2018考研英语二真题和答案

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1、2018年研究生入学考试英语（二）试题Section Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans have an i

2、nherent need to 1 uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is strong that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3 .In a series of experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of

3、Chicago and the Wisconsin school of Business tested students willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 , each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would 6 an

4、electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told with pens were electrified; another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. 7 left alone in the room. The students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who

5、 knew that would 8 . Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli, 9 the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to 10 is deeply rooted in humans, much the same as the basic drives for 11 or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the Univer

6、sity of Chicago. Curiosity is often considered a good instinctit can 12 new scientific advances, for instancebut sometimes such 13 can backfire. The insight that curiosity can drive you to do 14 things is a profound one.Unhealthycuriosity is possible to 15 , however. In a final experiment, participa

7、nts who were encouraged to 16 how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to 17 to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the 18 of following through on ones curiosity ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor. Thinking about long-term

8、 20 is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity,”Hsee says. In other words, dont read online comments.1.A.ignore B.protect C.discuss D.resolve2.A.refuse B.seek C.wait D.regret3.A.rise B.last C.hurt D.mislead4.A.alert B.expose C.tie D.treat5.A.trial B.message C.review D.concept6.A.r

9、emove B.deliver C.weaken D.interrupt7.A.Unless B.If C.When D.Though8.A.change B.continue C.disappear D.happen9.A.such as B.rather than C.regardless of D.owing to10.A.disagree B.forgive C.discover D.forget11.A.pay B.food C.marriage D.schooling12.A.begin with B.rest on C.lead to D.learn from13.A.inqui

10、ry B.withdrawal C.persistence D.diligence14.A.self-deceptive B.self-reliant C.self-evident D.self-destructive15.A.trace B.define C.replace D.resist16.A.conceal B.overlook C.design D.predict17.A.choose B.remember C.promise D.pretend18.A.relief B.outcome C.plan D.duty19.A.how B.why C.where D.whether20

11、.A.limitations B.investments C.consequences D.strategiesSection IIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almos

12、t as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization, but practical. When did it become accepted wisdo

13、m that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike Chain?As Koziatek know, there is learning in just about everything. Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generatio

14、ns of discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.But hes also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority. School in the family of vocational education “have that stereotype.that its for kids who cant make it a

15、cademically,” he says.On one hand,that viewpoint is a logical product of Americas evolution.Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was.The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated. More education is the new principle.We want more fo

16、r our kids,and rightfully so.But the headlong push into bachelors degrees for alland the subtle devaluing of anything lessmisses an important point:Thats not the only thing the American economy needs.Yes,a bachelors degree opens moredoors.Buteven now,54 percent of the jobs in the country are middle-

17、skill jobs,such as construction and high-skill manufacturing.But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words,at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head,frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing,one obvious solution

18、is staring us in the face.There is a gap in working-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most arent equipped to do them.Koziateks Manchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.Koziateks school is a wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all,it risks ov

19、erlooking a nations diversity of gifts.21.A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students lack of.A.academic trainingB.practical abilityC.pioneering spiritD.mechanical memorization22.There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who.A.have a stereotyped mindB.have no career moti

20、vationC.are financially disadvantagedD.are not academically successful23.we can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates.A.used to have more job opportunitiesB.used to have big financial concernsC.are entitled to more educational privilegesD.are reluctant to work in manufacturing24.The head

21、long push into bachelors degrees for all.A.helps create a lot of middle-skill jobsB.may narrow the gap in working-class jobsC.indicates the overvaluing of higher educationD.is expected to yield a better-trained workforce25.The authors attitude toward Koziateks school can be described as.A.tolerantB.

22、cautiousC.supportiveD.disappointedText 2While fossil fuelscoal，oil，gasstill generate roughly 85 percent of the worlds energy supply, its clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar.The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world：They now accou

23、nt for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummetingprices of renewables，especially wind and solar.The cost of solar panels has dropped

24、by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source.In Scotland，for example，wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes.While the rest of the world takes t

25、he lead，notably China and Europe，the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift.In March，for the first time，wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US，reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuelsespec

26、ially coalas the path to economic growth.In a recent speech in Iowa，he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source.But that message did not play well with many in Iowa，where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the states electricity generationand where tech giants like Mic

27、rosoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question“what happens when the wind doesnt blow or the sun doesnt shine?”has provided a quick put-down for skeptics.But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power fl

28、owing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers，who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles.Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now,this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.While theres a long

29、way to go，the trend lines for renewables are spiking.The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding upperhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change.What Washington doesor doesnt doto promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shi

30、ft in thought.26.The word“plummeting”(Line 3，Para.2)is closest in meaning to.A.stabilizingB.changingC.fallingD.rising27.According to Paragraph 3，the use of renewable energy in America.A.is progressing notablyB.is as extensive as in EuropeC.faces many challengesD.has proved to be impractical28.It can

31、 be learned that in Iowa, .A.wind is a widely used energy sourceB.wind energy has replaced fossil fuelsC.tech giants are investing in clean energyD.there is a shortage of clean energy supply29.Which ofthe following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5&6?A.Its application has boosted

32、battery storage.B.It is commonly used in car manufacturing.C.Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.D.Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy.A.will bring the US closer to other countriesB.will accelerate global envi

33、ronmental changeC.is not really encouraged by the US governmentD.is not competitive enough with regard to its costText 3The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishingAmazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for$13.5bn，but two years

34、ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service，which doesnt have any physical product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its usersfriendships and social lives.Facebook promised the European commission then that it would

35、 not link phone numbers to Facebook identities，but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through.Even without knowing what was in the messages，the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be.What political journalist，what party whip，would not wan

36、t to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa Mays enemies are currentlyplotting?It may be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records of which customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the only way to address these i

37、mbalances of power.But it is clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy. By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses of power.But there is a deeper conceptual problem

38、, too. Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services dont pay for them.The users of their services are not their customers.That would be the people who buy advertising from themand Facebook and Google，

39、the two virtual giants，dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.The product theyre selling is data，and we，the users，convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphidsfor the honeydew th

40、ey produce when they feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield.Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes.It doesnt feel like a human or democratic relationship，even if both sides benefit.31. According to Paragr

41、aph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its.A.digital productsB.user informationC.physical assetsD.quality service32.Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may.A.worsen political disputesB.mess up customer recordsC.pose a risk to Facebook usersD.mislead the European commission33.According to the

42、 author,competition law.A.should serve the new market powersB.may worsen the economic imbalanceC.should not provide just one legal solutionD.cannot keep pace with the changing market34.Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because.A.they are not defined as custom

43、ersB.they are not financially reliableC.the services are generally digitalD.the services are paid for by advertisers35.The ants analogy is used to illustrate.A.a win-win business model between digital giantsB.a typical competition pattern among digital giantsC.the benefits provided for digital giant

44、scustomersD.the relationship between digital giants and their usersText 4To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy,Cal Newport,author of Deep work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted world,recommends building a habit of “deep work”the ability to focus without distraction.There are

45、 a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep workbe it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task;developing a daily ritual;or taking a “journalistic” approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day. Whichever approach,the key is to determine your length of focus

46、time and stick to it.Newport also recommends “deepscheduling” to combat constant interruptions and get more done in less time.“At any given point,Ishould have deep work scheduled for roughly the next month.Once on the calendar I protect this time like Iwould a doctors appointment or important meetin

47、g”,he writes.Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your dayin particular how we craft our to-do lists.Tim Harford, author of Messy:The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives,points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two grou

48、ps:some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities;others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail,day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks,they were wrong:the detail

49、ed daily plans demotivated students.Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective,while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy. We also need to embrace downtime,or as Newpor

50、t suggests,“be lazy.”“Idleness is not just a vacation,an indulgence or a vice;it is as indispensable to be brain as Vitamin D is to the body.idlenessis, paradoxically, necessary to getting any work done,”he argues.Srini Pillay,an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School,believes t

51、his counter-intuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way our brains operate When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task,they tend to be more efficient.“What people dont realise is that in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus

52、 and unfocus circuits in their brain”. says Pillay.36. The key to mastering the art of deep work is to _.A.keep to your focus timeB.list your immediate tasksC.make specific daily plansD.seize every minute to work37. The study in the early 1980s cited by Harford shows that _.A.distractions may actual

53、ly increase efficiencyB.daily schedules are indispensable to studyingC.students are hardly motivated by monthly goalsD.detailed plans many not be as fruitful as expected38. According to Newport, idleness is _.A.a desirable mental state for busy peopleB.a major contributor to physical healthC.an effe

54、ctive way to save time and energyD.an essential factor in accomplishing any work39. Pillay believes that our brains shift between being focused and unfocused _.A.can result in psychological well-beingB.canbring about greater efficiencyC.is aimed at better balance in workD.is driven by task urgency40

55、. This text is mainly about _.A.ways to relieve the tension of busy lifeB.approaches to getting more done in less timeC.the key to eliminating distractionsD.the cause of the lack of focus timePart BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corr

56、esponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. Just say itB. Be presentC. Pay a unique complimentD. Name, places, thingsE. Find the “me too”sF. Skip the small talkG. Ask for an opinionFive ways to make

57、conversation with anyoneConversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link.You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people at work or the secur

58、ity guard at the door. Simply starting a conversation with them will form a link.Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and start a conversation with strangers.41._Suppose you are in a room with someone you dont know and something within you says“I want to talk with this person”t

59、his is something the mostly happens with all of us. You wanted to say somethingthe first wordbut it just wont come out. It feels like itis stuck somewhere, I know the feeling and here is my advice just get it out.Just think: that is the worst that could happen? They wont talk with you? Well, they ar

60、e not talking with you now!I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow. So keep it simple: “Hi”,“Hey”or“Hello”do the best you can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy you can, put on a big smile and say“Hi”.42._Its a problem all of us face: you have lim

61、ited time with the person that you want to talk with and you want to make this talk memorable.Honestly, if we got stuck in the rut of“hi”,“hello”, “how are you?”and“whats going on?”you will fail to give the initial jolt to the conversation thats can make it so memorable.So dont be afraid to ask more

62、 personal questions. Trust me, youll be surprised to see how much people are willing to share if you just ask.43._When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which you and that person have in common so that you can build the conversation from that point. When you sta

63、rt conversation from there and then move outwards, youll find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier.44._Imagine you are pouring your heart out to someone and they are just busy on their phone, and if you ask for their attention you get the response “I can multitask”.So when someone tries to communicate with you, just be in that communication wholeheartedly. Make eye contact, you can feel the conversation.45._You all came into a conversati