美国法学院入学考试LSAT阅读真题7含答案

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1、美国法学院入学考试LSAT阅读真题7（含答案）SECTION ITime 35 minutes 26 QuestionsDirections: Each passage in this section is followed by a group of questions to be answered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. For some of the questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the quest

2、ion. However, you are to choose the best answer, that is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question, and blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.Painter Frida Kahlo (1910-1954) often used harrowing images derived from her Mexican heritage to express suffering

3、 caused by a disabling accident and a stormy marriage. Suggesting much personal and emotional content, her worksmany of them self-portraitshave been exhaustively psychoanalyzed, while their political content has been less studied. Yet Kahlo was an ardent political activist who in her art sought not

4、only to explore her own roots, but also to champion Mexicos struggle for an independent political and cultural identity.Kahlo was influenced by Marxism, which appealed to many intellectuals in the 1920s and 1930s, and by Mexican nationalism. Interest in Mexicos culture and history had revived in the

5、 nineteenth century, and by the early 1900s, Mexican indigenista tendencies ranged from a violently anti-Spanish idealization of Aztec Mexico to an emphasis on contemporary Mexican Indians as the key to authentic Mexican culture. Mexican nationalism, reacting against contemporary United States polit

6、ical intervention in labor disputes as well as against past domination by Spain, identified the Aztecs as the last independent rulers of an indigenous political unit. Kahlos form of Mexicanidad, a romantic nationalism that focused upon traditional art uniting all indigenistas, revered the Aztecs as

7、a powerful pre-Columbian society that had united a large area of the Middle Americas and that was thought to have been based on communal labor, the Marxist ideal.In her paintings, Kahlo repeatedly employed Aztec symbols, such as skeletons or bleeding hearts that were traditionally related to the ema

8、nation of life from death and light from darkness. These images of destruction coupled with creation speak not only to Kahlos personal battle for life, but also to the Mexican struggle to emerge as a nationby implication, to emerge with the political and cultural strength admired in the Aztec civili

9、zation. Self-portrait on the Border between Mexico and the United States (1932), for example, shows Kahlo wearing a bone necklace, holding a Mexican flag, and standing between a highly industrialized United States and an agricultural, preindustrial Mexico. On the United States side are mechanistic a

10、nd modern images such as smokestacks, light bulbs, and robots. In contrast, the organic and ancient symbols on the Mexican sidea blood-drenched Sun, lush vegetation, an Aztec sculpture, a pre-Columbian temple, and a skull alluding to those that lined the walls of Aztec templesemphasize the interrela

11、tion of life, death, the earth, and the cosmos.Kahlo portrayed Aztec images in the folkloric style of traditional Mexican paintings, thereby heightening the clash between modern materialism and indigenous tradition; similarly, she favored planned economic development, but not at the expense of cultu

12、ral identity. Her use of familiar symbols in a readily accessible style also served her goal of being popularly understood; in turn, Kahlo is viewed by some Mexicans as a mythic figure representative of nationalism itself.1. Which one of the following best expresses the main point of the passage?(A)

13、 The doctrines of Marxist ideology and Mexican nationalism heavily influenced Mexican painters of Kahlos generation.(B) Kahlos paintings contain numerous references to the Aztecs as an indigenous Mexican people predating European influence.(C) An important element of Kahlos work is conveyed by symbo

14、ls that reflect her advocacy of indigenous Mexican culture and Mexican political autonomy.(D) The use of Aztec images and symbols in Kahlos art can be traced to the late nineteenth-century revival of interest in Mexican history and culture.(E) Kahlo used Aztec imagery in her paintings primarily in o

15、rder to foster contemporary appreciation for the authentic art of traditional Mexican culture.2. With which one of the following statements concerning psychoanalytic and political interpretations of Kahlos work would the author be most likely to agree?(A) The psychoanalytic interpretations of Kahlos

16、 work tend to challenge the political interpretations.(B) Political and psychoanalytic interpretations are complementary approaches to Kahlos work.(C) Recent political interpretations of Kahlos work are causing psychoanalytic critics to revise their own interpretations.(D) Unlike the political inter

17、pretations, the psychoanalytic interpretations make use of biographical facts of Kahlos life.(E) Kahlos mythic status among the audience Kahlo most wanted to reach is based upon the psychoanalytic rather than the political content of her work.3. Which one of the following stances toward the United S

18、tates does the passage mention as characterizing Mexican nationalists in the early twentieth century?(A) opposition to United States involvement in internal Mexican affairs(B) desire to decrease emigration of the Mexican labor force to the United States(C) desire to improve Mexicos economic competit

19、iveness with the United States(D) reluctance to imitate the United States model of rapid industrialization(E) advocacy of a government based upon that of the Marxist Soviet Union rather than that of the United States4. In the context of the passage, which one of the following phrases could best be s

20、ubstituted for the word “romantic” (line 24) without substantially changing the authors meaning?(A) dreamy and escapist(B) nostalgic and idealistic(C) fanciful and imaginative(D) transcendental and impractical(E) overwrought and sentimental5. The passage mentions each of the following as an Aztec sy

21、mbol or image found in Kahlos paintings EXCEPT a(A) skeleton(B) sculpture(C) serpent(D) skull(E) bleeding heart6. Which one of the following best describes the organization of the third paragraph?(A) contrast of opposing ideas(B) reconciliation of conflicting concepts(C) interrelation of complementa

22、ry themes(D) explication of a principles implications(E) support for a generalization by means of an example7. The passage implies that Kahlos attitude toward the economic development of Mexico was(A) enthusiastic(B) condemnatory(C) cautious(D) noncommittal(E) uncertain8. The main purpose of the pas

23、sage is to(A) critique an artists style(B) evaluate opposing theories(C) reconcile conflicting arguments(D) advocate an additional interpretation(E) reconsider an artist in light of new discoveries参考答案：1-8 CBABCECDIn recent years, a growing belief that the way society decides what to treat as true i

24、s controlled through largely unrecognized discursive practices has led legal reformers to examine the complex interconnections between narrative and law. In many legal systems, legal judgments are based on competing stories about events. Without having witnessed these events, judges and juries must

25、validate some stories as true and reject others as false. This procedure is rooted in objectivism, a philosophical approach that has supported most Western legal and intellectual systems for centuries. Objectivism holds that there is a single neutral description of each event that is unskewed by any

26、 particular point of view and that has a privileged position over all other accounts. The laws quest for truth, therefore, consists of locating this objective description, the one that tells what really happened, as opposed to what those involved thought happened. The serious flaw in objectivism is

27、that there is no such thing as the neutral, objective observer. As psychologists have demonstrated, all observers bring to a situation a set of expectations, values, and beliefs that determine what the observers are able to see and hear. Two individuals listening to the same story will hear differen

28、t things, because they emphasize those aspects that accord with their learned experiences and ignore those aspects that are dissonant with their view of the world. Hence there is never any escape in life or in law from selective perception or from subjective judgments based on prior experiences, val

29、ues, and beliefs.The societal harm caused by the assumption of objectivist principles in traditional legal discourse is that, historically, the stories judged to be objectively true are those told by people who are trained in legal discourse, while the stories of those who are not fluent in the lang

30、uage of the law are rejected as false.Legal scholars such as Patricia Williams, Derrick Bell, and Mari Matsuda have sought empowerment for the latter group of people through the construction of alternative legal narratives. Objectivist legal discourse systematically disallows the language of emotion

31、 and experience by focusing on cognition in its narrowest sense. These legal reformers propose replacing such abstract discourse with powerful personal stories. They argue that the absorbing, nonthreatening structure and tone of personal stories may convince legal insiders for the first time to list

32、en to those not fluent in legal language. The compelling force of personal narrative can create a sense of empathy between legal insiders and people traditionally excluded from legal discourse and, hence, from power. Such alternative narratives can shatter the complacency of the legal establishment

33、and disturb its tranquility. Thus, the engaging power of narrative might play a crucial, positive role in the process of legal reconstruction by overcoming differences in background and training and forming a new collectivity based on emotional empathy.9. Which one of the following best states the m

34、ain idea of the passage?(A) Some legal scholars have sought to empower people historically excluded from traditional legal discourse by instructing them in the forms of discourse favored by legal insiders.(B) Some legal scholars have begun to realize the social harm caused by the adversarial atmosph

35、ere that has pervaded many legal systems for centuries.(C) Some legal scholars have proposed alleviating the harm caused by the prominence of objectivist principles within legal discourse by replacing that discourse with alternative forms of legal narrative.(D) Some legal scholars have contended tha

36、t those who feel excluded from objectivist legal systems would be empowered by the construction of a new legal language that better reflected objectivist principles.(E) Some legal scholars have argued that the basic flaw inherent in objectivist theory can be remedied by recognizing that it is not po

37、ssible to obtain a single neutral description of a particular event.10. According to the passage, which one of the following is true about the intellectual systems mentioned in line 11?(A) They have long assumed the possibility of a neutral depiction of events.(B) They have generally remained unskew

38、ed by particular points of view.(C) Their discursive practices have yet to be analyzed by legal scholars.(D) They accord a privileged position to the language of emotion and experience.(E) The accuracy of their basic tenets has been confirmed by psychologists.11. Which one of the following best desc

39、ribes the sense of “cognition” referred to in line 43 of the passage?(A) logical thinking uninfluenced by passion(B) the interpretation of visual cues(C) human thought that encompasses all emotion and experience(D) the reasoning actually employed by judges to arrive at legal judgments(E) sudden insi

40、ghts inspired by the power of personal stories12. It can be inferred from the passage that Williams, Bell, And Matsuda believe which one of the following to be central component of legal reform?(A) incorporating into the law the latest developments in the fields of psychology and philosophy(B) eradi

41、cating from legal judgments discourse with a particular point of view(C) granting all participants in legal proceedings equal access to training in the forms and manipulation of legal discourse(D) making the law more responsive to the discursive practices of a wider variety of people(E) instilling a

42、n appreciation of legal history and methodology in all the participants in a legal proceeding13. Which one of the following most accurately describes the authors attitude toward proposals to introduce personal stories into legal discourse?(A) strongly opposed(B) somewhat skeptical(C) ambivalent(D) s

43、trongly supportive(E) unreservedly optimistic14. The passage suggests that Williams, Bell, and Matsuda would most likely agree with which one of the following statements regarding personal stories?(A) Personal stories are more likely to adhere to the principles of objectivism than are other forms of

44、 discourse.(B) Personal stories are more likely to de-emphasize differences in background and training than are traditional forms of legal discourse.(C) Personal stories are more likely to restore tranquility to the legal establishment than are more adversarial forms of discourse.(D) Personal storie

45、s are more likely to lead to the accurate reconstruction of facts than are traditional forms of legal narrative.(E) Personal stories are more likely to be influenced by a persons expectations, values, and beliefs than are other forms of discourse.15. Which one of the following statements about legal

46、 discourse in legal systems based on objectivism can be inferred from the passage?(A) In most Western societies the legal establishment controls access to training in legal discourse.(B) Expertise in legal discourse affords power in most Western societies.(C) Legal discourse has become progressively

47、 more abstract for some centuries.(D) Legal discourse has traditionally denied the existence of neutral objective observers.(E) Traditional legal discourse seeks to reconcile dissonant world views.16. Those who reject objectivism would regard “the laws quest for truth” (line 15-16) as most similar t

48、o which one of the following?(A) a hunt for an imaginary animal(B) the search for a valuable mineral among worthless stones(C) the painstaking assembly of a jigsaw puzzle(D) comparing an apple with an orange(E) the scientific analysis of a chemical compound参考答案：9-16 CAADDBBAMany people complain abou

49、t corporations, but there are also those whose criticism goes further and who hold corporations morally to blame for many of the problems in Western society. Their criticism is not reserved solely for fraudulent or illegal business activities, but extends to the basic corporate practice of making de

50、cisions based on what will maximize profits without regard to whether such decisions will contribute to the public good. Others, mainly economists, have responded that this criticism is flawed because it inappropriately applies ethical principles to economic relationships.It is only by extension tha

51、t we attribute the quality of morality to corporations, for corporations are not persons. Corporate responsibility is an aggregation of the responsibilities of those persons employed by the corporation when they act in and on behalf of the corporation. Some corporations are owner operated, but in ma

52、ny corporations and in most larger ones there is a syndicate of owners to whom the chief executive officer, or CEO, who runs the corporation is said to have a fiduciary obligation.The economists argue that a CEOs sole responsibility is to the owners, whose primary interest, except in charitable inst

53、itutions, is the protection of their profits. CEOs are bound, as a condition of their employment, to seek a profit for the owners. But suppose a noncharitable organization is owner operated, or, for some other reason, its CEO is not obligated to maximize profits. The economists view is that even if

54、such a CEOs purpose is to look to the public good and nothing else, the CEO should still work to maximize profits, because that will turn out best for the public anyway.But the economists position does not hold up (to continue in the same condition without failing or losing effectiveness or force “y

55、ou seem to be holding up under the strain”) under careful scrutiny. For one thing, although there are, no doubt, strong underlying dynamics in national and international economies that tend to make the pursuit of corporate interest contribute to the public good, there is no guaranteeeither theoretic

56、ally or in practicethat a given CEO will benefit the public by maximizing corporate profit. It is absurd to deny the possibility, say, of a paper mill legally maximizing its profits over a five-year period by decimating a forest for its wood or polluting a lake with its industrial waste. Furthermore

57、, while obligations such as those of corporate CEOs to corporate owners are binding in a business or legal sense, they are not morally paramount. The CEO could make a case to the owners that certain profitable courses of action should not be taken because they are likely to detract (to diminish the

58、importance, value, or effectiveness of something; often used with from) from the public good. The economic consequences that may befall the CEO for doing so, such as penalty or dismissal, ultimately do not excuse the individual from the responsibility for acting morally.17. Which one of the followin

59、g most accurately states the main point of the passage?(A) Although CEOs may be legally obligated to maximize their corporations profits, this obligation does not free them from the moral responsibility of considering the implications of the corporations actions for the public good.(B) Although mora

60、lity is not easily ascribed to nonhuman entities, corporations can be said to have an obligation to act morally in the sense that they are made up of individuals who must act morally.(C) Although economists argue that maximizing a corporations profits is likely to turn out best for the public, a CEO

61、s true obligations is still to seek a profit for the corporations owners.(D) Although some people criticize corporations for making unethical decisions, economists argue that such criticisms are unfounded because ethical considerations cannot be applied to economics.(E) Although critics of corporati

62、ons argue that CEOs ought to consider the public good when making financial decisions, the results of such decisions in fact always benefit the public.18. The discussion of the paper mill in lines 42-46 is intended primarily to(A) offer an actual case of unethical corporate behavior(B) refute the co

63、ntention that maximization of profits necessarily benefits the public(C) illustrate that ethical restrictions on corporations would be difficult to enforce(D) demonstrate that corporations are responsible for many social ills(E) deny that corporations are capable of acting morally19. With which one

64、of the following would the economists mentioned in the passage be most likely to agree?(A) Even CEOs of charitable organizations are obligated to maximize profits.(B) CEOs of owner-operated noncharitable corporations should make decisions based primarily on maximizing profits.(C) Owner-operated noncharitable corporations are less likely to be profitable than other corporations.(D) It is highly unlikely that the actions of any particular CEO will benefit the public.(E) CEOs should attempt to maximize profits unless such attempts result i