《英语国家概况》英国`期末整理

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1、The United KingdomStep1 The Country & People1、Geographical locationThe UK is an island country.The UK is located in the northwestern Europe.The UK is a country of island surrounded by North sea (to its east), Atlantic ocean (to its north), Irish sea (to its west and between Great Britain and Ireland

2、), English Channel英吉利海峡and Strait of Dover多佛尔海峡(to its south).2、Common-sense knowledgeNational Anthem：?上帝保佑女王?god save the queen男性君主为god save the kingNational Flower：RoseThe Capital: London3、Area and populationArea: 244, 820 sqkmPopulation: 60.9 million(2021) The most densely populated area: England

3、 (84%) The least densely populated area: Scotland The least populated area: Northern Ireland (less than 3%)4、British Commonwealth (1931) P9 (expressing in English)British Commonwealth Also known as the Commonwealth of Nations, it is an association comprising the United Kingdom and fifty or so former

4、 British colonies that are now sovereign states with a common allegiance to the British Crown, including Canada, Australia, India, and many countries in the West Indies and Africa. It was formally established by the Statute of Westminster in 1931. Among the members of the Commonwealth, sixteen sover

5、eign states separately recognize Queen Elizabeth as their monarch and are named the Commonwealth Realms. It includes the UK itself, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, among others. 英联邦(Commonwealth of Nations)，是以英国为主导的国家联合体，由英国及其自治领和其他已独立的前殖民地、附属国组成，由54个主权国家含属地所组成，成员大多为前大英帝国的殖民地或附属国。各自治领地地位平等，彼此的内政

6、和外交完全独立；共同效忠于英王，皆为自由结合的英联邦的成员。该组织元首为英国女王伊丽莎白二世，同时身兼英联邦王国内的16国的国家元首。 英联邦成员国及其附属国占据了全球五分之一的土地及四分之一的人口。成员国在许多领域进行商讨和合作，包括贸易、金融、国防、教育、技术、科研、法律、医药和农业。英联邦不是一个国家，而是一个松散的组织。 英联邦是英国对联邦其他成员国在政治、军事、财政经济和文化上施加影响的组织。5、Capital city LondonLondon is in the Southeast of the nation and is situated on the Thames River

7、 near its mouth.London is the largest city and largest port in the UK.The political center: Buckingham palace白金汉宫，英国皇宫, Palace of Westminster/ House of parliament国会大厦, Downing street唐宁街The financial center: One of the three major international financial centers in the world. (Paris and New York)The

8、heart of arts and culture: The University of London (the largest university in the UK), British museum大英博物馆City of Fog雾都London is divided into the City of London (金融城) and the County of London ( includes all the suburbs and part of the countryside around London, is divided into 32 boroughs 区，自治市镇，城区

9、).6、Tourist Attractions in LondonThames River泰晤士河Tower Bridge伦敦塔桥Palace of Westminster/House of parliament威斯敏斯特宫/国会大厦威斯敏斯特宫Palace of Westminster，又称国会大厦Houses of Parliament是英国国会包括上议院和下议院的所在地。威斯敏斯特宫是哥德复兴式建筑的代表作之一。Westminster Abbey威斯敏斯特教堂Political significance：Royal wedding ceremony & Royal tombCommemo

10、ratory significance：Tombs of many famous people “Poets corner诗人之角Who was the first literary figure buried here? -Chaucer (father of English history)Who was the last royal family member buried here? -Diana (Rose of England)In the right picture, whose tomb is it? -NewtonWho built it? -Edward the confe

11、ssor忏悔者Swiss Re Tower瑞士再保险塔London Eye伦敦眼Millennium Bridge千禧桥Greenwich observatory格林威治天文台Canary Wharf金丝雀码头Millennium Dome千年穹顶St Pauls Cathedral圣保罗大教堂London Tower伦敦塔Canary Wharf Tower金丝雀码头塔One Canada Square第一加拿大广场HSBC Tower汇丰银行塔 8 Canada Square第八加拿大广场Citigroup Centre 花旗集团中心Buckingham Palace白金汉宫the res

12、idence of the queen女王住处7、Different names for Britain and its parts8、Topography地形 Rising in North-West cause highlands there; Sinking in South-East cause lowlands.9、Filling in the blanks1The British Isles a geographic term which includes two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland island, and 5,000

13、small islands.2Great Britain comprises only England , Scotland and Wales.3Ireland island includes Northern Ireland and southern Ireland. Northern Ireland is a part of the UK, while southern Ireland became an independent country Republic of Ireland.4The UK is made up of Great Britain and Northern Ire

14、land. Northern Ireland is made up of England, Scotland and Wales.5Three termsBritish Isles不列颠群岛：Two large islands and hundreds of small onesBritain：Great Britain and Northern IrelandGreat Britain：England, Wales and Scotland10、Terms & Capitals & FeaturesTermCapitalFeaturesEnglandLondonThe most populo

15、us and densely populated area人口密度最大，人口最多ScotlandEdinburgh爱丁堡its population density is the lowest人口密度最小WalesCardiff加的夫Northern IrelandBelfast贝尔法斯特The least populous人口最少11、Rivers & Lakes The longest river: the Severn塞汶河The 2nd but most important river: Thames泰晤士河The largest lake in the UK: Lough Neagh

16、内伊湖，英国最大的淡水湖Lough Lomond洛蒙德湖, on the southwestern edge of the High-lands of Scotland, is the largest on the island of Great Britain.12、Climate & WeatherChangeable Mild temperature Abundant rain fall1. mid-latitude oceanic climate中纬海洋性气候a. Favorable one, winters are mild not too cold and summers are

17、cool not too hot; b. Steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year; c. Small range of temperature. 2. Factors a. The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal季节性的differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer; b. The Westerlies盛行西风带blow over the country all the

18、year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate;c. The North Atlantic Drift北大西洋暖流, which is a warm current, passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.3. Rainfall a. General: Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The

19、average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000 mm; b. Character: Water surplus in north and west; Water deficit in south and east;c. Reservoirs水库have to be built in highland areas such as Central Wales, the Lake District and the Scottish Highlands苏格兰高地. Step2 History of the United Kingdom13、A brie

20、f timeline of British history0. Early history史前43A.D.1. Roman years 罗马人占领时期：55BC410AD Early2. Anglo-Saxon Britain and Anglo-Saxon Heptarch盎格鲁撒克逊时期 Britain与Danish invasion丹麦统治时期：449年1066年 3. Norman Britain 诺曼底王朝10661154 4. House of Plantagenet 雀花王朝11541399 Medieval5. House of Lancaster 兰开斯特王朝13991461

21、 Britain6. House of York 约克王朝14611485 7. House of Tudors都铎王朝14851603 Religious reformation8. The House of Stuart斯图亚特王朝 16031714 British Bourgeois Revolution9.House of Hanover汉诺威王朝17141917 Industrial revolution Victorian Britain World War One10.House of Windsor温莎王朝1917 World War Two14、The earliest kn

22、own settlers on the British Isles were Iberian.英国土著居民是利比亚人15、The Normans were the last invaders in history to conquer the British Isles.诺曼底入侵是历史上最后一次外族入侵16、1.什么是诺曼底征服封建社会的开始？When Edward the confessor died in 1066 without a male heir, Harold claimed the throne, but 3 days later, Duke of Normandy, Wil

23、liam, crossed the Channel, killed Harold and defeated the English army at the battle of Hastings. Weeks later, he was crowned as William at Westminster Abbey in London on Christmas Day 1066.2. William, duke of Normandy (Northwest of France, close to British Channel)位于法国西北部3. The Battle of Hastings黑斯

24、廷斯战役4. FactsThe Battle of Hastings in 1066 made William, the Conqueror the first Anglo-Norman king of England.5. SignificanceIt is the last invasion of England by foreigners while English history regards it as a hidden blessing.6. In 1067, William started building the Tower of London, the great fort

25、ress 要塞，堡垒which demonstrated his power and dominated the city of London.17、1. Henry在位期间三大事件： 在位国王: Henry三大事件：Henryfounded the Plantagenet Dynasty;The jury of 12 sworn men system12人陪审团制度were introduced;The royal/common law普遍法replaced the feudal law封建法.2. King John and “The Great CharterKing John was

26、defeated in a war with France and lost Normandy in 1204. The lords got angry and forced him to sign a long document on June 17th, 1215. This document is known as The Great Charter (also named Magna Carta), later regarded as the basis of the modern English constitution.Contents：略看no tax should be mad

27、e without the approval of the councilno freeman should be arrested or imprisoned except by the law of the landIf the king attempted to free himself from law, the vassals封臣had the right to force the king to obey it.Significance：略看The Great Charter was made in the interest of the feudal lords, great a

28、nd small. It had a progress significance. It granted to the towns people freedom of trade and self-government. The merchants and craftsmen in England appeared for the first time as a new political force.3. Beginning of ParliamentHenry (son of King John) heavily taxed the lords to pay tributes贡品 to t

29、he Pope罗马教皇to defeat the lords.Simon de Montfort蒙特福德爵士, defender守护者of the Great Charter, reformed the Great Council with two knights each county郡，县and two representatives each town城镇.It later developed into the House of Lords上议院and the House of Commons下议院. The Earliest English Parliament All Estates

30、 Parliament各等级议会was summoned in 1265 in Westminster after the capture捕获，俘虏of Henry .4. In 1295, King Edward summoned the “All Estates Parliament more than 400 hundred members in all. As that parliament was followed as a model, it became known in history as the “Model Parliament模范国会.18、Hundred Years

31、War百年战争A series of war waged from 1337 to 1453 by France and England. France won eventually.It was the longest war in the world. (1337-1453)19、The Black Death黑死病P21名词解释Black Death Also known as the Black Plague, it was a devastating pandemic that first struck Europe in the mid-14th century, killing

32、between a third and two-thirds of Europes population, including about one-third of Englands population.1348 -1350/ in mid-14th centuryCause: the deadly bubonic plague鼠疫Consequence-The lords was in shortage of the labor (about one half of the population in England died of this disease).-Wage labor de

33、manded higher wages and greater freedom.20、Wat Tylers Uprising (1381) 瓦特泰勒起义It marked the beginning of the end of Serfdom农奴制in medieval England.21、Wars of the Roses (14551485)玫瑰之战The name Wars of the Roses has its origins in the badges associated with the two royal houses, the Red Rose of Lancaster

34、and the White Rose of York. The Wars of the Roses (14551485) were a series of civil wars fought over the throne of England between adherents of the House of Lancaster (feudal landowner) and the House of York (commercial-minded). Both houses were branches of the Plantagenet royal house, tracing desce

35、nt from King Edward .金雀花王朝的两分支兰开斯特&约克为争夺王位，均为爱德华三世的后裔It marked the ending of the Middle Ages in European history and the beginning of modern world.22、Religious reformationImmediate cause: Henry s divorce(Henry was not permitted to divorce Catherine, a Spanish princess.)Henrys elder daughter Mary was

36、 a Catholic and a militant好斗的Catholic at that. Her efforts as queen to restore Catholicism to England made her the most unpopular queen in British historyand the means that she used to pursue her aims earned her the nickname bloody Mary血腥玛丽. Elizabeth伊丽莎白一世(7 September 1533 24 March 1603) was Queen

37、of England and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death在位时间. She is the greatest Queen in Britain and the Virgin QueenThe British colony Virginia was named for her honor. Elizabeths reign brought in one of the most glorious eras of British history. The Arts flourished, this was the age

38、 of Shakespeare and Bacon. The Golden AgeElizabeth为什么好？Under Elizabeths rule, England advanced in such areas as foreign trade, exploration, literature and the arts.The English navy defeated the Spanish Armada西班牙无敌舰队. During her reign, the age of exploration began with the explorers such as Francis D

39、rake claiming new lands for England and introducing new materials and foods. The American State, Virginia, is named after the virgin Queen.In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings. One of her mottoes was video et taceo: I see, and say nothing. 我已经嫁给了英格兰。我是妇道人家，但我有囊括四海的

40、帝王胸怀，一个英格兰国王所应该有的胸怀。伊丽莎白一世23、The “Glorious Revolution (1688)什么是“荣耀革命？The revolution was glorious because it was bloodless. Prince William of Orange, ruler of the Netherlands, and his wife Mary accepted the invitation to become king and queen. It was established that a monarch could rule only with th

41、e support of Parliament.By that time, the Cavaliers and Roundheads had settled down to become Englands first political parties: the Tories and the Whigs保守党和自由党. 24、The Industry revolution took place mainly in England.The Industrial Revolution began in the age-old wooltextile industry.Advantages for

42、industrial revolution:1. peace at home2. a climate that encouraged inventors and inventions3. surplus labor4. increasing demand in the market25、Victorian BritainQueen Victoria (reigned 1837 - 1901)Britain became the most powerful and richest country in the world日不落帝国.From the late 1850s onwards, the

43、 Whigs became the Liberal Party.(1900-1906)Charles Darwins达尔文on the Origin of Species物种起源was published in 1859.By 1850, a nation-wide railway system had been constructed.The London Underground was the worlds first underground railway with its first line opened in 1863.In 1882, incandescent electric

44、lights白炽灯were introduced to London streets.The Opium War started.鸦片战争26、British Empire大英帝国The British Empire began with the founding of Newfoundland纽芬兰in 1583 and fell after the end of the Second World War.两次世界大战后英受挫，虽为战胜国27、Major events in the two World WarsWomen staged a movement that led to a lim

45、ited voting franchise for them in 1918, and full equality with men in 1928.Step3 British Government and Politics28、British Constitution is mainly made up of:Statutory Law成文法Common Law/ Judge-made law判例法Conventions习惯法Constitution features1. No written form2. Changes in constitution can be more easily

46、3. Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制4. Parliamentary sovereign议会制5. Representative democracy代表共和制度6. The rule of law29、The monarchy君主制(King/ Queen/ Crown)The monarchy is supposed to reign but not rule;the Crown mainly performs ceremonial duties whose work consists largely of signing papers;the monarch fo

47、rmally summons and dismisses Parliament and the ministers of the Cabinet;serves as head of the judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces, and Supreme Governor of the Church of England and the Church of Scotland;gives the royal assent御准to bills before they become law;presides over the State O

48、pening of Parliament;has the right to be informed and consulted on every aspect of national life and review all important government documents;regularly she chairs the Privy Council and meets with the Prime Minister in the Buckingham Palace to be advised and to advise about state affairs;also attend

49、s numerous artistic, industrial, scientific and charitable events of national and local interest.30、GovernmentThe Legislature立法机构The Executive行政机构The Judiciary司法机构Basic Structure of UK Central Government：31、The Legislature立法机构The parliament is the Britains supreme legislature. It has the power to ma

50、ke, unmake, or change any law. Besides, it determines the revenue and expenditures of the government.ParliamentKing or Queenthe House of Lords上议院the House of Commons下议院Functions of ParliamentThe maximum duration of Parliament is five years and is dissolved by the Crown on the advice of the Prime Min

51、ister.最长任期五年1. passes bills that are proposed by the gov.;2. votes the taxation and expenditures of the gov.;3. scrutinizes/examines government policies and administration;4. debates the major issues of the day.32、The House of LordsThe House of Lordsthe Lords Spiritual上议院神职议员Lords Temporal上议院世俗议员33、

52、The hereditary PeersDuke公爵Marquis侯爵Earl 伯爵Viscount子爵Baron男爵34、The House of LordsHead: Lord Chancellor上议院院长/大法官Main function: bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking.The House of Commons Head: The speaker of the Lower house下议院议长Three main functions of the house of commo

53、ns: to pass laws, bills and acts of Parliament;to examine, criticize and restrain the actions of the government;to influence the future government policy.35、The Executive立法机构Components: The Cabinet内阁is composed of the heads of the most important departments. It is the Prime Minister首相who decides whi

54、ch minister will be included.Functions: as the nucleus of the government, performs a pivotal关键的role in the English government. Most of the important bills under the debate in the Parliament originate in the Cabinet. It controls a majority of the seats in Parliament and policies proposed by the Cabin

55、et can often win the approval of Parliament.Official residence办公地点: The Cabinet meets regularly, usually once a week, in one of the rooms in the Prime Ministers official residence, No. 10 Downing street.36、Functions of the Prime Minister & the Cabinetcan select cabinet;hand out departmental position

56、s, dismiss ministers;amalgamate合并or split government departments;decide the agenda for cabinet meetings.37、The Judiciary司法机构 了解Head: Lord chancellorProceedings:All criminal trials刑事审判 are held in open court because the criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been approved gui

57、lty beyond reasonable doubtIn criminal trials by jury, the judge passes sentence but the jury decides the issue of guilt and innocence.38、Three Major Parties in Britain Today:the Conservative Party保守党in 1833the Labor Party工党in 1900the Social and Liberal Democrat Party自由党since 198839、Who can vote in

58、the British general election?1. Anyone who is a citizen of the UK, the Republic of Ireland, or of a Commonwealth country;2. over the age of 18;3. People who have been convicted of corrupt or illegal practices in connection within the previous five years;4. People who have to live in a constituency for at least 3 months;5. UK citizens who have moved abroad remain eligible to vote for 15 years thereafter.