初三英语学习

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1、1, understand the nature of my country peoples democratic dictatorship (P5) National nature: led by the working class, based on the alliance of workers and peasants of the peoples democratic dictatorship of socialist countries The biggest characteristic of the peoples democratic dictatorship in our

2、country: the accounts for the most of the peoples democracy, damage to a handful of hostility and hostile to the cause of socialism to dictatorship. The peoples democratic dictatorship is the nature of the people are masters of the country. The characteristics of democracy in China: it has universal

3、ity and authenticity. () is a new type of democracy A broad, the peoples democracy, not only in the people enjoy extensive democratic rights and performance in the subject of extensive democracy. B, the integrity of the peoples democracy, in the peoples right to self-determination, with the system,

4、laws and material protection people can manage their country; Also in with the development of economy and the progress of the society, the masses of the peoples interests be fully implemented. 2, know the citizens shall enjoy the political rights and freedom (P9) (1) the right to vote and the right

5、to vote, election and was chosen to represent organs of state power) is a basic democratic rights of citizens, is the basis of the citizen participate in country management and marking. (2) political freedom (3) supervision (the supervision of all state organs and state functionaries rights) 3, unde

6、rstand the citizen must fulfill the political obligations and responsibilities (P9) Political obligation is refers to the citizen to the state and society responsibility. 1) citizens shall have the duty to safeguard national unity and national unity. (2) citizens abide by the constitution and the la

7、w of obligation. (3) citizens shall have the duty to safeguard national security, honor and interests. (4) citizens shall have the duty to perform military service and join the militia. 4, participate in the basic principles of political life (1) adhere to the principle of equal before the law. (the

8、 equal rights and obligations, the application of law) (2) adhere to the unity of the rights and obligations. (is both the main body of rights and obligations of the main body, set up the right consciousness, cherish the rights of citizens, and foster a sense of obligation, conscientiously fulfil hi

9、s obligations) (3) adhere to the personal interests and collective interests, the principle of combining the interests of the state. (the root is the same) The second lesson Our country citizens political participation (democratic elections, democratic decision-making, democratic management and demo

10、cratic supervision) 1, compare different electoral methods (P16) (1) direct election or below the county (county) the direct election of peoples congress will extend to (2) indirect elections at the county level (the election) at or above the county level (3) equal electoral (= the formal candidates

11、 elected) (4) the election ( the formal candidates elected the forehead) What kind of election, consists of the following conditions: the social economic system, material living conditions, the cultural level of the voters. In our country according to the national property, social progress and econo

12、mic development and national conditions, using a combination of direct election and indirect election. 3, understand the citizen participation in democratic decision-making way and meaning Citizens directly involved in the democratic decision-making way (P20) : reflect public opinion system, broaden

13、ing the channels for public opinion reflects, is the decision-making organ the important premise of scientific decision-making); Expert system (to improve the scientific nature of the decision); Major matters of social public system (citizen enjoys the decision-making for the interests of the public

14、s right to know is the premise and foundation of citizen participation in democratic decision-making. To increase before decision-making transparency and citizen participation). Social hearing system (hearing) is for the sake of decision polity in people. 4, ways and means to understand democracy at

15、 the grassroots level autonomy (P24-25) In rural areas: the village committee City: the residents committees Autonomous mass organizations at the grass-roots level 5, democratic supervision way, the significance and the responsibility of the citizen participation in democratic supervision The channe

16、ls and ways of democratic supervision (P27-28) : letter-inquiring-and-accusing system, system of National Peoples Congress on behalf of ties with the masses, public opinion supervision system (high transparency, power is big, wide influence, aging fast), oversight hearings, democratic council, onlin

17、e appraisal of the government, etc. Responsible to exercise their right of supervision Meaning: to improve the performance of the state organs and state functionaries to arouse the masses of citizens concerned about the affairs of state, for the socialist modernization construction of ownership What

18、 to do: for the benefit of the nation and people, dare to struggle against the evil forces of, have the courage to use the constitution and the law supervision, legal ways, adhere to the principle of seeking truth from facts, not interfere with the business activity The second unit to serve the peop

19、le of the government The third class The Chinese government is the government of the people 1, the analysis of the basic functions of our government (P37) (1) to ensure the function of peoples democracy and safeguard national security (2) the organization of the construction of the socialist economi

20、c functions (3) the organization function to the construction of socialist culture (4) to provide public service functions 2, analysis our country the governments responsibility is responsible to the people (P39-41) Serving the people is the aim of the government, the basic principles of responsible

21、 to the peoples government. The government to be responsible to the people: insist on working attitude of serving the people, go deep among the masses, pay attention to the livelihood of the people, community, respect public opinion); Set up the practical work style, improve the administrative effic

22、iency); Insist from the masses to the masses to work method (does the practical work sincerely, struggling with problem solving, perseverance to do good). 3, to understand the government ways and means to provide citizens have turned goods (P41) Open the hotline, set up reception department, develop

23、ment of electronic government affairs, in accordance with the law to set up the administrative arbitration, administrative reconsideration and administrative litigation system (legal). The fourth lesson Are subject to supervision by the peoples government of our country (2) the restriction and super

24、vision power of the governments main way (P46) (1) establish and improve the government power restriction and supervision is the key to establish and improve the restriction and supervision mechanism. The mechanism, one is to rely on democracy, the second is to rely on the law, both be short of one

25、cannot. (2) establish a perfect system of administrative supervision The administrative supervision system in China, including: administrative system, external supervision and internal supervision of the administrative system. Administrative system, external supervision includes the supervision auth

26、ority (NPC), the democratic supervision, the supervision of the judicial organs of the peoples political consultative conference (the peoples procuratorate, the court), the supervision of the communist party of China, the news media and public supervision, etc.; Internal supervision of the administr

27、ative system including the government at a higher level of supervision, supervision departments of supervision, the supervision of the auditing department, legal department supervision, etc. The third unit construction of socialist political civilization The fifth lesson The peoples congress system

28、of our country 1, understand the people exercise state power organs, the relationship between the peoples congress and other state organs (P55) (1) of the National Peoples Congress is the supreme power organ, the standing committee of the National Peoples Congress is the permanent body of the Nation

29、al Peoples Congress. With legislative power, the decision to appoint and remove, and supervision of the National Peoples Congress (2) the peoples congress is the organ of state power, the state administrative organs, judicial organs are produced by it, and shall be responsible for it, under his supe

30、rvision. 2 and understand the rights and obligations of the peoples congress (P56-57) (1) the rights of the peoples congress: review the rights to rights, voting rights, proposal and inquiry. Organization of the peoples congress system in our country and activity characteristics: democratic centrali

31、sm (centralism on the basis of democracy and democracy under centralized guidance with the combination of system) Peoples congress as the cornerstone of the peoples congress system is Chinas fundamental political system, by the nature of the peoples democratic dictatorship of socialist countries Les

32、son 6 The political party system of our country 1, understand the communist party of China is the core of leadership for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics (about) (1) and the leadership of the communist party of China is the establishment of the position of the ruling partys nature

33、 and purpose. Properties: is Chinas vanguard of the working class and the Chinese people and the vanguard of the Chinese nation Purpose: to serve the people heart and soul (2) only by insisting on the leadership of the communist party of China, to keep the road of socialism with Chinese characterist

34、ics; To safeguard national unity, national unity, for the socialist modernization construction create a stable and harmonious social environment; To the most widely and fully mobilize all positive factors to achieve the comprehensive construction affluent societys goal. 2, understand the ruling way

35、of the communist party of China (P64-65) (1) the scientific ruling (premise), democratic governing (nature), in accordance with the law governing (basic) Support the people congress to perform their functions, make the party through legal procedures to rise for the national will, it is important to

36、rule by law 4, understand the political party system with Chinese characteristics (1) the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the communist party, is the political party system with Chinese characteristics, is a basic political system of our country.

37、(P69) (3) characteristics: (P70) : 1. The communist party and the democratic parties relationship is cooperation scheme of relations, the Chinese communist party is the ruling party, the democratic parties are participating parties. 2. The first prerequisite and fundamental guarantee of multi-party

38、cooperation, adhere to the leadership of the communist party of China; 3. The basic principle of multi-party cooperation, long-term coexistence, mutual supervision, sincere treatment, blame; 4. The root of the multi-party cooperation activities principles: abide by the constitution and laws; 5. Impo

39、rtant institution of multi-party cooperation, the Chinese peoples political consultative conference. Peoples political consultative conference is the Chinese communist party and the democratic parties cooperation organization form, is the communist partys leadership, broadly representative of the pa

40、triotic united front organization, is our country political life play to the important form of socialist democracy. Around the two themes of unity and democracy, the performance of the political consultation, democratic supervision and the function of political participation Lesson 7 A system of reg

41、ional national autonomy and religious policy of our country 1, clear Chinas new national relationship, learn to correctly handle ethnic relations in life (P74-76) Equality, unity, mutual aid and harmonious socialist national relations. 2, understand the basic principles of dealing with ethnic relati

42、ons in China (P74-75) (1) dealing with ethnic relations, China insist on ethnic equality, ethnic unity and the basic principles of various national common prosperity. (2) the three principles are interrelated and indivisible. The political basis for national equality is to achieve the unity of the n

43、ationalities. National equality and national unity is the precondition to realize the national common prosperity. And common prosperity of all ethnic groups, especially the economic development and national equality, national unity, material guarantee. 3, understand the necessity, the advantages of

44、the regional national autonomy system in China (what do - 80) Inevitability: (1) shall practise a system of regional national autonomy is the inevitable choice for Chinas national conditions, by the history of our country characteristic () a unified multi-ethnic country, the reality (large mixed eth

45、nic distribution characteristics of small populations), solid social and political foundation (national relationship of interdependence of all ethnic groups formed) (2) advantages: conducive to maintaining national unity and security; Is conducive to protect the rights of minority people are masters

46、 of the country implemented; Is advantageous to the development of equality, solidarity, mutual help harmonious socialist national relations; Thriving is beneficial to promote the socialist modernization drive. 4, understand Chinas religious policy (P82-83) (1) the freedom of religious belief is a l

47、ong-term basic policy of our country. Its connotation is: citizens have the freedom of religious belief, also has not the freedom of religious belief; Have faith that religious freedom, and have faith that the freedom of religion; In the same religion, have faith the sect of freedom, also have the f

48、reedom of belief that sect; Have a past secular and religious freedom, now also have the freedom of religious and secular now in the past. The state protects normal religious activities. Religious beliefs by policy includes two aspects, both to protect the freedom of religious belief, and protect th

49、e freedom of religious belief, it is a comprehensive and complete policy. Freedom of religious belief is a basic right of citizens constitutional, is the important of respect for and protection of human rights in our country. (2) the Chinese government management of religious affairs according to la

50、w, protect the legitimate rights and interests of religion and normal religious activities, prevent and crack down on use of religion to engage in illegal and criminal activities, the use of religion to engage in a defense against foreign penetration. (3) religious in China adhere to the principle o

51、f independence and self-governance, and the government support the religious circles friendly exchanges, against any organization or individual outside intervention in Chinas religious affairs. (4) actively guide religions to adapt themselves to the socialist society in China. 5, understanding the c

52、haracteristics of socialist democratic politics and advantage (P85) (1) all power belongs to the people of the country. The people is the national, social, and master of his fate. (2) the leadership of the party, the people are masters of the country, the unity of the rule of law. (3) the unity of c

53、ontent and form of democracy. The authenticity of the unity of the content and form of diversity, the unity of civil rights and obligations. The fourth unit The contemporary international community Lesson 8 walks into the international community 1, understand the rights and obligations of sovereign

54、state in the international community (P91-92) (1) the basic rights of sovereign state in the international community: independence, equality, self-defense and jurisdiction. (2) the sovereign state in the international community should be a basic duty: do not infringe upon other countries, non-interf

55、erence in others internal affairs, in order to solve the international dispute in a peaceful way. 2, understand the purposes and principles of the UN and role (P93) (1) purpose: maintaining international peace and security; International development on the basis of respect for peoples equal rights a

56、nd self-determination of friendly relations; Promote international cooperation, in order to solve the international belongs to international economic, social, cultural and human welfare quality problem; As the centre of the co-ordinating activities. Simply put, is to maintain international peace and

57、 security, promoting international cooperation and development. (2) principle: member states sovereign equality, fulfill the obligations as stipulated in the charter, peacefully solve international disputes, the threat or use of force will be made to other countries, the collective collaboration, no

58、t interfere in the internal affairs of any country, to ensure that member states to abide by the principles. (3) : the United Nations in maintaining world peace and security, and promote the development of economic, social, and implement humanitarian aid plays a positive role. But the United Nations

59、 also have limitations. 3, understand the position and role of the Chinese in the United Nations (P93) China as the founding of the United Nations member states and one of the permanent members of the security council, has consistently uphold the purposes and principles of the charter of the United

60、Nations, support by all work of the spirit of the UN charter, actively participate in the UN and its specialized agencies is conducive to world peace and development activities. Chinese military in the world, environmental protection, safeguard human rights and solve the problems such as regional co

61、nflicts play an important role, has made important contributions to world peace and development. 4, understanding the decisive factors in international relations (P96-97) Countries appear separation, aggregation and personal relationship between hot and cold is the complex relations between politics

62、, economy, culture, history, geography, etc. The result of comprehensive shaping of many factors. The rights and interests of national interests is the national survival and development, safeguard national interests is the starting point and the foothold of sovereign foreign activities. National int

63、erests in international relations is the decisive factor. 5, explain our country in international relations must maintain their own national interestsre - 98) In contemporary international society, China firmly safeguard its national interests. The main content of Chinas national interests include s

64、ecurity interests, political interests and economic interests. Our country is the peoples democratic dictatorship of socialist countries, consistent with the fundamental interests of the people of national interests. To maintain our countrys national interest was to maintain the fundamental interest

65、s of the broad masses of the people, is fully justified and justice. Our country in its own interests at the same time, the reasonable interests of the state, respect for other countries to maintain the common interests of the people all over the world. Lesson nine The maintenance of world peace Promote common development 1, understanding, peace and development are the themes of our era (100-101), (1) the peace issue Connotation: the problem is the maintenance of world peace, peace to prevent a new world war. Af