专升本专项一 语法简略版2013

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1、 语法简略一 非谓语动词分词英语中分词包括现在分词和过去分词，其基本形态为v-ing和v-ed。现在分词与过去分词的区别主要表现在语态和时间概念上。在语态上，现在分词（除被动式外）表示主动含义，过去分词表示被动含义。在时间上，现在分词表示动作正在进行。过去分词表示动作已完成。例如：developing countries (发展中国家)/developed countries (发达国家)，the touching tale(动人的传说) the touched audience(受感动的观众)。现在分词1表示时间。例如：Walking on the street, I met an old

2、classmate of mine.强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生时，现在分词之前可用连词when或while。例如：When seeing those pictures, he couldnt help thinking of his childhood.过去分词1. Heated, the metals expand.2. Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent. 表示条件。例如：Compared with him, I still have a long way to go.Given more time, Ill do it bett

3、er.3 分词独立结构例句 1) He remained in the hospital for three months, the company paying all his expenses.他在医院住了三个月，所有费用都由公司负担。（补充说明）2) The child rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.这孩子满脸是汗地跑进屋来。（伴随情况）3) The students having done all the exercises, the teacher went on to explain the text.等学生做完

4、所有练习后，老师开始讲解课文。（完成式独立结构表示时间）4) So many people being absent, we decided to put the meeting off. 这么多人缺席，我们决定会议延期举行。（原因）5) All things considered, his article is of greater value than yours.从各方面考虑，他的文章比你的更有价值。（条件）（2）独立主格结构有时也可以用with或without引导。 当with引起分词独立结构时，with本身只起引导作用，表示某种状态。分词则根据引出的名词或代词进行选择。用法与普通分词

5、独立结构相同，不过很少出现分词的完成式。with带不定式复合结构，一般用于表示将来的概念。例句 1) With her taking care of him, you have nothing to worry about. 2) With all factors considered, this plan may be better than all others.4 分词用作宾语补语的用法现在分词多在下列两类动词之后作宾补：感觉动词：see, hear, watch, catch, feel, find, look at, listen to等动词及短语动词。使役动词: leave, ke

6、ep等。例句1) Suddenly he heard someone knocking gently on the window.2) Once I caught him dozing off in class.过去分词作宾补常跟在下列动词之后： make, have, keep ,get 5 特别的使役动词Let, make, have等的用法1) Let him know the plan2) He made me cry3) He tried to make himself understood/heard4) He had me sit down and calm down5) I h

7、ad my watch stolen6) I had my hair cut不定式 不定式是指to + 动词原形(使用中有时不带to)，不定式在句中可以作主语及主补，也可以给很多动词作宾语及宾补；不定式在句中还可以起形容词或副词的作用，可以作定语和状语。.例题 1) They were forced their motherland.A. leaving B. to leaveC. having left D. to have left2) It took me three years this research.A. to complete B. completingC. to have c

8、ompleted D. having completed（1）有些动词后面，要求用不带to的不定式作宾语补语。这样的动词有：have, let, make, hear, see等。但是当这些动词用于被动语态时，后面的动词不定式则必须带to。（2）在cannot(help) but, do nothing but(except), had better, rather than, would ratherthan , 和would sooner than等结构后要求不带to的动词不定式。例题1) The revolutionary fighter would rather die with hi

9、s head high than with knees bent.A. to live B. livingC. live D. lived2) The girl walked into the room quietly awake her roommates.A. so as to B. in order not toC. so as to not D. for not to动名词 1 常考的要求动名词作宾语的动词和动词短语admit 承认 risk 冒险 enjoy 享受 suggest 建议 postpone 推迟 mind 介意 excuse原谅 avoid 避免 miss 错过机会 e

10、scape 逃脱 appreciate 感激 involve 包含 consider 考虑feel like 想要 put off 推迟 give up 放弃 object to反对 devote to献身于 look forward to期待 be used to 习惯于 be opposed to反对 5) Would you mind quiet for a moment? I am trying a form.A. keeping; filling out B. to keep; to fill outC. keeping; to fill out D. to keep; fillin

11、g out 2 动名词的其它用法(1) 有时在形容词后面也要求用动名词，例如：busy, worth等。He is busy working now.This question is worth discussing.(2) 在There is no point(use,sense), have trouble, difficulty, a hard/good time等后，应加介词in+动名词。in可以省略。例如:There is no point (in) thinking about it any more. 再想那件事没有意义。I had difficulty (in) underst

12、anding this theory.我很难理解这一理论。 (4)动词mean, remember, forget, regret, try, stop后跟不定式或动名词意思不同。mean to do 想要 remember to do 记住（要做某事）mean doing 意味着 remember doing 记得（做过某事）try to do 努力（做某事） forget to do 忘记（要做的事）try doing 试着（做某事） forget doing 忘记（已做的事）stop to do 停下来做另一件事 regret to do（对将要做的某事）遗憾stop doing 停止做

13、某事 regret doing （对做过的事）后悔二 倒装 (1) 含有否定意义的词或短语放在句首的倒装这类词或短语包括：never, little, seldom, rarely, hardly, scarcely, nowhere, nor, neither, by no means, in no case, in no way, at no time, under/in no circumstances, on no account, not until, no soonerthan, hardly when, not only but also等。 (2)as或though引导的让步状

14、语从句常出现倒装的情形。1) Wealthy as he is, he is not happy. (Although he is wealthy, he is not happy )尽管他很有钱，但他不幸福。2) Hard as he worked, he failed in the exam.(Although he worked hard, he failed in the exam)尽管他学习很用功，但还是没通过考试。3) Woman as she is, she is very brave.( Although she is a woman, she is very brave)尽管

15、她是个女人，但她很勇敢。(3)当so, such等表示程度的副词置于句首时，句子一般倒装。1) So great was the change in this city that we could not believe our eyes.(The change in this city was so great that we could not believe our eyes)2）So hard did he work that he fell ill ( He worked so hard that he fell ill.) (4)Only + 副词、介词短语或状语从句置于句首时，句

16、子一般倒装。1)Only recently has he realized the danger smoking might bring to his health.2) Only in this way can we accomplish the task on time.3) Only when you work hard will you make progress in your study. (5)虚拟语气中条件句的倒装。3) Had you studied harder, you would have passed the exam.(If you had studied hard

17、er, you would have passed the exam.)4) Should it rain, we would not go for a walk.(If it should rain, we would not go for a walk.)(6)为避免句子部分内容重复，英语中也常用倒装句。例如：so (neither, nor)+ be 动词（助动词，情态动词）+ 主语。1) My father is a teacher; so is my mother.2) John didnt attend the English class yesterday; nor did Ma

18、ry.三 强调句强调句型的表达法一般有以下几种情况：（1）it is (was) + 被强调部分 + that (who) + 句中其它部分It is (was)that可以用来强调句中的主语（从句）、宾语（从句）、状语（从句）等。如果强调句中强调的是主语或宾语，则that可用who（指人），whom或which（指物）来代替；如果强调句中强调的是状语，则不能用when, where等代替，只能用that。1) It was my uncle that (who) sent me the letter.2) It is this problem that (which) we discusse

19、d yesterday.3) It was because he was too careless that he was involved in the accident.4) It is in this room that he was born 20 years ago.（2）it is (was) not until that 也是强调句的一种，意思是：“直到才”。1) It was not until he graduated from college that he got a well-paid job.2) It was not until 1987 that he retur

20、ned back to his hometown.四 虚拟语气I.时态的虚拟语气1. 对现在的虚拟结构： If 从句 ， 主句 过去时 would + 动词原形例句： 1 If he came here today, he would see his favorite singer. 2. If I were you, I would not go with him.2. 对过去的虚拟语气 结构：If 从句 主句 过去完成时 would+ have +V+ed 例句：1. If I had studied harder last term, I would have passed the ex

21、am. 2If you had come to the party last night, you would have seen Mary. 3. 对将来时的虚拟语气 结构： If 从句 主句 were +to do would +动词原形 例句: 1. If she were to accept this job, she would often go abroad. 2. If he were to leave today, he would get there by Friday.4. 错综时间的虚拟语气结构： If 从句 主句过去完成时 would +动词原形+ now/today

22、例句: If you had taken the doctors advice a week earlier, you would be quite all right now. 5. But for =Withoutotherwise1. But for( =If it had not been for) the English exam, I would have gone to the concert.2. But for(=If it were not for) your help, we would not finish this task.3. Electronic compute

23、rs must be made very small, otherwise it would be impossible for them to be put in a satellite.4. You must have worked very hard, otherwise you would not have made so much progress.II. 与时态有关的虚拟语气 1 wish would rather/ would sooner/ would just as soon(宁愿) If only (要是。就好) as if 例句: 1. I wish I knew wha

24、t has happened.2. I wish that you hadnt had such a bad headache.3. I would just as soon he went with you.4. I would rather that I hadnt said things like that.5. If only I had read the books on the reading lists before I attended the lecture. 6. If only I could go with you to the party tonight!7. The

25、 machine is 8 years old, but it operates as if it were new.8. You look as if you had taken a shower with your clothes on. 2. It is /was (about/ high) time that we went to school. 该到.的时候III.与should有关的虚拟语气 1 It is +形容词 that + should（通常省略） 形容词：important/ necessary/ essential/ vital/ urgent/ advisable/

26、desirable/ appropriate/ ridiculous/ strange/ requested/ required/ desired /of great importance 例句: 1. It is important that we complete the job on time.2. I dont think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience.3. It is essential that the application forms be sent back be

27、fore the deadline.2. 四种要求用should的动词- 建议：suggest/ propose/ move /recommend/ advise- 主张: maintain/ urge/ insist- 要求: demand/ request/ require/ desire/ ask- 命令: order/ direct/ instruct/ command例句: 1. We desire that our leader inform us of any change in plans.2. He suggested yesterday that we have a pic

28、nic this weekend.3. Einstein urged that atomic energy be put to peaceful uses.4. The general directed that they fight till the last bullet.3. Lest/ for fear that( 以免， 惟恐) 例句: 1 She didnt tell anyone where she would go lest her husband (should) find her.2 She walked very quietly into the room lest sh

29、e wake up the child.五 情态动词情态动词可以和完成体连用，表示对过去的动作发生与否作推测和判断1. must/ might +have V-ed“表示过去的可能性，即说话现在推测过去可能发生的动作(1) must+ have V-ed 表示现在对过去的肯定推断或猜测。一定是, 准是, 肯定是I must have seen him somewhere.If you have been to America, you must have found that the Americans are almost of all colors and races.(2) cant +

30、 have + V + ed表示现在对过去的不可能推断或猜测。 -I saw Mary yesterday. -You cant have seen her. She has been to China for two weeks.(3) might + have + V+ ed表示现在对过去的可能性推断或猜测You may/might have read about it in the papers. 2. (1) could + have + V + ed 本可以He could have lent you the money. Why didnt you ask him？She coul

31、d have told me the news but she refused to.(2) should/ought to + have V + ed 本该He ought to have helped her yesterday.You shouldnt have let him come home alone. He might get lost(3) neednt +have V-ed 本不必You neednt have said that just now.You neednt have come last night. 六 复合从句（一） 名词性从句That Owen shoul

32、d have married his cousin is not at all surprising.The fact is that he didnt go to the dinner party.I dont know if he will attend the meeting.Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom?你听说玛丽要和汤姆结婚的消息了吗？（that引导同位语从句）（1）在含有主语从句的复合句中，为保持句子平衡，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语从句放在句末。例如：Its well-known that w

33、ater is indispensable to life.（2）为保持句子平衡，that引导的宾语从句也常用it代替，而将真正的宾语从句置于主句句末。这常常出现在主句有形容词或分词作宾语补足语的情况下。例如：He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here.（3）从属连词whether和if都作“是否”解，但if不可引导主语从句和表语从句。Whether可与or（not）连用，而if不可以。例如：I dont know whether (if) she is at home.Whether she comes or not makes

34、 no difference.（4）that 和what引导名词性从句的区别：that在从句中不充当成分，而what在从句中充当一定的成分，如主语、表语、宾语等。That可省略，what则不可省，例如：He always means what he says.She suggested (that) he do it at once.（5）同位语从句大多由从属连词that引导，常跟在下列名词后面，如fact，idea，opinion，news，hope，belief， proof, evidence, statement等。同位语从句一般用来解释说明这些名词的具体含义的内容。That不可省略。

35、例如：There are indications/signs thatThere is evidence/proof thatEvidence came thatWe are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms.The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging.（二）定语从句关系副词的选用相对来说较简单。如先行词为表示时间的名词。如time，day等，则用when；如先行词为表示地点的名词，如place，house，area等，则用w

36、here；如先行词为reason，则用why。例如：Ill never forget the mountain village where (in which) I spent my childhood.I dont know the reason why (for which) he did that.（1）当先行词是all，something，nothing等不定代词时；或先行词前有first，last，only，few，much，some，any，no等词修饰时；或先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时，一般只用that而不用which来引导定语从句。例如：Ive explained everyt

37、hing (that) I can to you.This is the most beautiful campus (that) Ive ever been to.（2）定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句，His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on.The generals daughter, whose name is Ann, gave me a sweet smile.(3) 先行词也可以是整个句子。这时，一般用which或as来引导定语从句。Which在从句中可充当主语、宾语等，as在从句中一般只充当主语。Which与a

38、s引导此类定语从句的区别在于：which只能置于句中或句末，而as的位置比较灵活，可置于句中、句末，又可置于句首。例如：Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which (as) is known to all.He was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honor.As had been expected, he finished first in decathlon(十项全能) at that Olympic Games.(4) 关系代词在定语从句中有时

39、也作介词的宾语。如果介词被置于关系代词前，一般只用于介词 + which或介词 + whom，而不用介词 + that来引导定语从句。如果介词被置于从句句末，则可用that代替which或whom，且that这时可省去。例如：This is the ring on which she spent 1,000 dollars.One of my colleagues whom (that) you are familiar with come today.(三) 状语从句在复合句中，起状语作用的从句称作状语从句。状语从句分为：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句、让步状语从句、

40、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句。(1) 时间状语从句引导时间状语从句的连词, since, before , until, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, directly 等等.It will not be long before we meet again.（我们很快就会见面）It is not until he failed in the exam that he knew he should study hard.The moment he saw her he recognized her. ( as soo

41、n as he saw her)(2) 条件状语从句引导条件状语从句的从属连词有：if, unless, as /so long as。例如：If you dont come on time, well start out without you.As (so) long as you keep on trying, youll certainly succeed.(3) 原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because, since, as, now(that), in that, considering that等。例如：Since the speaker cant come, w

42、ell have to cancel the meeting.In that和now(that)的用法：in that引导的从句对主句进行解释的说名，意思是：在方面，在于；因为。Now(that)表示既然。例如：Theory is valuable in that it can provide a direction for practice.理论所以有价值，就在于它能给实践指出方向。Now (that) the weather has improved, lets go out for a picnic.(4) 让步状语从句引导让步状语从句的从属连词有：though, although, e

43、ven if (even though), as, no matter 一些疑问词在词尾加上ever后，也可引导让步状语从句相当于no matter + 疑问词。这些词包括：whatever, wherever, whenever, whoever, however。例如：Whatever he says，dont believe him.Whoever you are, you must obey the traffic regulations.(5) 结果状语从句( 结果状语从句一般由下列连词引导：so that, sothat, suchthat。例如：He overslept, (so

44、) that he was late for work.They got such a fright that they dropped the bag and ran away. sothat 和 suchthat的区别。So后接形容词或副词，such后接名词。例如：It was so cold that we had to cancel the games.Its such a good chance that we mustnt miss it.七 比较结构1 as.as.结构，这种结构必须是同类事物进行比较， 如要表示倍数，具体结构为： 倍数+as+ 形容词+（名词）+asThe tr

45、umpet player was certainly loud. But I wasnt so bothered by his loudness as by his lack of talent. Americans eat twice as much protein as they actually need every day.2. 混合句Life in our country is as happy as, if not happier than, that in your country.In his time, he enjoyed a reputation as great as,

46、 if not greater than, Mozarts.八 一致性关系1. 在“one+复数名词+who/that/which”引导的定语从句的结构中，关系代词who/that/which 的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one， 故分局中的动词同复数形式。 He is only one of those who approve of the plan.2. “ the only one of +复数名词+who后接单数动词，因为who的先行词是the only one He is the only one of the clerks who is promoted.3 如主语有“more

47、 than one/many a +名词9单数形式”构成时， 谓语动词用单数 More than one student is going to take the job Many a pop star has been ruined by the drugs.;4.就近原则：由“or, eitheror, neither.nor., not onlybut(also)” 连接的并列主语 Either the players or the coach is responsible for the defeat比较：Either the coach or the players are resp

48、onsible for the defeat5. 当主语后面跟有由except, as well/much as, more than, accompanied by, together with/along with 等引导的词组时其谓语动词的形式依主语的单复数而定The father, as much as his children, was responsible for the loss.William, accompanied by his wife and children, is going to the airport.Mary, more than anybody else, is anxious to know the truth.The professor, together with his students, is invited to the party.6. Two thousand dollars is a large sum of money. 9