普朗克英文简介PPT

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1、 The Quantization of Energy1Max Karl Ernst Ludwig PlanckBorn at Stein Hall in Germany,he was recognized as a famous physicist.An important founder of quantum mechanics.（量子力学）Won the Nobel prize in Physics in 1918.2Childhood Planck spent his first several years of childhood at Kiel.When he was 9 year

2、s old,in 1867,his family moved to Munich where he was inspired by a mathematician named Oskar von Miller.With the help of Miller,he developed his interest in mathematics and physics.Whats more,Planck learned his first physical principle:energy conservation（能量守恒）.And it was his first time that he had

3、 made acquaintance with physics.Planck in 1874 In 1858,Planck was born in a conventional family which had been well educated.He had six brothers and sisters,four of whom was given birth to by his mother.And another two were left by his fathers former wife.3University In 1874,Planck was admitted in U

4、niversity of Munich.He had a gift for music and a command of piano,pipe organ（管风琴）and violoncello（大提琴）.He even composed（作曲）for several songs and a light opera.But he didnt choose the music major.Instead,he decided to major in physics.A physics professor named Philipp von Jolly once tried to persuade

5、 Planck not to learn physics.He said:“Everything about this science had been studied,and only some less important blanks need to be filled.”However,Planck was determined.He said:“Im not supposed to find a new continent of physics.The only thing I want to do is to comprehend the fundamental knowledge

6、 or maybe I can make it further.”Planck in 18784 Planck started his physics study at University of Munich in 1874.During his whole scientific career,he only conducted several experiments with Jolly.Before long,he diverted his attention from experiments to theoretical physics.In 1877,he transferred t

7、o another school in Berlin.There he studied under Hermann von Helmholtz,Gustav Robert Kirchhoff and Karl Weierstrass.When it came to Hermann,Planck once said:“He prepares nothing before class and always makes some mistakes while calculating so that students find it boring to attend his class.”As to

8、Gustav,he said:“He teaches carefully,but his class is very tedious（冗长的）.”Even so,Planck still developed a sincere friendship with Hermann.Under the influence of Hermann,who was the founder of thermodynamics（热力学）,Planck regarded thermodynamics as his working field.HermannGustavKarl5After graduationIn

9、 1878,he passed the exam for teacher certification.In 1880,he earned his qualification of teaching by a thesis.Even so,he was not attached importance to by the physics domain.But Planck continued his work in thermodynamics.In 1885,he was employed as a physics professor to University of Kiel.When he

10、was at Kiel,Planck had started the further research about atom.In 1890,he started to analyzed an experiment calledblack body radiation6Black body radiation Normal objects will absorb,reflect and radiate（辐射）electromagnetic wave（电磁波）.As a black body,it can absorb and radiate the wave,but it reflects n

11、othing.When scientists in that time researched on the thermal radiation,they paid special attention to the principle of black body radiation.It was very easy for scientists to draw a diagram to show that the intensity（强度）of radiation had a certain relationship with temperature and wavelength.7 Physi

12、cists are always striving to use the existing knowledge to explain phenomena and principles which are newly found.So a German physicist named Wien（维恩）and a British physicist named Rayleigh（瑞利）successively（相继地）put forward the theoretical formula which could calculate the intensity of radiation accord

13、ing to the wavelength.But they both got a rebuff（碰钉子）.8The Quantization of Energy In order to get a conclusion which was consistent with the experiment,Planck made a lot of attempts and had a fierce ideological struggle（思想斗争）.Finally he had to compromise with himself and admitted that:some laws of m

14、icrocosm（微观世界）might look very strange in the shoes of macrocosm（宏观世界）.In 1900,he made a crazy assumption:the energy of microscopic particle（微观粒子）can only be integer times（整数倍）of a minimum quantity.He called this quantity as energy quantum（能量子）which couldnt be divided anymore.Depending on the assumpt

15、ion of energy quantum,Planck derived（推导出）the formula.So consistent was it with the results that nobody could agree more.9 As a physicist,nothing could be more inspiring than the fact that his own theory was confirmed by the experiment.However,Planck was in a dilemma.In a long period of time in histo

16、ry,not only the physics domain but also the science and philosophy domain all held the view that all natural progresses were continuous.Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz,who was a mathematician and philosopher,once said:“The nature world would not change abruptly.Discontinuousness was out of step with scien

17、ce.”What Leibniz said confused Planck.So Planck told his son that what he had discovered would either be a standing joke or may be one of the greatest discoveries in physics since Newton.Eighteen years later,Planck was awarded Nobel prize in physics because of his putting forward energy quantum.Awar

18、ded Nobel prize10After 1920 Since 1920,Planck had become a central figure in German science domain.His justice,integrity（正直）and knowledge made him widespread respected in Germany,which let him become a decisive（决定性的）authority figure.Though German was at the mercy of the Nazi party,he publicly oppose

19、d the genocidal policy（种族灭绝政策）.He was determined to stay in Germany protecting scientists from the world so that Planck suffered a lot from family tragedy and misery:In 1914,his eldest son died in World War.The same year,his second son was taken captive by French.In 1917,his first daughter died in c

20、hildbirth.In 1919,his second daughter passed away the same way as her elder sister.In 1945,his second son was killed by Nazi.11Max Planck With the support of his tough possessiveness（自制力）,his time came when he was 89 years old.He climbed the golden staircase and went to a better place in 1947.In order to honor Planck,the authority issued a 5 mark commemorative（纪念的）coin in 1983.And now many schools and universities are named after Planck.12Thats all.1314 刚才的发言，如刚才的发言，如有不当之处请多指有不当之处请多指正。谢谢大家！正。谢谢大家！