语法一致原则

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1、语法一致原则 (grammatical concord) 意义一致原则 (notional concord) 就近原则 (principle of proximity) 1 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数 Reading and writing are very important. 注意： 当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。 The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. The League secretary and monitor

2、 _ asked to make a speech at the meeting. A. is B. was C. are D. were 答案B. 注: 先从时态上考虑.这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A.,C.本题易误选D,因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人,但仔细辨别, monitor 前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词.后面的职务用and 相连.这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B. 2 主谓一致中的靠近原则 当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致. There is a p

3、en, a knife and several books on the desk. There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class. 总的来说，在由not onlybut also, not justbut, or, eitheror, neithernor连接主语的句子中及在there be句型中，谓语动词的单复数按就近原则处理，即按与谓语动词最靠近的那个主语来确定谓语动词的单复数形式。如： Not only John but also I am going to Shanghai next

4、 week. Either you or she is to go. Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 3 谓语动词与前面的主语一致 当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语一致. The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. He as well as I wants to go boating.

5、 4 谓语需用单数 1) 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语,或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数. Each of us has a tape-recorder. There is something wrong with my watch. 2) 当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数. The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书. 3) 表示金钱,时间.距离.价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单

6、数.(用复数也可,意思不变.) Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. Ten yuan is enough. 5 指代意义决定谓语的单复数 1) 在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定. All is right. (一切顺利.) All are present. (所有人都到齐了.) 2) 集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定.如family, audience, crew, crowd,

7、class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时,意为这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时表示该个集体. His family isnt very large. 他家不是一个大家庭. His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者. 但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry(家禽).militia(民兵).vermin(害虫)等在任何情况下都用复数形式. Are there any police around 3)有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majo

8、rity 等有时看作单数,有时看作复数. A number of +名词复数+复数动词. The number of +名词单数+单数动词. A number of books have lent out. The majority of the students like English. 6 与后接名词或代词保持一致 1) 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时,动词通常与of后面的名词,代词保持一致. Most of his money is spent on books. Most of the students are tak

9、ing an active part in sports. 2) 在一些短语,如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式.但由more than of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致. Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书. More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市. 主谓一致中的表里不一现象 和主语必须在人称和数上保持一致,最基本的原则是:单数主语用单数动词,复数主语用复数动词.但在

10、实际使用当中情况比较复杂,现在学生常犯的主谓一致错误归纳整理如下 1,more than one +名词作主语时,谓语动词常用单数.例如: More than one teacher gets the flowers. 不止一个教师得到了花. 2, many a +名词作主语时,从意义上看是复数,但谓语动词常用单数.例如: Many a student has been sent to plant trees. 很多学生被派去植树. 3,half of, the rest of, most of, all of及百分数或分数+of 等后接名词作主语时,谓语动词形式根据of后的名词而定.例如:

11、Three fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water.地球表面四分之三为水所覆盖. 4,all指人时,动词用复数;all指物时,动词用单数.例如: All are present and all is going well. 所有人全部到场了,一切进展顺利 5,what引导的主语从句,谓语动词可视表语而定:表语是单数名词时,动词用单数,相反,则用复数.例如: What they want to get are a number of good books.他们想得到的是大量的好书. 6,and连接的两个单数名词前若用ea

12、ch,every,no修饰,该名词短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式.例如: No book and no pen is found in the schoolbag.书包里没有书和钢笔. 7,当主语后面有as well as, with, along with, together with, but, like, rather than, except等引导的短语时,谓语动词要与最前面的主语保持一致.例如: My father as well as his workmates has been to Beijing. 我父亲和他的同事曾去过北京. 8,each作主语的同位语时, 谓语动词由主语

13、来决定,与each无关.例如: They each have a bike. 他们每人有一辆自行车. 9,动词不定式,动词-ing形式短语作主语时,谓语动词常用单数.例如: Going out for a walk after supper is a good habit.晚饭后出去散步是一个好习惯. 10,the following作主语时,谓语动词的数与后面名词的数保持一致.例如: The following are good examples下面是一些好例子. 11,以-ics结尾的学科名词,如politics,physics,mathematics等作主语时,谓语动词用单数.以-s结尾

14、的名词news, works, plastics等同属此类.例如: Politics is now taught in all schools. 现在各学校都开设政治课. 当以-ics结尾的学科名词表示学科以外的意义时，用作复数，如：mathematics（运算能力）politics(政治观点)economics（经济意义）等 12,有些用来表示由两个对应部分组成一体的名词复数(trousers, glasses,shoes.shorts.scissors.scales等)作主语时,前面若有一条,一副,一把之类的单位词,动词用单数;若没有单位词或单位词是复数,则谓语动词用复数.例如: The

15、shoes are all right. 这些鞋子都很合适. 还有一些以-s结尾的名词通常用复数：arms（武器）.clothes.contents.minites（记录）.remains（遗体）.thanks等 13,one and a half +名词作主语时,谓语动词要用复数.例如: One and a half apples are left on the table. 桌子上有一个半苹果. 14,One or two more +复数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数.例如: One or two persons are sent there to help them do the wor

16、k. 要派一两个人到那儿去给他们帮忙. 15,one of+复数名词+ 定语从句结构中,定语从句的谓语动词要用复数;而在the only one of +复数名词+定语从句的结构中,定语从句的谓语动词要用单数.例如: He is one of the students who get there on time.他是准时到达那里的学生之一. 16,表示时间,距离,金钱等的复数名词作主语表达一个整体概念时,谓语动词常用单数,但若强调数量,谓语动词可用复数.例如: One million dollars is a lot of money. 一百万美元是一大笔钱. 以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致

17、问题四、 英语可数名词的规则复数形式是在词尾加-s或-es，但是有一些以-s结尾的名词并不是可数名词。它们用法多样，造成了实际使用上的困难，以下详述了以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题。 （一）以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题 （二）以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语的主谓一致问题 （三）以-s结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题 （四）以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语的主谓一致问题 （五）其它以-s结尾的名词的主谓一致问题 （一）以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题 以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题,如：arthritis,bronchitis,diabetes,mumps,phl

18、ebitis,rickets,这类以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。 例如： （关节炎）Arthritis causes great pain in the joints of the patient. （二）以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语的主谓一致问题 以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。 例如： （射镖）Darts is basically a easy game. 但当Darts，Marbles等的意义为游戏器具而非游戏名称时，谓语动词通常用作复数。 例如： Three darts are thrown at each turn. All nine skit

19、tles were brought down by the good throw. （三）以-s结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题 某些以-s结尾的地理名称，如果是国名，如the United States，the Netherlands等，因其是单一政治实体，所以谓语动词用作单数。 例如： The United States was hit by the Great Depression in 1930s. In early January 1996 the Netherlands was hit by its worst storm since 1976. 但如果是群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等

20、地理名称作主语，谓语动词用作复数。例如： The West Indies are commonly divided into two parts. （四）以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语的主谓一致问题 某些以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语时，如physics,mathematics,mechanics, optics, acoustics, politics statistics, economics, linguistics, athletics等, 谓语动词通常用作单数。 例如： The third world economics is promising. （竞技）Athletics is

21、a required course for students of all grades. 但如果这类名词表示学科以外的其它含义，可作复数用。 例如： Athletics have been greatly encouraged at this college. （五）其它以-s结尾的名词的主谓一致问题 A.以-s结尾的由两部分组成的物体名称作主语 英语中有一些通常以-s结尾的由两部分组成的物体名词，如glasses, pincers,pliers,scissors, shorts,suspenders,trouse等 集合名词的主谓一致集合名词作主语时,主谓一致关系是一个较为复杂的问题.对此

22、类问题我们可以从数的角度分为四类. 1)单数复数型.凡是有复数词尾变化形式的集合名词都属于此类.如:a classclasses; a familyfamilies; a governmentgovernments; an armyarmies; a peoplepeoples; a groupgroups; a crowdcrowds; a crewcrews等.这类集合名词强调的是整体性,即当作一个整体或多个整体来看待.属于这类集合名词的单数作主语时,谓语动词用单数;复数形式作主语时,谓语动词用复数. 【例如】 A big crowd often gathers on the square

23、 every morning. The government has decided to pass the bill. There are huge crowds in the streets on Sunday. There are many English-speaking peoples in the world. 但应注意,这类集合名词的单数形式有时表示复数概念,所以这些集合名词的单数形式也可归为单复同形型中. 2)单数型.这类集合名词表示的是人或事物的整体,即把这类人或事物的全部包括在内,所以只有单数形式.如作主语,谓语动词常用单数.这类名词常见的有:humanity, manki

24、nd, proletariat等. 【例如】The proletariat is the greatest class in the history of mankind. In the fields of production and scientific experiment, mankind makes constant progress. 3)复数型.这类集合名词在形式和内容上是相互矛盾的,就是说它们只有单数形式,但表达的都是复数概念.它强调的是集体中的个体性.这类名词有:police, cattle, faculty, flock, machinery, vermin, person

25、nel等.它们作主语时,谓语动词要用复数. 【例如】The police have caught the murder. Our （人事部门）personnel are very highly trained. The vermin are very dangerous. 4)单复同形型.这类集合名词的单数形式既可表示单数也可表示复数.作主语时,用单数动词或复数动词均可,有时意义区别不大. 【例如】The school teaching staff are (is) excellent. The public is (are) requested not to litter in the pa

26、rk. The teaching profession claim(s) to be badly paid. 这类集合名词常见的有:class, family, team, crew, board, herd, committee, party, jury, enemy, audience等. 根据说话人的心理意向若把这个集合名词所代表的人或事物看作一个整体,就认为是单数,用单数动词;若把它所代表的人或事物看作若干个个体的话,就认为其为复数,用复数动词. 试比较:The football team is playing well. 那个足球队打得非常漂亮. The football team

27、are shavings bath and are then coming back here for tea. 足球队员们正在洗澡,然后来这里吃茶点. The family is a very happy one.那个家庭是一个非常幸福的家庭. That family are very pleased about the news of Williams success. 全家人对威廉的成功都感到很高兴. 原则主谓一致( Subject-Verb Concord ) 主谓一致的问题看上去似乎很简单,其实使用起来却不是那么容易,有时候甚至很复杂. 这是因为在不同情况下,处理这一问题所依据的原则

28、各不相同.就其在现代语法中的基本原则而言,通常有三个不同角度的着眼点:1,语法一致 2,意义一致 3,就近原则. 语法一致主谓一致的原则是指,主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致:主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语亦采取复数形式.例如: A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language. (主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形式) 语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则. Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a lang

29、uage. (主语是复数形式,谓语也采取复数形式) 语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则. 主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致的问题远不只上述的那么简单,有许多方面的情况需要去具体地对待: #不定式,动名词,以及从句作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.例如: Reading often means learning .读书常意味是学习. To read English aloud every morning does you a lot of good.每天早晨朗读英语有许多好处. What he said has been recorded .他说的话已被录音了. # 不定代词one, every,

30、each, everybody, everyone, one of, no one, nothing, nobody, someone, somebody, either, neither, many a 等作主语或是修饰主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.例如: Neither of my sisters likes sports .我的妹妹中没人喜欢运动. Many a student takes a walk on campus after dinner.许多学生晚饭后常在校园里散步. Every boy and girl shows great interest in extra-cur

31、riculum activities .每个男孩和女孩对课外活动都表现出很大的兴趣. # 表示国家,机构,事件,作品等名称的专有名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.例如: One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of mysterious bits of folklore . 一千零一夜给人们讲了许多神秘的民间传说. The United States is leading the world in science and technology . 美国常在世界科技方面领先. The United Nations play an impo

32、rtant role in the international affairs . 联合国在国际事务中起着重要作用. # a portion, a series of, a kind of, the number of等与名词构成名词短语作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.例如: A series of high technology products has been laid out in the exhibition. 一系列高科技产品已在展览上展出. The number of printing mistakes in some recent books often surprises

33、 people even to death. 近来一些书籍里印刷错误的数量让人吃惊得要命. A substantial portion of the reports is missing .这些报告都没有提及实质问题. A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.这座花园里有一种玫瑰香气怡人. # 由some, several, both, few, many, a number of 等词修饰主语,或是由它们自身作主语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数.另外,由and连接两个主语时,谓语一般用复数.例如: On the seashore, s

34、ome people are playing volleyball and some are lying in the sun. 海边,有些人在打排球,有些人躺着晒太阳. Both of us are fond of watching football games .我们俩都喜欢看足球赛. A number of will-be graduates are voluntarily going to work in the West of China. 许多即将毕业的学生打算自愿去中国西部工作. # 有些短语,如:a lot of, most of, any of, half of , thre

35、e fifths of, eighty percent of, some of, none of, the rest of , all of等后接不可数名词,或是单数形式的名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果后接可数名词的复数形式作主语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数.例如: A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday when the electricity was suddenly cut off. 昨天突然断电时,那家商店丢失了许多钱. A lot of books about Investment Fund have been

36、published recently. 最近出版了许多关于投资基金的书籍. 意义一致( Notional Concord ) 这一原则是指,从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问题.有时主语形式上为单数,但意义上却是复数,那么谓语依意义也用复数形式;而有时主语形式上为复数,但意义上却是单数,那么谓语依意义亦用单数形式. 1) 当主语后面接由as well as, as much as, accompanied by, including, in addition to, more than,no less than, rather than, together with等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的形式要依

37、主语的单复数而定.在这样的句子里,这些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身的单,复数形式,它们在句子里其实是状语.也就是说,我们完全可以将这些词组搬到句首或是放到句末去.从表面上我们也可以看出,它们与主语之间有,隔开.例如: Petroleum, along with fuel gas, has recently risen in price. 最近石油和燃料煤气的价格上涨了. The teacher, with all his students, is going to have a picnic this weekend.老师打算这个周末与学生们一起去野炊. The students, toget

38、her with their teacher , are going to have a picnic this weekend.学生们打算这个周末与他们的老师一起去野炊. The warehouse, with all its stockings, was burned last night. 昨晚,那个仓库连同其所有的货物一起被烧毁了. 我们完全可以将上面句子中的那些词组都分别搬到句首或是放到句末去,因为它们在句子里是状语: Petroleum has recently risen in price, along with fuel gas. Along with fuel gas, pe

39、troleum has recently risen in price. The students are going to have a picnic this weekend together with their teacher. As well as the suitcase, the missing things have been found and returned to the owner. The missing things have been found and returned to the owner, as well as the suitcase. 2) 表示时间

40、,金钱,距离,体积,重量,面积,数字等词语作主语时,其意义若是指总量应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果其意义是指有多少数量则应该看作是复数,那么谓语动词也应该用复数.例如: Four weeks are often approximately regarded as one month. 人们常大约地将四个星期看成一个月. Twenty years stands for a long period in ones life. 二十年在人的一生里意味着一个很长的时期. Eighty dollars are enough for a student to spend on food for one

41、 week.八十块钱给一个学生吃一个月的伙食是足够的了. 3) 形容词前加定冠词即the + 形容词作主语时,其意义若是指个人或是抽象概念应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果其意义是指一类人则应该看作是复数,那么谓语动词也应该用复数.例如: The young, on the one hand, often think of the old conservative. On the other hand, the old always consider the young inexperience. 一方面,青年人常认为老年人保守;另一方面,老年人总是认为青年人没有经验. In many sto

42、ries, the good are well rewarded and the bad are doomed to unfortunate. 在许多故事里,好人总是有好报;坏人注定要倒霉. 4)当and连接两个并列主语在意义上指同一人,同一物,同一事或者同一概念时,应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.另外,当and 连接两个形容词去修饰一个单数形式的主语时,其实是指两种不同的事物,主语则应该看作是复数, 那么谓语动词也应该用复数.例如:War and peace is a constant theme in history. 战争与和平是一个历史上的永恒的主题. Chinese and Japane

43、se silk are of good quality. 中国丝绸和日本丝绸质量都很好. Different people respectively welcome White and black coffee. 加奶的咖啡与清咖啡都分别受到不同人们的喜爱. 5) 集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于主语的意义:主语表示整体时视为单数,谓语动词用单数;主语表示集体中的个体成员时视为复数,谓语动词用复数.这类集体名词常见的有:army, audience, cattle, class, club, committee, crowd, family, government, group, majo

44、rity, minority, part, people, police, public, staff, team等等,其中cattle,people,police一般看成复数形式.例如: The family are all fond of football. 那一家人都喜欢足球. The family is the tiniest cell of the society. 家庭是社会的最小的细胞. The public has every reason to be cautious of professional deception. 人民大众完全有理由谨防职业骗局. The public

45、 now come to know the whole story. 人们现在越来越清楚那是怎么回事了. 就近原则( Principle of Proximity ) 这一原则是指,谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致.常出现在这类句子中的连词有:or, either or , neither nor ,not only but also 等.例如: Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter. 不是我,就是他们要对那件事的结局负责任. Neither the unkind words nor the

46、unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.既不是那些不友好的话,也不是那不友好的态度让我沮丧. Not only he but also all his family are keen on concerts. 不仅仅是他,而且是他全家人都很热衷于音乐会. Neither his family nor he knows anything about it. 他全家人和他都不知道那件事. 英语中,主语的单复数形式决定着谓语动词的单复数形式. 主谓一致必须遵循以下三条 原则:语法一致原则,意义一致原则,就近一致原则.根据这三条原则,现从以下几个

47、方面进行总结: 一, 并列结构作主语时的主谓一致 1.由and 连接的两个单数名词作主语时,谓语动词一般根据语法一致的原则用复数. 如: A young man and a girl want to go there. 一个青年男子和一个姑娘想去那里. 但如果在意义上指同一个人,同一件事或同一个概念时,谓语动词要用单数形式.如: A needle and thread was found on the floor. 在地板上找到了针线(穿了线的针). 2. 当each .and each., every.and every., no.and no., many a.and many a .结构

48、作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式.如: No man and no animal is to be found on the moon. 在月球上没发现人和动物. Many a doctor and many a nurse is busy with their work. 许多医生和护士都忙于他们的工作. 3.一个单数名词同时被两个不同的形容词修饰,表示两个不同的概念时,谓语动词一 般用复数.如: Ancient and modern history are the subjects we are studying. 古代史和现代史是我们目前学习的课程. 但如果表示的是同一概念时应用单数.如:

49、The last and most difficult lesson is lesson14. 14课是最后一课也是最难的一课. 4. 由not only. but also . , either.or . , neither. nor. , . or.连接的并列主语,谓语动词通常依就近 一致原则决定.如: Either the players or the coach is responsible for the defeat. 不是运动员就是教练应该对这次比赛的失利负责. 5. 当主语由as well as, along with, together with, rather than,

50、no less than, but, except, besides, in addition to, like, including等词连接时,其谓语动词的单复数形式通常由前面的词来决定. 如: An iron and steal works, with some satellite factories. is to be built here. 在这里将建立一个钢铁厂和一些卫星厂. Tom, along with his friends, goes skating every Saturday. 每个星期六,汤姆和他的朋友们一起去滑冰. 二,百分数,分数作主语时的主谓一致 当百分数,分数后

51、面加名词或代词时,要根据这个名词或代词来决定其谓语动词的单复 数形式.如果是复数名词或代词,谓语动词用复数;如果是单数名词(或不可数名词) 或代词,谓语动词用单数.如: Fifty percent of the students in our school are girls. 我们学校百分之五十的学生是女生. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. 地球表面的四分之三是海洋. 三, 不定代词作主语时的主谓一致 1. 不定代词each, another, the other, either, neither和由some, any, n

52、o, every+one 或thing构成的复合代词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式.如: Neither of us has gone through regular training. 我们两个都没经过正规训练. Nobody wants to go there, does he？ 没有人想去那里,是吧 Something has been done to end the strike. 已经采取措施制止罢工了. 2. none 作主语时,谓语动词既可用单数也可用复数,这要取决于说话人的看法.如 : None of us seem to have thought of it. 似乎我们全都没有

53、想到这一点. None of us has got a camera. (None = Not a single one) 我们都没有照相机. 3. both, (a) few, many, several作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数形式.如: Both (of) the instruments are not precise ones. 这两种仪器并不都是精密仪器. 4. all作主语表示人时,谓语动词用复数;表示物时,谓语动词用单数.如: All is well that ends well. 结果好一切都好. All are eager to reach an agreement. 大家

54、都急于达成一项协议. 四, 表示全体,部分等意义的词作主语时的主谓一致 1.当主语是most, the rest, the last, the remainder等时,其谓语一般应遵循意义一致的原则:如果of后面的名词是单数,则用 单数;如果of后面的名词表示复数,则用复数.如: Three of us will go, the rest are to stay here. 我们中的三个人去,其余的人留在这里. After the big fire, the remainder is nothing. 大火之后什么也没剩下. 2. 当town, school, village 等分别表示总称的

55、镇民, 全校师生,村民时,谓语动词可以用单数,也可以用复数.有时可用the 或加 形容词whole修饰.如: The whole school were / was sorry when she left. 她离开时,全校师生都很伤心. The whole town is / are in agreement about the plan. 全体镇民都同意这项计划. 五, the+形容词/过去分词作主语时的主谓一致 当 the +形容词 / 过去分词表示一类人或事物时,谓语动词用复数;如果指某一抽象概念时,谓语动词 则用单数.如: The sick here are very well car

56、ed for. 这里的病人都被照顾得很好. The true is to be distinguished from the false. 真实与虚假应加以区别. 六, 形式为复数,意义为单数的名词作主语时的主谓一致 1. 表示时间,距离,金额,重量,计量,空间,体积等意义的复数名词作主语,谓语 动词常用单数形式.如: Eight hours of sleep is enough. 八小时的睡眠足够了. Ten pounds was missing from the till. 钱柜里的10英镑不见了. 2. 以数字作主语的词或短语,有时可以看成一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式.如: Thirty

57、-six from forty瞗ive leaves nine. 四十五减去三十六等于九. 注:两数相加或两数相乘,谓语动词既可用单数形式也可用复数形式.如: Six times seven are / is forty-two. 六乘以七等于四十二. 3. 主语为以-ics结尾的学科名称时,谓语动词一般用单数形式.如: Politics is often a topic for discussion among us. 政治常常是我们讨论的话题. 4. 以-s结尾的专有名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式.如: New York Times has a wide circulation. 纽约时

58、报的销路很广. 5. 群岛,山脉,瀑布等专有名词如:the Alps, the Philippines, Niagara Falls等作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式.如: Niagara Falls are a splendid scene. 尼亚加拉瀑布是一个壮丽的景象. 6.一些形式为复数,意思为单数的名词,如:trousers, pants, shorts,glasses, scissors等作主语时,谓语动词用复数.如: Her glasses are new. 她的眼镜是新的. 但当这类名词前有a pair of 修饰时,谓语动词应用单数.如: This pair of scissor

59、s is made in Hangzhou. 这把剪刀是杭州制造的. 七,number many a . 等作主语时的主谓一致 1.the number of . (的数目)作主语时,谓语动词用单数;而 a number of .(许多)作主语时,谓语动词用复数.如: The number of mistakes is surprising. 错误之多是惊人的. 2.many a, more than one+单数名词构成的短语,尽管意义上是复数,但谓语动词仍用单数形式.如: Many a comrade has that kind of opportunity. 很多同志都有那种机遇. 八,

60、集体名词作主语时的主谓一致 1.有生命的词,如:cattle, police等作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式.如: The police are investigating the crime. 警察正在调查这次犯罪活动. . 2.无生命的词,如:foliage(叶子),machinery (机械),merchandise (商品,货物)等作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式.如: All the machinery in the factory is made in China. 这家工厂的全部机器都是中国制造的. 3. audience, class, crew (全体船员),committee(委员会),family, team, group等作主语时,如果指一个整体,谓语动词用单数;如果指全体中的每一个成员则 用复数形式.如: The football team is being recognized. (他们)正在重建这个足球队. The football team are having baths and then they are coming back here for tea. 足球队员们正在洗澡,然后他们会回到这里来喝茶. 九,one of +复数名词+定语从句 结构中的主谓一致 1