Linguistics语言学归纳说课材料

《Linguistics语言学归纳说课材料》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Linguistics语言学归纳说课材料（10页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、LinguisticsThescopeoflinguistics:（abranchoflinguisticsthat.）phonetics（语音学）:thestudyoflinguisticspeechsounds,howtheyareproduced,howtheyareperceived,andtheirphysicalproperties.（studyofthephonicmediumofIanguage）phonology（音位学）thestudyofhowspeechsoundsinaIanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconv

2、eymeaninginlinguisticscommunication.morphology:（形态学）thestudyofthewordstructureandwordformation.syntax（句法学）isthebranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.semantics（语义学）thestudyoflinguisticmeaning.pragmatics:（语用学）abranchoflinguisticsthatstudiesthecontextoflanguageusetoeff

3、ectsuccessfulcommunication.Somedistinctionsinlinguistics:2) 1）Prescriptive&descriptivePrescriptive:aimstodescribeandanalyzetheIanguagepeopleactuallyuseDescriptive:aimstolaydownrulesforcorrect&standard”behaviorinusingIanguage.（doctor）Synchronic&diachronic共时的&历时的Synchronic:thedescriptionofaIanguageats

4、omepointoftimeinhistory.Diachronic:thedescriptionofaIanguageasitchangesthroughtime.Langue&parole语言&言语Langue:referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Parole:referstotherealizationofIanguageinactualuse.3) Competenee&performanee语言能力&语言运用Competenee:theidealusersknowledg

5、eoftherulesofhisIanguagePerformanee:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.DesignfeaturesofIanguage:1) arbitrariness:(任意性)meansthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.2) Productivity:itmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.3) Duality:(双重

6、性)dualityofstructureordoublearticulationofIanguageenablesuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.4) Displacement:Ianguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.不受时空限制Culturaltransmission文化传播(eg:狼孩)2. FunctionsofIanguage:1) Descriptivefunction:itisthefunctiontoco

7、nveyfactualinformation,whichcanbeassertedordenied,andinsomecasesevenverified.2) Expressivefunction:suppliesinformationabouttheuserfeelings,preferences,prejudicesandvalues.Socialfunction:servestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.茧瘁辅音分类Labial取居帝Labio-dentalDemit齿音Alveo-lar*W1m1!Xkr*aweP

8、ilatAlVelarGlottal声门音st口产澤破音VLptkTObdFricatives降療音VLshVDe工Affricates務擦音VLf6euVDVd3Nasals岸音TOmn0LiqUldf流音vrItGlides層音VDJsenii-ckisevowelsare|ejandtru：andu；thcenvowelsrc、；anda：|,Thefollowplyingthetwocriteria:senu-oadiagrnTiisuminarisesourclassificationbyPenvowelsTTheclosevowelsarc_31.theccniralbacksem

9、i-closesemi-openopenu：3日门日LJ：zn白theopenvowelsart:trAthirdcriterionthatisoftenusedinthecUsificationofvowelsisu心甲MEligInEngbsh,油山遇g四迅纽竝Phone:(音素)isaphoneticunitorsegment.Phoneme:(音位)isaphonologicalunit.Itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit.Morphemes词素一theminimalunitsofmeaningThesmallest

10、unitofIanguagethatcarriesinformationaboutmeaningorfunctionFreemorpheme:amorphemewhichcanbeawordbyitself.Boundmorphemeamorphememustbeattachedtoanotherone.3. Derivationalmorphemes：(彳衍生词素)themorphemeswhichchangethecategoryorgrammaticalclassofwords.Theyareconjoinedtoothermorphemes/words,newwordsarederiv

11、edorformed.(-en,-ate,-ic,-ous,-ly,-tion，-sive,-er)标出Inflectionalmorphemes:(曲折词素)theyareattachedtowordsormorphemes,buttheyneverchangetheirsyntacticcategory.(-s,-er,-est,-ed,-ing)O标出Category:referstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularIanguagesuchasasentence,anounp

12、haseoraverb.Non-traditionalcategories:determiner(Det)限定词，degree(Deg),qualifier(Qua)Phraseelements:specifiers,complements(XPRule),modifiers.4. Deepstructure:formedbytheXPruleinaccordaneewiththeheadssubcategorizationproperties.没变形陈述句SurfacestructureLexicalmeaning:Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaning

13、ofalinguisticform,thecollectonofallitsfeatures;itisabstractandde-contextualized.Eg:dog-generalmeaningofdog,featuresReferencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld.Eg；Oneparticular/certaindogexistentinthesituation,knowntoeachother6.Context:itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbythekno

14、wledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.(JohnFirth)Speechacttheory:(JohnAustin)Locutionaryact:(言内行为)istheactofutteringwords,phrasesandclauses.Illocutionaryact:(言外之意)istheactofexpressingthespeakersintention;itistheactofperformedinsayingsomething.Perlocutionaryact:(言后行为)istheactofperformedbyorresultingfr

15、omsayingsomething;itistheconsequeneeof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutteranee.Cooperativeprinciple-CP(PaulGrice)Themaximofquantity*Saynolessthantheconversationrequires.Saynomorethantheconversationrequires.Themaximofquality:Dontsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.Dontsaythingsforwhichyoulackevidenee.Themaximof

16、manner:Dontbeobscure.Dontbeambiguous.Bebrief.Beorderly.ThemaximofrelevaneeBerelevant.LanguagechangeAdditionofnewwords:1) Coinage:创新词2) SpywaredigitalcameracybercitizenmousepotatoClippedwords:缩略词3) Lab-laboratorygym-gymnasiumfridge-refrigeratorburger-hamburgerBlending:紧缩法4) Smog-smoke+fogbrunch-break

17、fast+lunchcamcorder-camera+recorderAcronyms:首字母缩略词CEO-chiefexecutiveofficerIT-informationtechnology5) EUVIPB2BCPIBack-formation:逆构词法6) Toedit/beg/baby-sit/donate/orient/hawk/aviate/appreciateFunctionshiftn.-v.Toknee/bug/tapev.-n.ahold/reject/retreat7) adj.-v.tocool/narrow/dim/slowBorrowingBonustrage

18、dyskirteducationcycleprinceguitarbalconyBalloonoperapumpteatofukowtowsampanzero8) KungfumahjongspaghettibizarregarageDerivation派生词Fixablerefusalexcitingimpressivedislikerestateanti-pollutionunfairrealizehappiness9)Compounds复合词Bittersweetrainbowspoonfeedsleepwalkinbornoff-licenseUndertakewithoutIandl

19、adyhandoverwhitewashRegister语域Fieldofdiscourse话语范围:referstowhatisgoingon:ontheareaofoperationoftheIanguageactivity.Tenorofdiscourse话语基调:referstotheroleofrelationshipinthesituationinquestion:whotheparticipantsinthecommunicationgroupsareandwhatrelationshiptheystandtoeachother.Modeofdiscourse话语方式:refer

20、stothemeansofcommunication.Itisconcernedwithhow”communicationiscarriedout.9.Sapir-whorfhypothesis(SWH)萨丕尔沃尔夫假说Languagefilterspeoplesperceptionangthewaytheycategorizetheirexperiences.10.LanguageAcquisitionTheoriesofchildlanguageacquisition:ThebehavioristImitationandpracticearepreliminary,anddiscrimin

21、ationandgeneralizationarecrucialtolanguagedevelopment.(habit-forming)Butitfailstoexplainhowchildrenacquiremorecomplexgrammaticalstructuresofthelanguage.1) TheinnatistLanguageAcquisitiondevice(LAD)ChomskyItproposedthathumanbeingsarebornwithaninnateability.Itsaidthatthe“theblackbox”containprinciplesth

22、atareuniversaltoallhumanlanguage.UniversalGrammar(UG)TheinteractionistItholdsthatlanguagedevelopsasaresultofthecomplexinterplaybetweenthehumancharacteristicsofthechildandtheenvironmentinwhichhegrows.motheresechilddirectedspeech(CDS)caretakertalkCriticalPeriodHypothesis(CPH)EricLennebergLADworkssucce

23、ssfullyonlywhenitisstimulatedattherighttimeaspecificandlimitedtimeperiodforlanguageacquisition.Twoversions:Strongonesuggeststhatchildrenmustacquiretheirfirstlanguagebypubertyortheywillneverbeabletolearnfromsubsequentexposure.Theweakholdsthatlanguagelearningwillbemoredifficultandincompleteafterpubert

24、y.11.SecondLanguageAcquisitionPositivetransfer正迁移facilitateNegativetransfer负迁移interfereorhinderInterlanguage中介语Itwasestablishedaslearnersindependentsystemofthesecondlanguage,whichisofneitherthenativelanguagenorthesecondlanguage,butacontinuumorapproximationfromoneextremeofhisnativelanguagetotheothero

25、fthesecondlanguage.Fossilization石化现象Itisaprocessoccurringfromtimetotimeinwhichincorrectlinguisticfeaturesbecomeapermanentpartofthewayapersonspeaksorwritesalanguage.Acquisition习得Itisasubconsciousprocesswithoutminutelearningofgrammaticalrules.Learning学习ItreferstoconsciouseffortstolearnthesecondIanguageknowledgebylearningtherulesandtalkingabouttherules.