2009PETS4真题
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1、Section III Reading Comprehension (60 minutes) 阅读理解A21、根据以下内容,回答21-40题。 Text 1Inflation has just exploded. The real problem is that we have an underlyingrate of inflation-an impetus of wages chasing prices-of maybe 9percent that is heading towards 10 percent. There also have been tremendous shocks i
2、nenergy, food and housing prices, making it worse.By the end of the year, we will be in asituation where year in, year out, we can look forward to at least 10 percent inflation. And the question will be: How much worse willoil, food and housing prices make that?The situation has degenerated to the p
3、ointthat the only way to turn it around is to think of some very extreme changes in policy. A policy of gradualism, where youre talkingabout a mild recession and another 1 to 2 million people unemployed, wont makemuch difference. Postponing action justmeans that inflation presses further and is even
4、 more difficult to deal with.You have to start with revenue and monetaryrestraint. All the burden now is onmonetary policy. We should shift to a much more restrictiverevenue policy and an easier monetary policy. To be significant ,the 1981 budget should becut by at least 20 billion dollars from 616
5、billion President Carter proposed. Thats a major cut in government programs-andvery hard to do. Its impossible if yousave defense and all the programs indexed for changes in the cost of living.So it means cuts across the board in everyarea-including the indexed programs, such as Social Security and
6、food stamps. State and local-government revenue-sharingprograms are another major candidate. Youve also got to reopen the 1980 budget andcut that. Then I would favor wage and price controlsto break the impetus of the wage-price interaction.In order to get quick results, Id set thestandard around 5 o
7、r 6 percent for both wages and prices.Basically , youre aiming to cut the rateof inflation in half the first year. There would be no exceptions , but you wouldfocus on large corporations and major labor settlements.For thespecial sectorswhere thebig shocks have occurred, controls wont work. Instead,
8、 you need additional policies in each one ofthose areas.There are no cheap or easy solutions to theinflation problem. My answer is to takeall the things that everybody wants to do, and instead of choosing among them,do all of them. Weve got to think interms of a comprehensive program.In the authors
9、opinion, the high inflationrate in the U. S. was accompanied byAenergy crises.Bmounting wages.Chousing shortage.Dshrinking market.22、The only way to reverse the worseningsituation seems to beAa policy of gradualism.Bsacrifice of public interests.Cradical changes of policy.Dpostponing of drastic acti
10、ons.23、We can learn from the fourth paragraph thatAasubstantial cut in annual revenue is called for.Bdefense and social welfare programs shouldundergo cuts.Cwe should leave intact programs for betteringpeoples living.Dwe should exercise less control over monetarypolicy.24、The phrase special sectors
11、(Line 1,Paragraph 7)most probably refers toAenergy, food and housing.Bindexed programs.Csocial security and food stamps.Dlarge corporations and labor settlements.25、What is the text mainly about?AThe defect of U. S. monetary system.BThe causes of ever-worsening inflation in theU. S.CProspects for th
12、e U. S. economic situation.DA comprehensive settlement of inflation in theU. S.26、Text 2根据内容,回答26-45问题。For centuries the most valuable of Africanresources for Europeans were the slaves, but these could be obtained at coastal ports, withoutany need for going deep inland. Slaveryhad been an establishe
13、d institution in Africa. Prisoners of war had been enslaved, as werealso debtors and individuals guilty of serious crimes. But these slaves usually were treated as partof the family. They had clearly definedrights, and their slave status was not necessarily inherited. Therefore it is commonly argued
14、 that Africastraditional slavery was mild compared to the Vans-Atlantic slave tradeorganized by the Europeans.Thisargument, however, can be carried too far.In the most re-cent study of this subject,some scholars warned against the illusion that cruel and dehumanizing enslavementwas a monopoly of the
15、 West. Slavery inits extreme forms, including the taking of life, was common to both Africa andthe West. The fact that African slaveryhad different origins and consequences should not lead us to deny what it wastheexploitation and control of human beings. Neither can it be denied that thewholesale s
16、hipment of Africans to the slave plantations of the Americas wasmade possible by the participation of African chiefs who rounded up theirfellow Africans and sold them as a handsome profit to European ship captainswaiting along the coasts.Granting all this, the fact remains that thetrans-Atlantic sla
17、ve trade conducted by the Europeans was entirely different inquantity and quality from the traditional type of slavery that had existed withinAfrica. From the beginning the Europeanvariety was primarily an economic institution rather than social, as it hadbeen in Africa. Western slave tradersand sla
18、ve owners were acted on by purely economic considerations, and werequite ready to work their slaves to death if it was more profitable to do sothan to treat them more mercifully. Thisinhumanity was reinforced by racism when the Europeans became involved in theAfrican slave trade on a large scale. Pe
19、rhaps as a subconscious rationalization theygradually came to look down on Negroes as inherently inferior, and therefore destinedto serve their white masters. Rationalizationalso may have been involved in the Europeans use of religion to justify thetraffic in human beings. It was argued,for instance
20、, that enslavement assured the conversion of the Africanevil-believing religions to the true faith as well as to civilization.In the first paragraph, the author argues thatAthe Europeans were innocent in the trade ofAfrican slaves.Bslavery in Africa and in the West was the samein nature.Cthe view in
21、 the most recent studies ofenslavement is baseless.Dslaves had been treated even more cruelly inthe African tradition.27、Which of the following was true of the localAfrican slavery?ASlaves might have their own families.BThe son of a slave might not be a slave.CSlavery was confined to the coastal reg
22、ions.DThere was no killing in African slavery.28、The sentence This argument. can becarried too far implies thatAAfricans traditional slavery was inhumane.Bthe slavery in Africa was confined to someregions.Csupporters of this argument knew little ofAfrica.Dslave shipment was not so serious as wasimag
23、ined.29、Supporters of the rationalization of slaverybelieve that the tradeAwas out of good intents from the beginning.Bhelped the development of local religion.Cwas a help for civilizing the Africans.Ddrove the evils out of the African religions.30、The relation between the two paragraphs isthat in t
24、he 2nd paragraph the authorAchallenges the viewpoint in the 1st paragraph.Bmodifies his view expressed in the 1stparagraph.Cprovides the reason for the argument in the1st paragraph.Dfurther analyzes the issue discussed in the 1st paragraph.Text 3根据内容,回答31-50问题。As West Nile virus creeps towardCalifor
25、nia, an unlikely warrior could provide the first line of defense: the chicken. The familiar fowl make irresistible targetsfor mosquitoes. Unlike crows, chickens dont get sick from West Nile. But they do produce telltale antibodies to thevirus. So in test coops scattered acrossthe state, more than 20
26、00 sentinel chickens submit to frequentblood tests. When antibodies do turn up, California health officials will knowthat the inevitable has occurred: the West Nile epidemic will have swept thecountry.Lastweek alone, more than 100 new human cases of West Nile were reported. The virus was detected as
27、 far west as Colorado andWyoming, infecting 371 and killing 16 people in 20 states plus the District of Columbia.This year West Nile appeared earlier in the mosquito seasonmid-Juneinstead of August-and claimed younger victims; the average age dropped from 65to 54. Federal health officials arestill t
28、rying to figure out why, but say they may be finding more West Nileprecisely because theyre on the lookout for it. As Dr. Julie Gerberding, the new director of theCenters for Disease Control ( CDC), recently told reporters , Were notin crisis mode. WhenWest Nile hit New York City in 1999,the CDC rea
29、lized it was a victim of its ownsuccess. Because health officials hadconquered most mosquito-borne diseases decades ago, many statesabolished their mosquito-control programs. The Feds rushed in with funds-some $ 50million since 1999, plus $31 million more this year alone-to train insectresearchers,
30、set up state testing labs and kill off the annoying insects. The CDC established a new computer monitoringsystem and held strategy sessions with state officials.Someepidemiologists question the focus-and the millions-lavished on a virusthats killed fewer than 20. Theres an epidemic in gun violenceth
31、ats taking more lives than West Nile virus, says Dr. William Steinmann, director of the TulaneCenter for Clinical Effectiveness and Prevention. But the Feds say theirefforts have kept West Nile from doing far more damage. Were basically building theinfrastructure to deal with this over the next 50 y
32、ears, says Dr. Lyle Peterson, a CDC epidemiologist. This is here to stay. Sofar, there are no remedies for West Nile. Officials eventually expect the virus tosettle into a quiet pattern of mild infections withoccasional outbreaks. To do battle athome, the CDC recommends eliminating standing water an
33、d using insect spray withDEET-simple precautions, but the best defense against an invader that shows nosigns of going away.In California scientists use chicken toAsweep away the West Nile epidemic.Bproduce antibodies to West Nile virus.Cfight against the spread of West Nile virus.Dmonitor the presen
34、ce of the West Nile virus.32、According to Federal health officials, thefact that more West Nile cases have been reported indicates thatAmore states are affected.Bthe average age dropped drastically.Chealth officials are more alert to the disease.Dthe epidemic season began a month earlier.33、CDC cons
35、idered the outbreak of West Nile in1999 as a consequence ofAthe abolition of the mosquito-control programs.Bthe surviving mosquito-borne infections.Cthe abuse of some $ 50 million in funds.Dits failure to conquer mosquito-borne diseases.34、Feds claimed that their spending on West Nilecontrol wasAwor
36、thwhilein the long run.Bliable to continue regardless of the greatcost.Cbound to settle the problem once and for all.Dwasteful in view of the few victims of thedisease.35、Which of the following would CDC most probablyrecommend?AHealth weighs more than wealth.BPrevention is better than cure.CActions
37、speak louder than words.DBetter late than never.36、Text4根据内容,回答36-55问题。Jill Ker Conway, president of Smith, echoesthe prevailing view of contemporary technology when she says that anyone in todays worldwho doesnt understand data processing is not educated. But she insists that the increasingemphasis
38、 on these matters leave certain gaps. Says she: The very strongly utilitarianemphasis in education, which is an effect of man-made satellites and the coldwar, has really removed from this culture something that was very profound inits 18th and 19th century roots, which was a sense that literacy andl
39、earning were ends in themselves for a democratic republic. In contrast to Platos claim for the socialvalue of education, a quite different idea of intellectual purposes was advocated by the Renaissancehumanists. Overjoyed with theirrediscovery of the classical learning that was thought to havedisapp
40、eared during the Dark Ages, they argued that the imparting of knowledgeneeds no justification-religious, social, economic, or political. Its purpose, to the extent that it has one, isto pass on from generation to generation the corpus of knowledge that constitutescivilization. What could man acquire
41、,by virtuous striving, that is more valuable than knowledge? askedErasmus, perhaps the greatest scholar of the early 16th century. That idea has acquired a tradition of its own.The educational process has no endbeyond itself, said John Dewey. It is its own end. But what exactly is the corpus of know
42、ledgeto be passed on? In simpler times, it was all included in the medieval universitiesQuadrivium ( arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music ) and Trivium(grammar, rhetoric,logic). As recently as the last century,when less than5% of Americans went to college at all, students in New England establishm
43、entswere compelled mainly tomemorize and recite various Latin texts, and crustyprofessors angrily opposed the introduction of any new scientific discoveriesor modem European languages. Theyfelt, said regretfully Charles Francis Adams, Jr. , the Union Pacific Railroad presidentwhodevoted his later ye
44、ars to writing history, that a classical educationwas the important distinction between a man who had been to college and a man whohad not been to college, and that anything that diminished the importance ofthis distinction was essentially revolutionary and tended to anarchy. The first paragraph sho
45、ws that Jill Ker Conwayaccepts utilitarian emphasis in educationAwholeheartedly.Bwith reservation.Cagainst her own will.Dwith contempt.37、Education for educations sake was probablyopposed byAscholars in the Renaissance period.BJill Ker Conway.Cscholars in the Dark Ages.DPlato.38、The idea that educat
46、ion transmits knowledge isdated back toAthe Renaissance humanists.Bthe medieval universities.Cthe 18th centurys American scholars.Dthe cold war period.39、It can be inferred that Charles Francis Adams,Jr.Adevoted his later years to classical education.Bwas an advocate of education in history.Cwas an
47、opponent to classical education.Dregretted diminishing the importance of thedistinction.40、According to the third paragraph, which of thefollowing is true?AFive percent of American college studentslearnt Latin texts.BStudents in New England learnt Latin texts inofficial organizations.CStudents were
48、compelled to learn modemEuropean languages.DAmerican college students had to learn Latingrammar by heart.41、根据内容,回答41-45题。 Neither the Americans nor the Russians havethe resources to continue human space flight on their own; both sides know they need eachother. 61 )Its much easier andcheaper to get
49、used to each other and to blend differing operating styles,languages, and systems on the aged Mir (aRussian word for peace )than trying to do that while jointly building a new space station.NASA, in fact, calls itsprogram of shuttle flights to Mir Phase 1 of the International Space Station(ISS). Pha
50、se 2 marks the beginning ofactual construction. The procedures usedto dock the shuttle to Mir, for example, also will be used as a lifeboat forthe ISS. And Progress freighters, likethe one that crashed into Mir in June, will haul cargo to the ISS. 62)One unintended benefit of Mirstechnical troubles
51、is that they have actually forced the two nations to workmuch more closely together than they had planned.Except for a brief period in the 1970s withSkylab, NASA has never operated a space station;the Russians have been running them foryears. Astronauts have long been trainedintensively to perform s
52、pecific tasks on shuttle flights lasting 18 days orless. 63)Russian astronauts, however,learn more general skills, since they spend many months in orbit and no one canforecast all the problems they might encounter.As a result of shuttle-Mir experience, NASA isrevising astronaut training to include m
53、ore of the general skills they willneed on the ISSNASA decided to send astronauts to Mir based on its long record of safeoperation. But this year, crews aboardMir have faced two of the most serious emergencies in the history of human spaceflight. 64)In February, an oxygengenerator caught fire , shoo
54、ting out 4-foot-long jets of flame like; fireextinguishers were bolted in place, delaying reaction to the fire.In June, a Progress Freighter collided withthe Spektr module, puncturing it. Spektrhad to be sealed off to prevent all the air from leaking from the spacecraft. 65 )The ancient computer tha
55、t controls Mirhas failed many times , causing most other systems, including the one thatkeeps the stations solar panels pointed at the sun, to shut down.One failure in August occurred while aProgress was docking. Last week, the computercrashed again, the carbon dioxide removal system shut down, and
56、a mysteriousbrown fluid-probably rocket fuelappeared to leak from the station._42、_43、_44、_45、_写作46、Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay on it. In your essay ,you should(1) describe the cartoon briefly,(2) analyze this situation, and(3) give your comments.You should write 160 200
57、 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.参考答案及精析第一部分听力理解120略第二部分英语知识运用参考译文除了那些人们所熟知的能源,例如天然气、煤、石油、核能,我们还应该关注其他许多新能源。水力电能和潮汐能就是其中的两种。这两种能源的相似之处在于,它们都是可再生能源。但是,水力电能比潮汐能的使用范围要更广。事实上,水力电站已经为全世界提供了大量电能,而潮汐电站仍然处于最初的发展阶段。就地理位置而言,水力电站工程要建在湖泊和河流地区,而潮汐电站只能建在潮汐发生频率很高的河流入口处。不幸的是,这些地方很有限。目前,水力电站主要分布在挪威、加拿大、瑞典和巴西,而潮汐电站则位于
58、法国、俄罗斯和中国。至于资金投入,两种电站均需要高投入。另一方面,它们所产出的发电成本都很低。实际上,与煤、石油和核能等传统能源相比,一个大型水力电站发电的成本要更低。在生产资金方面,潮汐电站也要优于核能和石油电站。和水力电站一样,潮汐电站的预期寿命也很长。据估计,它们都能够运行100多年。在供电的持续性方面,潮汐电站不同于水力电站,因为潮汐电站只能间隙性供电,而水力电站能够持续供电。答案及精析21C【精析】compatible兼容的;parallel平行的;similar类似的;identical完全相同的,一模一样的。similar常与介词in连用,表示在某方面相似,这里表示水力电能和潮汐
59、能的相似之处在于两者都可再生,故选c。22B【精析】furthermore此外,而且;however然而,不过;hence因此,由此;otherwise否则,不然。前一句说明两种能源具有相似性,后一句说明水力电能比潮汐能的使用范围更广,由此可知两句话之间属于转折关系,故选B。23D【精析】in addition另外;in brief简言之;in general大体上;in fact事实上。该句告诉我们,水力发电站已经为人们提供了大量电能,而潮汐电站的建设仍然处于最初阶段,这是对前一句的解释,故选D。24C【精析】 provided可作连词表示假如;since既然;whereas(用于比较或对比
60、两个事实)然而,但是,尽管;though虽然。这里对水力发电站和潮汐电站的发展进行了对比,故选C。25A【精析】in the early stages意为“处于早期,在最初阶段”,是固定搭配,故选A。26A【精析】本句是从地理位置上来说明水电站和潮汐电站的不同之处,故排除C和D项。location和position都有“方位,位置”的意思,但是location强调相对比较大的位置,比如某个城市的大致位置,position表示事物存在的具体地点,用于较小的地方,也有表示方位关系的意思,本句表示的是两种电站大致的地理位置,故选A。27C【精析】pattern图案;design设计图样;plan规划
61、;scheme方案。这里指的是为潮汐电站做出规划,排除A和B项。虽然plan和scheme都有“计划,方案”的意思,但是plan还有“规划”的意思,即在某事真正进行之前已经详细考虑了实施步骤,故选c。28C【精析】variation变化;balance平衡;frequency频率;stability稳定。这里指的是潮汐电站只能规划建于潮汐发生频率高的河流入口处,故选C。29A【精析】这里指的是潮汐发生频率高的河流入口处的数量很少。四个选项中只有small可以修饰number,表示数量少,故选A。30A【精析】in operation工作中,使用中;in production投入生产;in pr
62、ocession列队行进;in action在运转,在操作。该句讲的是,只有法国、俄罗斯和中国在使用潮汐电站,故选A。31A【精析】spending开支;planning规划过程;financing融资;saving节省。此处表示的是两种电站的运转都需要大的花销,故选A。32C【精析】expenditure花费;benefit益处;cost成本;profit利润。根据句意,两种电站产生的发电成本都很低,与后一句“与煤、石油和核能等传统能源相比,一个大型水力电站发电的成本要更低”相呼应,故选c。33D【精析】expensively昂贵地;consistently持续地;periodically周
63、期性地;cheaply便宜地。该句及下一句说明这两种新能源电站与传统能源电站相比所具有的优越性,即耗费的成本低,故选D。34D【精析】conveniently方便地;beneficially受益地;advantageously有利地;favorably有利地。在资金产出方面,潮汐电站与核电站及石油电站相比要具有优势,故排除A选项。虽然与其余三个词的含义相似,但是favorably具有几种事物相对比某事居上的含义,符合文意,故选D。35B【精析】 on account of由于,因为;in terms of就而论,在方面;regardless of不管,不顾;in spite of不管。这里指的是在资金产出方面,潮汐电站与核电站及石油电站相比要具有优势,故选B。36A【精析】like像一样;exce
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