世界银行行长金辰勇在华盛顿大学英语演讲稿

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1、世界银行行长金辰勇在华盛顿大学英语演讲稿 President Knapp, Dean Brown, distinguished faculty, students, and guests,史蒂文纳普校长、布朗院长、尊敬的各位老师、同学们、各位贵宾：Thank you for hosting me here today. It is a privilege to be with you to talk about the challenges before us in the world and how the World Bank Group is working to become as e

2、ffective as possible in improving the lives of the poor and vulnerable.感谢各位今天的接待。我很荣幸来到这里，谈一谈我们在世界上面临的挑战，和世界银行集团怎样竭尽全力有效地改进贫困和弱势人群的生活。When we look across the world today and think about the most pressing issues, the ongoing fiscal uncertainty in the United States greatly concerns us. Our hope is tha

3、t policymakers resolve these issues soon. This uncertainty, combined with other sources of volatility in the global economy, could do great damage to emerging markets and developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America that have lifted millions of people out of poverty in recent years.今天，当我们

4、纵观世界、思索最主要的议题时，围绕美国财政形势的不确定性让我们很关注。我们期望政策制订者们能够立即处理这个问题。非洲、亚洲、拉丁美洲的新兴市场和发展家多年有千百万人摆脱了贫困，但美国财政形势的不确定性和造成全球经济波动的其它部分原因可能给它们带来损害。We also cant help but focus on the upheaval that is taking place in the Middle East. Syria is now in its 30th month of war and the toll has been horrific. More than 100,000 p

5、eople have been killed, 4 million people have been displaced and another 2 million Syrians have fled and become refugees in neighboring countries, adding great burdens to Jordan and Lebanon in particular. The fighting continues within Syria, and the impact of broken lives and broken economies only g

6、rows by the day.我们也无法不关注中东正在发生的动乱。叙利亚现在已进入战争的第30个月，造成的伤亡损失令人惊惧。在战乱中10多万人被杀，400万人流离失所，还有200万叙利亚人逃离家园，成为邻国的难民，尤其是给约旦和黎巴嫩带来了沉重的负担。叙利亚境内战乱还在继续，对生活和经济造成的破坏日甚一日。We should not avert our gaze from the Middle East. The World Bank Group has been playing several roles. At times, we are in the backrooms with di

7、plomats and at others we are on the frontlines with humanitarian aid workers. Always, we are working with governments, or companies, or civil society groups to help build strong and sustainable foundations for development. This supports the livelihoods of millions of people in the Middle East, and b

8、illions more around the world, who aspire to good jobs, a good education, and access to quality health care.我们不应对中东局势视而不见。世界银行集团中东发挥着多个作用。有时候，我们同外交官和其它人商谈于密室，有时候我们同人道主义援助人员战斗在前线。我们总是在和政府、或和企业、或和民间团体协力合作，为发展事业建造牢靠和可连续的基础。这些工作支持着中东千百万人民乃至全世界数十亿人的生计她们全部期望有良好的工作、良好的教育和优质的医疗保健。A critical part of our work

9、 is in countries emerging from conflict, affected by conflict, or stuck in a persistent state of fragility. As we know all too well, when a country remains in a long state of fragility, conflict often erupts. The World Bank Group and the wider global community need to confront the complex institutio

10、nal and social challenges in these fragile states, because the cost of inaction is high and the reward of welldesigned interventions is great. When we have the opportunity to build institutions, infrastructure, and human capacity in fragile states, or when we can put together a deal that brings in d

11、esperately needed private sector investment, we must seize it. When we fail to help countries develop in a way that is inclusive or fail to help countries build strong governance, we are all affected by the result, which is often a country engulfed in flames, as is Syria today.我们工作中很主要的一部分是在刚结束冲突、受冲

12、突影响或长久陷于脆弱情况的国家。众所周知，当一个国家长久处于脆弱情况时，冲突往往一触即发。世界银行集团乃至国际社会需要在这些脆弱国家直面复杂的制度和社会挑战，原因是无所事事的代价高昂，而设计周密的干预方法则收效巨大。当我们有机会在脆弱国家进行制度、基础设施和能力建设时，或当我们能够达成一项协议引进急需的私营部门投资时，我们必需抓住机遇。当我们未能帮助国家实现包容性发展时，或未能帮助国家建立强有力的治理结构时，其后果会影响全部人往往是一个国家陷入战火，就像今天的叙利亚。Drivers of conflict冲突的驱动原因In the Middle East, most of the countr

13、ies experienced relatively strong growth of 4 to 5 percent a year in the decade before the Arab Spring. Yet serious problems were lurking below the surface. An increasingly educated young middle class was frustrated that the few available jobs were reserved for those with more connections than talen

14、t. The private sector operated by earning privileges from the state, leading to a form of crony capitalism that only helped a few, and undermined exports and jobs.在中东，大多数国家在阿拉伯之春之前的2021年全部经历过4%或5%的相对强劲增加。然而，外表下隐藏着严重的问题。年轻的中间阶层受教育程度越来越高，令她们沮丧的是稀少的就业机会全部留给了那些相关系而不是有才能的人。私营部门的运作要依靠政府提供的特权，形成一个只有利于少数人的裙

15、带资本主义，对出口和就业造成破坏。The inequities and the anger filtered even to the very young. When a million people poured into Tahrir Square in Cairo in 2021 to protest their government, the children of the protesters held protests of their own in classrooms. They demanded better instruction. This is what happens

16、 when prosperity is reserved for a select few. All of those left out feel deeply, the burn of inequity.不平等和愤怒甚至渗透到少年儿童中。2021年当100万人涌入开罗的解放广场抗议政府的时候，抗议者的孩子们也在她们自己的教室举行抗议活动。她们要求改善教学。当繁荣有选择地保留给少数人，这就是结果。全部那些被遗漏的人全部深感到不公平的伤害。The ongoing crises have left many Middle Eastern countries with a triple challe

17、nge. First is restoring macroeconomic stability; second is reforming their economies to meet the high expectations of the people who marched in the streets; and third is managing the transition to new constitutions and more open, contested, multiparty elections. These challenges would be daunting fo

18、r any single country. But they have all come together in one region. That makes it all the more important for the international community to marshal its resources to support those brave women and men who risked their lives to demand the basic human dignity that is their due.现在的危机令众多中东国家面临三重挑战。第一是恢复宏

19、观经济稳定;第二是改革经济以满足上街抗议的人民的期望;第三是管理好向新宪法和更公开的、有争议的、多党制的选举过渡。这些挑战对于任何一个国家全部是巨大的，但三重挑战同时降临一个地域，就使得国际社会集结来援助这些冒着生命危险要求得到应得的基础人类尊严的勇敢男女们显得愈发主要。That also makes it important to come to the aid of Jordan and Lebanon today. The World Bank provided 150 million in emergency aid to Jordan just a few months ago, a

20、nd we just completed a comprehensive economic and social impact assessment of Lebanon that found the country has lost billions of dollars due to the war in Syria.这也使得今天对约旦和黎巴嫩伸出援助之手十分主要。世界银行多个月前向约旦提供了1.5亿美元的紧急援助，我们也刚刚完成了对黎巴嫩的全方面的经济和社会影响评定，发觉叙利亚内战造成黎巴嫩损失了数十亿美元。Lebanon now hosts more than 760,000 Syri

21、an refugees, which could be likened to 56 million refugees entering the United States, 45 million of which would have entered since this January alone. Think of the disruption. Last week, I attended the UN General Assembly meeting of the International Support Group for Lebanon. Donors pledged some f

22、unds for the country, but we need to do much more or we risk catastrophe in Lebanon.黎巴嫩现在接待了超出76万叙利亚难民，按人口百分比来说，这相当于美国涌入5600万难民，而且仅仅从今年1月以以后到的就有 4500万人。想想这会带来什么样的混乱。上周，我们出席了联合国大会的黎巴嫩国际援助小组会议。各援助方承诺为黎巴嫩提供部分资金，但我们还需要做得更多，不然黎巴嫩可能会发生巨大的灾难。Our two goals我们的两大目标Just six months ago, our board endorsed the t

23、wo goals of the World Bank Group: the first is to end extreme poverty by 2030; the second is to boost shared prosperity by promoting real income growth for the bottom 40 percent of the population.仅仅半年前，我们的董事会同意了世界银行集团的两大目标：第一个目标是到2030年底结极度贫困;第二个目标是促进收入最低的40%的人口实际收入的增加，推进共享繁荣。How does this relate to

24、the situation on the ground in the Middle East and in other poor countries? The goal of ending extreme poverty stands on its own as the moral underpinning of all that we do. The fact that more than a billion people live on less than a dollar, 25 a day in 2021 is a stain on our moral conscience. We m

25、ust help lift people out of poverty without delay, without prejudice, no matter the circumstance, no matter the locale.怎样把这两个目标和中东及其它贫困国家的现实情况联络起来?终止极度贫困的目标本身就是我们所做的一切工作的道德基础。在2021年的今天还有10多亿人天天生活费不到1.25美元，这是我们道德良心上的一个耻辱。我们必需帮助人民摆脱贫困，一刻不能耽搁，不带任何成见，不论是何种情况、什么地方。Our second goal of boosting shared prosp

26、erity is more complex, but relevant to the entire world. The protests during the Arab Spring, and the more recent ones in Turkey, Brazil, and South Africa were rooted in the universal desire to participate in the global middle class.我们促进共享繁荣的第二个目标更为复杂，但也和全世界全部直接相关。阿拉伯之春期间的抗议活动，和最近在土耳其、巴西和南非发生的抗议活动，全

27、部植根于一个跻身全球中产阶级的普遍愿望。Today, leaders around the world realize that boosting shared prosperity for the bottom 40 percent is becoming more and more critical to ensure stability. It used to be that much of this discontent boiled under the surface. But social media has created an enormous “virtual middle

28、class,” as Thomas Friedman has called it, who will continue to knock on, and then break down, the door of opportunity.今天，世界各国的领导人全部意识到，促进底层40%的人口共享繁荣对于确保稳定变得日益主要。在过去，很多不满情绪在社会表层下沸腾。但社交媒体发明了一个巨大的、被托马斯弗里德曼称为“虚拟的中间阶层”的群体，这个阶层会继续叩响然后打破机遇之门。The lesson is that we should pay much more attention to whether

29、growth reaches all the population, and not just the elite. One way to do so is by looking beyond the overall GDP growth; we need to directly monitor income gains among the bottom 40 percent. Economic progress must also be environmentally and financially sustainable over generations.一个教训是我们应该更多地关注增加是

30、否惠及全体人民而不但仅是特权阶层。要做到这一点，一个措施就是不能只看总体的GDP增加指标;我们需要直接监测底层40%的收入增加。经济进步还需要在环境上和财政上含有可连续性，延续到子孙后代。So how can incomes of the less fortunate increase in a sustained way? There is more than one path to shared prosperity. One path is through increased opportunities driven by greater economic growth. Another

31、 is through a stable social contract, which focuses on raising the living standards of the poor and the disadvantaged. Both paths can lead to improved opportunities for citizens if societies can become more dynamic and productive with greater room for social mobility.那么怎样才能以连续的方法增加贫困人口的收入呢?通向共同繁荣的路不

32、止一条。一条路是经过经济增加发明更多机会。另一条路是经过稳定的社会契约，关键提升贫困弱势人群的生活水平。假如社会更有活力，有更高的生产力，为社会流动性提供更大空间，那么这两种道路就全部能为公民带来更多更加好的机会。Reaching our first goal of ending extreme poverty by 2030 will not only be historic. It will be extraordinarily difficult. Today, our economists estimate that the number of poor people hovers a

33、t just over one billion people, or 150 million fewer than in 2021.达成我们的第一项目标到2030年底结极度贫困不但仅是含有历史意义的，而且是异常困难的。今天，我们的经济学家估量贫困人口的人数徘徊在略稍高于10亿，比2021年少1.5亿。We are making progress, but nothing is assured in this battle, and it will get much tougher the closer we get to the goal. Global growth could be slo

34、wer than historic trends. Disasters driven by a changing climate could reverse years of development success. Investors could become even more skittish. Longterm financing for much needed infrastructure already scarce could dry up.我们正在取得进步，但在这场斗争中没有什么是确定无疑的，而且我们越是靠近目标，困难也会越大。全球增加速度可能会低于历史趋势。气候改变造成的灾难

35、可能扭转多年的发展结果。投资者有可能会变得胆小。基础设施建设急需的长久融资已很稀缺，还有可能枯竭。At the World Bank Group, our two goals require us to deliver results for people. As Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. once said, our goals must be “transformed from thin paper to thick action.” What will we doall of usto translate our plans into effective ac

36、tion to end poverty?在世界银行集团，这两大目标要求我们为大家取得切实成效。马丁路德金博士曾经说过，我们的目标必需“从一页薄纸变为脚扎实地的行动”。我们将怎样将计划转化为终止贫困的有效行动呢?A World Bank Group strategy世界银行集团的战略Our answer is that for the first time, we have a strategy that will bring together the entire World Bank Group the Bank, which works with governments; the IFC,

37、 our private sector arm; and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, or MIGA, which provides political risk insurance. We just released it a few days ago. Never before have we defined a strategy that gives us a comprehensive roadmap to guide all parts of our institution around common goals and

38、 principles.我们的回复是，我们第一次有了一个将整个世界银行集团统一起来的战略，包含和各国政府合作的世行;包含我们的私营部门窗口国际金融企业(IFC);也包含提供政治风险担保的多边投资担保机构。我们几天前刚刚公布这一文件。我们过去从未制订过这么一个统一的战略，给我们一个围绕共同目标和标准指导机构全部部门工作的全方面路线图。Why is this important? Bureaucracies sometimes operate in ways that keep people away from each other. They tend to create selfenclose

39、d areas of influence. These areas become wellguarded bunkers, or silos. I know something about silos. I grew up in Iowa, and we had lots of them. Those silos of corn stood starkly alone, especially during those long cold winters. Silos perform a critical function in the cornfields of Iowa but they h

40、ave no place at the World Bank Group.为何这一点很主要?官僚机构的运作方法有时让大家相互隔离。她们往往发明自我封闭的势力范围。这些势力范围成为戒备森严的碉堡或筒仓。我对筒仓有所了解，我在爱荷华州长大，我们那里有很多筒仓。那些贮存玉米的筒仓孤零零地站在地里，尤其是在漫长的冬季。筒仓在爱荷华的玉米田里发挥着主要作用，但在世界银行集团没有它们的位置。How can we or any other large organization meet our highest aspirations of serving the poor if we work in a c

41、ollection of silos? We need to connect the brilliant minds in our institution so that their knowledge flows freely.假如大家各自在一堆筒仓里工作，我们或任何其它大型组织怎么能够实现为穷人服务的的最高理想呢?我们需要让我们机构中的出类拔萃之辈对接，使她们的知识自由流动。The World Bank Group strategy is based on the conviction that the entire organization will work and together

42、as a seamless whole to achieve our inspiring goals. And we know that if we are to have any chance to succeed, we must be selective first, we must choose our priorities and then, abandon those activities that dont make the cut.世界银行集团的战略是基于这么一个信念，即整个机构将齐心协力、团结一致地实现我们的目标。我们也知道，要想取得成功，我们必需含有选择性首先要选择我们的优

43、先关键，然后是放弃那些非优先领域的活动。What will we stop doing? We wont continue working in areas in which others are better. We wont enter projects for the sole purpose of meeting volume targets for the year. We wont take on projects just to plant our flag on the ground. And we wont tolerate behavior that promotes in

44、dividual interests over the common good.我们将要停止做哪些事呢?我们将不会继续从事那些他人更擅长的领域。我们不会仅仅出于要完成年度贷款额指标而开展项目。我们不会仅仅为了插上我们的旗子而开展项目。而且，我们绝不容忍将个人私利置于公共利益之上的行为。So what are our principles?那么我们的标准是什么?We will ensure that all our activities have a relentless focus on our two goals.我们将确保我们的一切活动全部坚持不懈地专注于我们的两大目标。We will b

45、ecome better partners to others so that together we can achieve those goals.我们将更加好地和其它方面合作来实现这两大目标。We will be bold.我们将勇往直前。We will take risks smart risks. And by that, I mean we will invest in projects that can help transform the development of a country or a region even if it means we might fail.我们

46、将勇于冒险聪慧地冒险。我的意思是，我们将投资于那些可能有利于改变一个国家或一个地域的发展的项目即使我们有可能失败。We will excel at delivering local solutions by taking our global knowledge and making sure it is available to countries and companies that need it.我们将出众地利用全球知识来提供当地处理方案，并确保那些需要这些知识的国家和企业全部能够取得这些知识。We will take advantage of our deep experience

47、to lead cuttingedge global practices on issues such as finance, education, health, infrastructure, energy, and water.我们将利用我们的丰富经验，在诸如金融、教育、卫生、基础设施、能源和水等问题上领导最前沿的全球实践。We will always look for opportunities to help countries invest in their people. We must help countries become more competitive, and a

48、powerful way for them to do so is by investing in the education, health, and job training of their citizens.我们将会不停寻求机会帮助各国投资于人民。我们必需帮助各国提升竞争力，而达此目标的一个有效路径是投资于公民的教育、卫生和就业培训。And we will look to create innovative financial tools that can open up new opportunities for longterm financing that countries d

49、esperately need.而且我们将寻求开发 创新型融资工具，开拓提供各国急需的长久资金的新渠道。Making the strategy a reality将战略变为现实Our strategy calls for us to become a Solutions Bank with results for the poor as our central benchmark. Three elements of the strategy are worth highlighting.我们的战略要求我们成为一个提供处理方案的银行，以对贫困人口产生的成效作为我们的关键基准。新战略有三项内容值

50、得强调。First, we will partner with the private sector to use their expertise and capital to fight poverty. This is particularly important to create good jobs for the poor.首先，我们将和私营部门联手，利用她们的专业知识和资金来抗击贫困。这一点对于为贫困人口发明良好的就业尤为主要。Second, we will increase our commitment to fragile and conflictaffected states

51、, which will require us to be bolder, take more risks, and commit more resources.第二，我们将加强对脆弱和受冲突影响国家的承诺，这将要求我们愈加大胆，负担更多风险，投入更多。And third, we will be as ambitious as possible on issues that are of global importance, including investing in women and girls and combatting climate change. Our response to

52、 climate change, for instance, must be bold enough to match the scope of the problem.第三，我们在含有全球主要意义的议题上要尽可能雄心勃勃，包含投资于妇女和女童、抗击气候改变。比如，我们对气候改变作出反应的力度必需和问题的严重程度相匹配。Creating good jobs发明良好就业On the first element, one of the highest priorities at the World Bank Group will be to help create jobs. How can we

53、 most effectively help regions and individual countries position themselves for privatesectorled job growth? The scope of the challenge is daunting the world needs to create 600 million new jobs over the next decade.围绕第一个目标，世界银行集团的最高优先事项之一将是帮助发明就业机会。我们怎样才能最有效地帮助相关地域和国家发明最好条件来促进私营部门主导的就业增加?这是一项十分艰巨的挑

54、战 全球需要在未来十年内发明6亿个新的就业机会。A critical pathway out of poverty for the poor is through providing an open and transparent connection to local and global markets. This access can unlock entrepreneurial potential for millions.帮助穷人摆脱贫困的一条主要路径是以公开透明的方法将她们和当地市场和全球市场联络起来。这种对市场的参加能够释放亿万民众的创业潜力。For example, one o

55、f IFCs clients, Ecom, connects cocoa, coffee and cotton farmers in over 30 countries to global markets. Last year, Ecom helped more than 134,000 farmers and thousands more through farmer organizations.比如，国际金融企业的用户Ecom将30多个国家里种植可可、咖啡和棉花的农户和全球市场连接起来。去年，Ecom向13.4万农民提供了帮助，并经过农民组织帮助了更多人。We also are expan

56、ding our group of partners to include those which are pioneering new business models. Just two weeks ago, I met Jack Ma, the founder of Alibaba, a Chinese firm that, among other things, accounted for 60 percent of the 8.8 billion packages mailed inside China last year. He showed me his black canvas

57、shoes, which were made by a woman in a small village in China. Alibaba was able to drive logistics prices so low that this woman could market her shoes and ship them anywhere in China at a better price than the local shoe store. In just a few years, Alibaba has fostered the creation or growth of ove

58、r 6 million small and medium enterprises in China.我们也在扩大合作伙伴的范围，吸纳那些开拓新商业模式的企业。就在两周前，我会面了阿里巴巴企业的创始人马云，这家企业在去年境内邮寄的88亿个快件中占60%。她给我看她穿的黑色帆布鞋，这是一个小村里的妇女做的。阿里巴巴能够使物流价格降到如此之低，使这名妇女有可能把她做的鞋销售到任何地方，价格还低于当地的鞋店。在短短几年中，阿里巴巴扶持了600多万个中小企业的创业和成长。That is an example of a transformational business model. But there

59、are many environments that Alibaba and other companies stay away from. We at the World Bank Group serve as a trusted advisor to the private sector, and that often means we will be the first to venture into a risky environment in order to make others feel more comfortable to invest. We know that ther

60、e are several trillion dollars managed by sovereign wealth funds and institutional investors; much of it is sitting on the sidelines in lowperforming funds. So we will actively work to find new ways to attract these private funds to developing country projects. One recent example was our launch of t

61、he Managed Colending Portfolio Program in China. The Chinese government agreed to invest 3 billion, alongside IFC; other countries are expressing interest in joining the program.这是一个含有变革意义的商业模式的例子。但也有很多环境是阿里巴巴和其它企业避之不及的。我们世界银行集团是私营部门可信赖的顾问，这往往意味着我们会率先冒险进入一个有风险的环境，目标是让她人更放心地投资。我们知道主权财富基金和机构投资者管理着数万亿美

62、元，其中很大一部分闲置在表现不佳的基金里。所以，我们将主动努力寻求新的方法来吸引这些私募基金投资发展家的项目。最近的一个例子是我们在开启了管理联合贷款组累计划。政府同意投资30亿美元，和国际金融企业联手合作;其它国家也表示有爱好加入该计划。A priority on fragile states关键关注脆弱国家The second example of our strategy involves our commitment to taking risks in some of the most troubled places in the world: fragile and conflic

63、taffected states.有关我们战略的第二个例子包括到我们承诺在世界上问题最多的地域脆弱和受冲突影响的国家负担风险。Earlier this year, UN Secretary General Ban Kimoon and I traveled to the Great Lakes region of Africa to support the Peace, Security, and Cooperation Framework, signed by 11 countries. The region has been in a state of war for more than

64、two decades, and rebel groups in the eastern Congo started a new battle a few days before we arrived. Just a couple of hours before we arrived in Goma, the groups called a ceasefire. Despite the tension, crowds of people, most of them women, lined the roads from the UN base to a local hospital. They

65、 cheered our convoy. But they also held high signs that spoke of the deep trauma they have experienced. Ill never forget one womans sign. It said simply: Stop the rape. Indeed.今年早些时候，联合国秘书长潘基文和我访问了非洲大湖地域，以表示对11个国家签署的和平、安全和合作框架的支持。该地域20多年来长久处于战争状态，就在我们抵达前数日，刚果东部地域的叛乱组织又燃起了新的战火。在我们的飞机降落在戈马几小时前，叛乱组织宣告停火。尽管局势担心，大批的人群大部分是妇女从联