. The recession caused

33、/ led to the higher rate of unemployment.练习：1. His success is _ hard work. (样题) A. because B. led to C. due to D. due Key: C2. The problem is _ by pollution. (Unit 18题) A. caused B. because C. due Key: A3. Digital computers are practical _ their high speed of operation. a. instead of b. because of c

34、. regardless of d. in spite of Key: B4. Some articles have risen in price _ the increasing costs. a. since b. due to c. but for d. because Key: B5. Some areas, _ their severe weather condition, are hardly populated. a. but for b. in line with c. due to d. with regard to Key: C3to ask和to tell的用法 (Uni

35、t 17) to ask “打听；要求”。 ask about sth “询问某事” He asked me about English culture. ask sb for sth “请求某人给予某物” I asked him for advice. ask sb (not) to do sth “请求某人(不)做某事” I asked him (not) to wait for me. to tell “告诉；吩咐” tell sb about / of sth “告诉某人某事情” I told him about English culture. tell sb (not) to do

36、 sth “叫某人(不)做某事” My teacher told me to talk to English people as much as I can to practise my English. My teacher told me not to talk to English people about three things money, religion and politics. 练习：I _ her to marry me and she agreed. (Unit 18题) A. ask B. asked C. told Key: B三、Units 13-18中主要学习的

37、词汇知识：每个unit后的词汇表内列出的词汇都是本课程应该掌握的词汇。以下是本阶段所学习的分类词汇。1 短语动词（Unit 13, 14, 15, 16, 17）stick to (坚持), be engaged in (参与，从事)，hold up (使停顿), knock down (拆), push forward (推动), pull up (停下), switch on (打开), end up (最后处于), add to（增加）, be skilled at（擅长于）, deal with（处理）, get around（回避） 1. The car pulled _ besid

38、e me and the driver asked me the way to the Great Wall. a. down b. off c. up d. out Key: C2. You should stick _ the point in debate. a. to b. in c. with d. for Key: A2动宾搭配（Units 13, 14, 15, 16） to give sb full training/ on-the-job training/ vocational training提供某人全方位培训/ 在职培训/ 职业培训，to do/ take a sand

39、wich course 上工读交替制课程, to enter a password 输入密码, to download/ open a file下载文件/打开文件, to use a search engine使用搜索引擎, to join online discussion forums参加网上论坛, to demolish an old building拆毁旧楼宇, to make a good investment decision作出好的投资决策, to build a sports and leisure centre 建设运动及休闲中心, to put up a statue 修建

40、塑像, to run a public transport system 管理公共交通系统, to commit a crime/ an offence 犯罪, to give the verdict作出判决, to give/ hear evidence 提供证词听取证词，make ends meet 使收支平衡，take turns轮流（做） 3动词与介词的搭配（Unit 16） to prefer A to B（喜欢A甚于喜欢B），to convict someone of something 判决某人有某罪, to arrest someone for something 因某犯罪行为

41、拒捕某人, to sentence someone to something 判处某人某徒刑, to find someone guilty of something 查明/判定某人犯某罪, to send someone to prison 将某人关进监狱, to give the verdict of guilty/not guilty 判决某人有罪无罪 练习：1. I prefer tea _ coffee. (04年7月题) (05年7月题) A. to B. from C. by D. with Key: A 2. She was convicted _ murder. (05年7月

42、题) (Unit 18题) A. to B. in C. with D. of Key: D4习惯用语（动词、形容词、名词分别与介词的搭配）（Unit 16） to listen to sth/sb 听, to be judged by sb 由审判/评价, to be compared with sth/sb 与相比较, to be accused of sth 被指控犯某罪, to be because of sth/sb 由于, to be interested in sth/sb 对感兴趣, a reason for sth 原因, in my opinion 据我看来, in the

43、 newspaper 在报上, on the television 在电视上5表达数量（Unit 17） 常用来表达数量的不定代词从“全部”至“没有”排列为： all (全部)，nearly all (几乎全部)，most (多数)，many (很多)，some (一些)，several (几个)，a few (几个)，not many (不多)，hardly any (几乎没有) 和 none (没有一个)。 在特指的名词（即名词前有限定词the ,those, your, their 等）或代词（them, you, us 等）前使用表示数量的词语时其后常跟介词of。 most of th

44、ese children, some of them, none of us 在特指的名词（即名词前有限定词the ,those, your, their 等）用不定代词 all 表示名词的数量时，of 可以省略，但在代词前，必须用 all + of +代词的结构。 all (of) the children, all of them 6与教育体制相关的词汇（Unit 13）school system 教育体制, nursery school 幼儿园, primary school 小学, secondary school 中学, college 大专、学院, further educatio

45、n college 继续教育学院, university 大学, state school 公立学校, private school 私立学校, General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) 中学教育普通证书(考试), Advanced- level examinations 高级程度考试证书 (简称为A级考试，即 A-levels), vocational qualification 职业证书, teaching qualification 教师资格证书, diploma 毕业文凭, degree 学位, first class degr

46、ee 一级优等(学士)学位, second class degree 二级(学士)学位, curriculum (学校的全部)课程, National Curriculum (英国)国家课程标准, schooling (正规学校)教育, uniform 校服, foundation courses 预科(基础)课程7与学习相关的词汇（Unit 13）to take an exam 参加考试, to pass an exam 通过考试, to get good/ bad marks 考出(不)好成绩, to get/take a degree 获得学位, to graduate 毕业, to s

47、tudy hard 努力学习, to do a post graduate degree 攻读研究生学位, to be busy working忙于学习, to go on working steadily towards your degree 踏踏实实学习以获得学位8与职业培训相关的词汇（Unit 14）sandwich course 工读交替制课程, on-the-job training 在职培训, professions (专业技术)职业, job prospects 就业前景, full training 全方位培训, vocational training 职业培训, hunt

48、for a job 找工作, career (一生的)事业, day-release (定时)脱产学习9与信息技术相关的词汇（Unit 14）to enter a password 输入密码, to search 搜索, to open a file 打开文件, to use a search engine 使用搜索引擎, to log on 登录, to download a file 下载文件conferencing (举行)会议, chat rooms 聊天室, discussion forums 论坛, virtual classroom 虚拟教室, online tutorial 网

49、上个别辅导, e-learning (通过)网络学习, online courses 网络课程, distance learning 远程学习10与城镇及其发展相关的词汇（Unit 15）statue 雕塑，塑像, fountain 喷泉, castle 城堡, mosque 清真寺, cathedral 大教堂, factory 工厂, skyscraper 摩天大楼, road sign 路标, souvenir shop 纪念品店, pedestrian crossing 人行横道线, parking meter 停车记时器, pavement cafe 街边小餐馆, 咖啡厅, litt

50、er bin 垃圾箱, traffic lights 交通灯underground station 地铁站, bridge 桥, shopping mall 购物中心, pedestrian area 步行区11与道路和交通相关的词汇（Unit 15）transport 运输, communications 交通（通讯）设施, traffic 来往车辆/交通, vehicle 运输工具/交通工具, lorry 卡车, van 客货两用车, bus 公共汽车, cart 马车, horn 喇叭, brakes 车闸、制动器, steering wheel 方向盘, lights 灯, road

51、道路, street 街道, lane 乡间小路，胡同小巷, avenue 大街，林荫道, main road 主路, side street 非主干路, motorway 高速路, junction 交叉路口, hold-up （交通）停滞, traffic jam 交通阻塞, congestion 交通密集（现象）12与司法相关的词汇（Unit 16）to convict someone of something 判决某人某罪, to give/hear evidence 提供证词听取证词, to send someone to prison 将某人关进监狱, to arrest some

52、one for something 因某犯罪行为拘捕某人, to commit an offence 犯某种罪行, to sentence someone to something 判处某人某徒刑, to give the verdict (裁决) of guilty/not guilty 判决某人有罪无罪13与犯罪相关的词汇（Unit 16）l Person(行为者) Crime(罪行) Verb(行为)l burglar burglary to burgle (入室盗窃)l to break into(破门而入)l robber robbery to rob (抢劫)l mugger mu

53、gging to mug (行凶抢劫)l murderer murder to murder (谋杀) l thief theft to steal (偷窃) l blackmailer blackmail to blackmail (敲诈,勒索)l blackmailing drug pusher drug pushing to push drug(贩卖毒品) 14与多元文化相关的词汇（Unit 17） ethnic origin 民族出身, ethnic minority 少数民族, refugee 难民, asylum seeker 申请避难者, multicultural societ

54、y 多元文化社会, immigrant 移民四、 Units 13-18中谈论的话题：（每单元的题目）Unit 13 Education at School and University 学校教育Unit 14 Learning and Learning Styles 学习与学习方式Unit 15 Town Life 城市生活Unit 16 Crime and Justice 犯罪与司法Unit 17 Live and Let Live 和谐共处五、Units 13-18中的Cultural Notes（文化点滴）Unit 13 General Certificate of Secondary

55、 Education (GCSE) 中学教育普通证书考试 (P. 179) Degrees in the UK 英国的学士学位 （P. 182）Unit 14 Sandwich Courses 工读交替制课程 (P. 198)Unit 15 The City 伦敦城 (P. 211)Unit 16 The Jury System 陪审团制度 (P. 232)Unit 17 Gestures 手势 (P. 256)六、 Units 13-18中的书面表达练习1中央电大2004年7月“开放本科”期末考试英语II（1）试题 （书面表达）写一段70-90词的短文说明自己目前所生活城市近年来发生的变化。

56、要求包括以下内容：1 该城市的基本状况（如地理位置、人口、过去情况等）；2 该城市近几年来发生的较大变化（如城市规模、城市面貌、公共设施或交通状况等）；3 你对该城市未来变化的期望。学生1 ： I live in Shenzhen, which is a beautiful city. Shenzhen is in the south of Guangdong. I was told that it used to be a small village and the people here were very poor. Now with the policy of reforming an

57、d opening to the world, Shenzhen has changed into an international city. Many companies have been moved here form Hongkong and other foreign countries. Also more and more people from other places have come to find jobs, because they believe they can get a good job here. People here live a happy life

58、 now, and most of them have their own cars. But I think there are too many cars on the roads, so in my opinion, the government should restrict the number of cars, and then we can have a convenient travel. 学生2 ：I live in Shenzhen, which is a famous city in China. It lies in the south of our country, and Hongkong is next to it. Its population is more than 5 millions. In the past, it was a small village, and the people here made a living on fishing. However, great changes have taken place since 1980. More