预防化学物质暴露

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1、Fine ChemicalsPage 1Date Standard-Presentation-englThe Fine Art of Fine Chemicals FC-FEA/Preventing Chemical Exposure 预防化学物质暴露预防化学物质暴露The aim of this session is to simply highlight potential problems we all may encounter every day of the week.Whether or not we are at home or at work,chemicals are ar

2、ound us every where.本次会议目的是强调我们日常工作中都会遇到的潜在问题。无论我本次会议目的是强调我们日常工作中都会遇到的潜在问题。无论我们在家还是在工作，化学物质都与我们息息相关。们在家还是在工作，化学物质都与我们息息相关。How we prevent contact with them and subsequent harm can be very simple.预防与化学物质的接触及其危害后果是非常简单的。预防与化学物质的接触及其危害后果是非常简单的。Hopefully at the end of the session we will be more aware of

3、 the potential problems posed by them and also we just may be able to apply what is needed to be a little safer today than we were when we came into the room.希望在会议结束的时候，我们能够比开始的时候更加了解化学物质希望在会议结束的时候，我们能够比开始的时候更加了解化学物质的潜在危害，同时在今后的工作中也能够更加安全的操作。的潜在危害，同时在今后的工作中也能够更加安全的操作。Fine ChemicalsPage 2Date Standar

4、d-Presentation-englThe Fine Art of Fine Chemicals FC-FEA/Preventing Exposure to ChemicalsWhat is it that is a poison?什么是有毒物质？All things are poison and none without poison.Only the dose determines that a thing is poison.任何物质都是有毒的，没有什么是无毒的。只有不同的剂量来确定一种物质是有毒物质。Paracelsus 1538.Fine ChemicalsPage 3Date S

5、tandard-Presentation-englThe Fine Art of Fine Chemicals FC-FEA/Preventing exposure to chemicalsHazard and Risk危害与危险危害与危险Hazard-the intrinsic property of a material.Example,a solid block of hardwood timber is hardly going to cause a problem.However the same block being planed or sanded creates a much

6、 greater hazard.The creation of wood dust poses a serious health hazard.危害危害-一种物质的固有属性。例如，一块实心硬木料很少会导致任何一种物质的固有属性。例如，一块实心硬木料很少会导致任何问题。然而同样的木块，经过刨平或者铺沙，就会产生很大的危害问题。然而同样的木块，经过刨平或者铺沙，就会产生很大的危害。木料灰尘的产生可导致严重的健康危害。木料灰尘的产生可导致严重的健康危害。Risk-The form of a material is important in determining the risk to health

7、 from that material.No matter how toxic a substance is,if it cannot gain entry or onto the body it cannot have a toxic effect.The result in toxic effect is zero.危险危险-一种物质的组成对于确定它对于健康的危险是非常重要的。无一种物质的组成对于确定它对于健康的危险是非常重要的。无论一种物质的毒性有多大，如果它不能进入人体或与人体接触，那论一种物质的毒性有多大，如果它不能进入人体或与人体接触，那么它就不能构成毒害。毒性作用为零。么它就不能

8、构成毒害。毒性作用为零。Fine ChemicalsPage 4Date Standard-Presentation-englThe Fine Art of Fine Chemicals FC-FEA/Preventing exposure to chemicals预防化学物质暴露预防化学物质暴露Contaminants污染物污染物Gas-Nitrogen,Cyanide,Carbon Dioxide,Chlorine.气体-氮气，氰化物，二氧化碳，氯Vapour-Solvent vapour,process vapour.蒸汽-溶剂蒸汽，工艺蒸汽Dust-Wood dust,househol

9、d dust.(need to consider micro size).粉尘-木料粉尘，生活灰尘（需要考虑微小颗粒）Mist-Oil mist,acid or chrome from electroplating.Fume-diesel fume,welding fume.烟雾-油雾，电镀产生的酸或铬合金。浓烟-发动机-柴油机烟雾，焊接烟雾Liquids-solvents,acid and alkaline.液体-溶剂，酸和碱。Fine ChemicalsPage 5Date Standard-Presentation-englThe Fine Art of Fine Chemicals F

10、C-FEA/Preventing chemical exposure预防化学品暴露预防化学品暴露 Toxic effects毒性作用毒性作用Local-at point of contact.局部局部-接触点发作接触点发作Systemic-site away from point of contact.Where it lands.全部全部-包括接触点以外的部位。涉及包括接触点以外的部位。涉及的所有范围。的所有范围。Acute-effects occur very quickly.急性急性-迅速产生毒性作用迅速产生毒性作用Chronic-may take months or even year

11、s for result to show.慢性慢性-毒性作用可能需要几个月甚至毒性作用可能需要几个月甚至几年的时间显现。几年的时间显现。Fine ChemicalsPage 6Date Standard-Presentation-englThe Fine Art of Fine Chemicals FC-FEA/Preventing chemical exposure预防化学物质暴露预防化学物质暴露Routes of entry摄入途径摄入途径Inhalation-Exposure to gas,vapour or dust.吸入吸入-与气体，蒸汽或灰尘接触与气体，蒸汽或灰尘接触Skin co

12、ntact-Poor hygiene,splashing and absorption.皮肤接触皮肤接触-简陋卫生条件，化学物质飞溅简陋卫生条件，化学物质飞溅，然后被皮肤吸收，然后被皮肤吸收Ingestion-Poor hygiene.Coughing and swallowing.摄食摄食-简陋的卫生条件，咳嗽，吞咽。简陋的卫生条件，咳嗽，吞咽。Injection-Sharps,glassware.注射注射-锋利物刺入，玻璃制品。锋利物刺入，玻璃制品。Fine ChemicalsPage 7Date Standard-Presentation-englThe Fine Art of Fine

13、 Chemicals FC-FEA/Preventing chemical exposure预防化学物质暴露预防化学物质暴露Asphyxiants-Simple and chemical.N2 CO.窒息型窒息型-简易直接的化学物质，如简易直接的化学物质，如N2 CO.Irritants-Solvents.Dust.Nickel itch.(watch straps and jewellery).刺激型刺激型-溶剂，粉尘，镍的痒痛刺激（手溶剂，粉尘，镍的痒痛刺激（手表带和首饰）。表带和首饰）。Corrosives-Acids,Alkalines.腐蚀性腐蚀性-酸，碱酸，碱Narcotics-C

14、NS-Central Nervous System-Common solvents,Toluene,Xylene,MIBK.麻醉型麻醉型-CNS-中枢神经系统中枢神经系统-普通溶剂普通溶剂，甲苯，二甲苯，甲基异丁基酮。，甲苯，二甲苯，甲基异丁基酮。Sensitizers-Lung and Skin.致敏性致敏性-肺和皮肤肺和皮肤Mutagens-change in DNA.致突变致突变-DNA改变改变Carcinogens-constant cell growth to outgrow blood supply and tissue/organs suffer damage.致癌变致癌变-持续

15、的细胞增长超过血液供应能持续的细胞增长超过血液供应能力，组织力，组织/器官受到破坏器官受到破坏Reproductive/Teratogenic-adverse effects on reproductive mechanisms or fetus.生殖生殖/致畸形致畸形-对于生殖系统或胎儿的反作对于生殖系统或胎儿的反作用用Types of effects作用类型Fine ChemicalsPage 8Date Standard-Presentation-englThe Fine Art of Fine Chemicals FC-FEA/Preventing chemical exposureB

16、RAIN-CNS Solvents.大脑大脑-中枢神经系统溶媒中枢神经系统溶媒EYES-Lachrymators.眼睛眼睛-催泪物质催泪物质LIVER-Alcohol.Carbon tetrachloride.肝脏肝脏-酒精、四氯化碳酒精、四氯化碳KIDNEYS-Cadmium.Mercury.Lead.肾脏肾脏-镉、汞、铅镉、汞、铅SKIN-Degreasers,solvents皮肤皮肤-脱脂剂、溶剂脱脂剂、溶剂The total surface area of the skin is around 1.8m2皮肤表面积大概为皮肤表面积大概为1.8M2LUNGS-Gas.Vapour,par

17、ticles.肺肺-气体、水蒸气、微粒气体、水蒸气、微粒BONE-Lead.骨头骨头-铅铅Blood-Benzene,CO,Nitrites and Nitrates.血液血液-苯，一氧化碳，亚硝酸盐，硝酸盐苯，一氧化碳，亚硝酸盐，硝酸盐Target Organs.目标器官目标器官Fine ChemicalsPage 9Date Standard-Presentation-englThe Fine Art of Fine Chemicals FC-FEA/Preventing Chemical Exposure预防化学物质暴露预防化学物质暴露Chinese Regulations 国家相关规定

18、国家相关规定 Requires that exposure to hazardous substances must be prevented(by elimination or substitution)or be adequately controlled.要求必须防止有害物质的接触（通过清除或替换要求必须防止有害物质的接触（通过清除或替换）或者对其采取有效的控制。）或者对其采取有效的控制。Fine ChemicalsPage 10Date Standard-Presentation-englThe Fine Art of Fine Chemicals FC-FEA/Prevention

19、of Chemical Exposure预防化学物质暴露预防化学物质暴露Three locations where control can be achieved.可以在三处实现控制。可以在三处实现控制。At source.源头源头 Along transmission path.沿运输管线沿运输管线 At the worker.操作者操作者Approach to Control控制手段Fine ChemicalsPage 11Date Standard-Presentation-englThe Fine Art of Fine Chemicals FC-FEA/Preventing Chem

20、ical Exposure预防化学物质暴露预防化学物质暴露Hierarchy of Control 控制等级控制等级1.Prevention by elimination or substitution2.预防预防包括清除和替换包括清除和替换2.Engineering by design,enclosure,extraction and segregation.工艺工程包括设计，封闭，萃取和隔离。工艺工程包括设计，封闭，萃取和隔离。3.Procedural by safe working procedures,reduction in exposure time and training.程序

21、包括安全工作程序，减少暴露时间和培训。程序包括安全工作程序，减少暴露时间和培训。4.Worker based,by PPE.5.工人操作以工人操作以PPE为前提。为前提。Fine ChemicalsPage 12Date Standard-Presentation-englThe Fine Art of Fine Chemicals FC-FEA/Prevention of Chemical Exposure预防化学物质暴露预防化学物质暴露Provide adequate instruction,information and training.提供足够的操作说明，信息和培训。提供足够的操作说

22、明，信息和培训。Provide good supervision.提供良好的监管。提供良好的监管。Take care of welfare facilities.爱护公共福利设施。爱护公共福利设施。Attention to workplace cleaning.注意工作场所的清洁。注意工作场所的清洁。Human Factors人为因素Fine ChemicalsPage 13Date Standard-Presentation-englThe Fine Art of Fine Chemicals FC-FEA/Prevention of Chemical Exposure预防化学物质暴露预防化

23、学物质暴露Daily Routines-Human Factors日常工作日常工作-人为因素人为因素Correct use of equipment.Engineering and RPE/PPE.正确使用设备、工程技术和正确使用设备、工程技术和RPE/PPE.Ensure footwear is clean before entering offices.进入办公室之前保证防护鞋干净。进入办公室之前保证防护鞋干净。Adequate spillage controls and equipment.、适当的泄露控制和设备控制。适当的泄露控制和设备控制。Efficient clearing of

24、spillage and residual chemicals.高效率地清扫溢出物和剩余化学品。高效率地清扫溢出物和剩余化学品。Reporting of defects,leaking pipe work,plant or equipment.报告不合格品，泄露管线、车间或设备。报告不合格品，泄露管线、车间或设备。Acting upon reports and carrying out repairs where needed.根据报告采取行动，在需要的地方进行维修。根据报告采取行动，在需要的地方进行维修。Removal,storage and disposal of gloves and o

25、ther items of PPE.移走、存放和处置手套和其它的移走、存放和处置手套和其它的PPE。Correct assessment of and selection of PPE.正确估价和选择正确估价和选择PPE。Fine ChemicalsPage 14Date Standard-Presentation-englThe Fine Art of Fine Chemicals FC-FEA/Preventing Chemical Contamination预防化学物质暴露预防化学物质暴露Cement水泥水泥At the time of this session-Jan 2002 one

26、 set of figures account for-450 construction workers a year develop allergic dermatitis and about 1 in 10 bricklayers leave the industry after developing it.Once developed an allergy to cement is permanent.这次培训中这次培训中-我们可以参考我们可以参考2002年一月的一系列数字年一月的一系列数字-一一年中有年中有450名建筑工人患了过敏性皮炎，大约每名建筑工人患了过敏性皮炎，大约每10个砖瓦

27、工就有个砖瓦工就有1个个在患了过敏性皮炎后离开了这个行业。一旦对水泥过敏就是永久性在患了过敏性皮炎后离开了这个行业。一旦对水泥过敏就是永久性的。的。Cement contact can lead to severe burns and allergic dermatitis.接触水泥能导致严重的烧伤和过敏性皮炎。接触水泥能导致严重的烧伤和过敏性皮炎。Why have I told you this?为什么我要告诉你们这些呢？为什么我要告诉你们这些呢？Fine ChemicalsPage 15Date Standard-Presentation-englThe Fine Art of Fine

28、Chemicals FC-FEA/Preventing Chemical Contamination预防化学物质暴露预防化学物质暴露Many ways are available by which we can prevent chemical contamination.The hierarchy of control is the first priority,however as individuals we can help greatly in by applying basic,good hygiene standards to our work.我们可以通过很多种我们可以通过很多

29、种方法防止化学污染。首先是要利用方法防止化学污染。首先是要利用控制等级，然而，作为个人我们可控制等级，然而，作为个人我们可以将基础的，良好的卫生标准应用以将基础的，良好的卫生标准应用于我们的工作并从中受益。于我们的工作并从中受益。One area we have seen that can be damaged is the skin.我们可以我们可以看到的被损伤的一个部位就是皮肤看到的被损伤的一个部位就是皮肤。Another is our lungs.另一个是我另一个是我们的肺。们的肺。Fine ChemicalsPage 16Date Standard-Presentation-englT

30、he Fine Art of Fine Chemicals FC-FEA/Preventing Chemical Exposure预防化学物质暴露预防化学物质暴露Skin Hazards 皮肤危害皮肤危害 Solvents,溶剂溶剂Grease,油脂油脂Oils,油油Acids酸酸Bleaches.漂白剂漂白剂Cutting fluids.切削液切削液Cement.水泥水泥Mr.Muscle.肌肉肌肉 Nail varnish remover洗甲水洗甲水Hair dye.染发染发Any more?更多更多Fine ChemicalsPage 17Date Standard-Presentati

31、on-englThe Fine Art of Fine Chemicals FC-FEA/Preventing Chemical Exposure预防化学物质暴露预防化学物质暴露Irritant Reaction刺激物反应刺激物反应What we can see is typical of an irritant reaction.This is not uncommon and fortunately it can be easily avoided.我们所看到的我们所看到的是一个典型的刺激物反应。这是很是一个典型的刺激物反应。这是很常见的，幸运的是这很容易避免。常见的，幸运的是这很容易避免

32、。Prolonged or frequent contact with substances like those mentioned earlier can cause these reactions.长时间或频繁接长时间或频繁接触像之前提到的物质能导致这些反触像之前提到的物质能导致这些反应。应。Correct hand care and glove selection will help avoid such results.正确的手部防护和手套选正确的手部防护和手套选择将帮助避免这样的后果。择将帮助避免这样的后果。Fine ChemicalsPage 18Date Standard-Pr

33、esentation-englThe Fine Art of Fine Chemicals FC-FEA/Preventing Chemical Exposure预防化学物质暴露预防化学物质暴露Protect Your Hands保护你的手保护你的手lSelect the right glove.l选择正确的手套选择正确的手套lDo not wear gloves beyond there limit.l别戴过期的手套别戴过期的手套lCheck the glove for defects.l检查手套的破损检查手套的破损lCheck how long you have had them.l检查佩

34、戴的时间检查佩戴的时间lRemove carefully and dispose of them correctly.l小心摘下并正确处置它们小心摘下并正确处置它们lDo not share gloves.l不要与他人共用手套。不要与他人共用手套。Fine ChemicalsPage 19Date Standard-Presentation-englThe Fine Art of Fine Chemicals FC-FEA/Preventing Chemical Exposure预防化学物质暴露预防化学物质暴露lWash your hands before and after use.l使用前

35、后洗手。使用前后洗手。lEnsure any minor and abrasions are treated as soon as possible.l保证最少的磨损保证最少的磨损lDo not ignore any sign of skin rash or irritationl不要忽视皮疹或过敏的任何迹象不要忽视皮疹或过敏的任何迹象Fine ChemicalsPage 20Date Standard-Presentation-englThe Fine Art of Fine Chemicals FC-FEA/Preventing Chemical Exposure预防化学物质暴露预防化学物

36、质暴露Glove Types.手套类型手套类型丁腈橡胶丁腈橡胶 PVC 聚氯乙烯聚氯乙烯Neoprene氯丁橡胶氯丁橡胶Viton氟化橡胶氟化橡胶 Butyl 丁基合成橡胶丁基合成橡胶Latex(not used on site).乳胶乳胶(工厂不用）工厂不用）PVA聚醋酸乙烯酯聚醋酸乙烯酯Fine ChemicalsPage 21Date Standard-Presentation-englThe Fine Art of Fine Chemicals FC-FEA/Preventing Chemical Exposure预防化学物质暴露预防化学物质暴露We dont always have

37、to be encapsulated in plastic to protect our lungs.我们不必总是用塑料把自己包裹我们不必总是用塑料把自己包裹起来以保护我们的肺起来以保护我们的肺。However sometimes we have no alternative due to the serious acute effects of any contamination regardless of dose.然而，有时候我们是然而，有时候我们是毫无选择的，因为无论污染的量是多少，化学毫无选择的，因为无论污染的量是多少，化学品都会给我们带来严重的影响。品都会给我们带来严重的影响。As

38、 an earlier slide showed,we have other ways of protecting staff from exposure to chemicals which should be considered first before RPE/PPE.正如之前的幻灯片所显示的，我们正如之前的幻灯片所显示的，我们有其它的方法保护员工不暴露在化学品中，这有其它的方法保护员工不暴露在化学品中，这些应在选择些应在选择RPE/PPE之前提前考虑。之前提前考虑。Fine ChemicalsPage 22Date Standard-Presentation-englThe Fine

39、 Art of Fine Chemicals FC-FEA/Preventing Chemical Exposure预防化学物质暴露预防化学物质暴露This slide shows the damage as a result of coal dust exposure to the lungs.这副图片显示的是煤尘对肺的损害这副图片显示的是煤尘对肺的损害结果。结果。Other dusts(particles)may have a similar effect.其它的粉尘（颗粒）也有类似的影其它的粉尘（颗粒）也有类似的影响。响。Respiratory Protection呼吸防护Fine Ch

40、emicalsPage 23Date Standard-Presentation-englThe Fine Art of Fine Chemicals FC-FEA/Preventing Chemical Exposure预防化学物质暴露预防化学物质暴露One we are all familiar with-Asbestos.一个我们都很熟悉的例子一个我们都很熟悉的例子-石棉石棉Regardless of type,asbestos will cause lung disease.As you can see,this is only one fibre!无论什么类型，无论什么类型，石棉都将

41、会导致肺疾病石棉都将会导致肺疾病。正如你们看到的，这只是一个石棉纤。正如你们看到的，这只是一个石棉纤维。维。Can you imagine hundreds,or even thousands.你能想象成百或你能想象成百或上千的石棉纤维吗上千的石棉纤维吗?Respiratory Protection呼吸防护Fine ChemicalsPage 24Date Standard-Presentation-englThe Fine Art of Fine Chemicals FC-FEA/Preventing Chemical Exposure预防化学物质暴露预防化学物质暴露Summary.总结总结

42、Although the Hierarchy of Control measures need to be adopted into the work environment,there is a lot we can do as individuals to help prevent chemical exposure.尽管等级控尽管等级控制措施需要应用到工作环境中，作为个人我们可以做很多事情防止制措施需要应用到工作环境中，作为个人我们可以做很多事情防止化学品暴露。化学品暴露。Everyday practice of good hygiene standards,both at work a

43、nd at home will help keep us chemical free.我们每天无论工我们每天无论工作还是在家，都要采取高的卫生标准作还是在家，都要采取高的卫生标准,这将帮助我们远离化学品。这将帮助我们远离化学品。Fine ChemicalsPage 25Date Standard-Presentation-englThe Fine Art of Fine Chemicals FC-FEA/Preventing Chemical Exposure预防化学物质暴露预防化学物质暴露Fine ChemicalsPage 26Date Standard-Presentation-engl

44、The Fine Art of Fine Chemicals FC-FEA/Preventing Chemical Exposure预防化学物质暴露预防化学物质暴露Fine ChemicalsPage 27Date Standard-Presentation-englThe Fine Art of Fine Chemicals FC-FEA/Preventing Chemical Exposure预防化学物质暴露预防化学物质暴露Fine ChemicalsPage 28Date Standard-Presentation-englThe Fine Art of Fine Chemicals F

45、C-FEA/Preventing Chemical Exposure预防化学物质暴露预防化学物质暴露Fine ChemicalsPage 29Date Standard-Presentation-englThe Fine Art of Fine Chemicals FC-FEA/Dirty Seat!被污染的椅子被污染的椅子Fine ChemicalsPage 30Date Standard-Presentation-englThe Fine Art of Fine Chemicals FC-FEA/SUMMARY.总结总结ALWAYS TAKE CARE OF YOUR HEALTH AND

46、 YOUR HEALTH WILL TAKE CARE OF YOU.始终注意保护自己的身体健康，只有强壮的身体才能防止污染的侵害。始终注意保护自己的身体健康，只有强壮的身体才能防止污染的侵害。ALWAYS WASH YOUR HANDS REGULARY TO REDUCE THE POSSIBILITY OF CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION.始终注意经常洗手，以减少化学污染的可能性。始终注意经常洗手，以减少化学污染的可能性。ALWAYS WEAR THE CORRECT PPE IF NOT SURE ASK.始终佩戴正确的始终佩戴正确的PPE，如果不确定要立即询问。，如果不确定要立即询问。THANK YOU FOR ATTENDING THIS TRAINING SESSION.感谢参加此次培训课程。感谢参加此次培训课程。