初中英语宾语从句

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1、1语序无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序，即“主句连词宾语从句（主语谓语）”句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分，可分为以下四种：1）连接词谓语。连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有： who，what，which等。如：Could you tell me who knows the answer，please？你能告诉我谁知道答案吗？The small children dont know what is in their stockings这些小孩子不知道袜子里有什么东西？2）连接词名词谓语。连接词在从句中作主语的定语。常见的连接词有：whose，what，whic

2、h，how many，how much等。如：He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class他问我们班上谁的书法最好。The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room老师问我们房间里有多少人。3）连接词主语谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的连接词有：who（m），what，which，how many，how much， when，why，how，where，if whether（在句中不充当任何成分）等。如：He hasnt decided if hel

3、l go on a trip to Wuxi他还没决定是否去无锡旅行。Could you tell me what I should do with the money ？你能告诉我我如何处理这笔钱吗？4）连接词名词主语谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词有：what，which，how many，how much，how等。如：Do you know which class he is in ？你知道他在哪个班吗？She asked me if I knew whose pen it was她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。2连接词1）当由陈述句充当宾语从句时，用that引导，th

4、at无词义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如：He said that he could finish his work before supper他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。2）当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用if或whether引导，意为“是否”。如：I dont know if whether he still lives here after so many years我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。但在下列情况下只能用whether：在具有选择意义，又有or或or not时，尤其是直接与or not连用时，往往用whether（ifor not也可以使用）。如：Let me know

5、 whether if he will come or not（Let me know whether or not he will come）让我知道他是否能来。I dont know whether if he does any washing or not（I dont know whether or not he does any washing）我不知道他洗不洗衣服。I wonder whether we stay or whether wego我不知道我们是去还是留。在介词之后用whether。如：Im interested in whether he likes English我

6、关心的是他是否喜欢英语。Were thinking about whether we can finish the work on time我们正在考虑是否能按时完成这项工作。I worry about whether I hurt her feelings我担心是否伤了她的感情。在不定式前用whether。如：He hasnt decided whether to visit the old man他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人。I dont know whether to go我不知去否。He hasnt decided whether to go by bus or by train他还未决

7、定是乘公共汽车去还是坐火车去。whether置于句首时，不能换用if。如：Whether this is true or not，I cant say这是否真的我说不上来。引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether。如：Whether she will come or not is still a question她是否能来还是个问题。The question is whether we can catch the bus问题是我们能否赶上公共汽车。若用if会引起歧义时，则用whether。如：Please let me know if you like the book可理解为：aPleas

8、e let me know whether you like the book请告诉我你是否喜欢这本书。bIf you like the book，please let me know你如果喜欢这本书，请告诉我。3）如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句，只需用原来的特殊疑问词引导。如：Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning？你能告诉我今天早上你为什么开会迟到吗？3时态含宾语从句的复合句，主、从句谓语动词的时态呼应应包括以下三点内容：1）如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词可根据需要，选用相应的任何时态。

9、如：I dont know when he will come back我不知道他将何时回来。He tells me that his sister came back yesterday他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。2）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要，选用过去时态即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。如：The children didnt know who he was孩子们不知道他是谁。He asked his father how it happened他问他父亲这件事是如何发生的。3）如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或

10、习惯性动作等，不管主句用什么时态，从句时态都用一般现在时。如：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun老师说地球绕着太阳转。4注意：if和when既可以引导宾语从句，也可以引导状语从句，应注意它们在两种从句中的意思和用法的不同。if和when引导宾语从句时，分别意为“是否”和“何时”，其时态应和主句时态相呼应；它们引导状语从句时，意思分别为“如果，假如”和“当时候”，当主句时态是一般将来时时，其时态用一般现在时。它们常常放在含有状语从句和宾语从句的题干中进行综合考查。如：Do you know when he will come ba

11、ck tomorrow ？你知道他明天什么时候回来吗？Sorry，I dont knowWhen he comes back，Ill tell you对不起，不知道。当他回来了，我将告诉你。I dont know if he will come我不知道他是否会来。He will come if it doesnt rain如果不下雨，他会来的。简化宾语从句常用六法同学们常会遇到把含有宾语从句的复合句转化为简单句，使其与原句意思相同（或相近）的试题。下面就介绍几种常用的简化宾语从句的方法：方法一：当主句谓语动词是hope， decide， wish， choose， agree， promise

12、等，且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。例如：Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon. Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.We decided that we would help him. We decided to help him.方法二：当主句谓语动词是know， learn， remember， forget， tell等动词，且主句主语与从句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：She has forgotten how she can open the win

13、dow. She has forgotten how to open the window.注：当主句谓语动词是tell， ask， show， teach等动词，且后带双宾语，从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：Could you tell me how I can get to the station？ Could you tell me how to get to the station？方法三：当主句的谓语动词是order（命令），require（需要）等时，如果主句和从句的主语不一致，宾语从句可简化为“名词（代词）+不定式”结构。例如：The he

14、admaster ordered that we should start at once. The headmaster ordered us to start at once.方法四：某些动词后的宾语从句，可以用介词加动名词（短语）等其他形式简化。例如：He insisted that he should go with us. He insisted on going with us.The poor boy doesnt know when and where he was born. The poor boy doesnt know the time and the place of

15、 his birth.方法五：某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式（作宾语补足语）”结构。例如：Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground. Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.方法六：动词seem后的宾语从句，也可以用不定式（短语）来简化，但句型需要进行适当的变化。例如：It seemed that the boys were going to win. The boys seemed to win.除上述方法外，还有一些特殊句式的转化。例如：I fo

16、und that it was difficult to learn English well. I found it difficult to learn English well.Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow. Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.They found that the box was very heavy. They found the box very heavy初中英语宾语从句语法专项精选试题习题(一)1 The girl

17、s asked if they _ some food and drink with them.A. took B. take C. takes D. will take2 Catherine said that she _ to Guangzhou.A. has never gone B. had never gone C. has never been D. had never been3 The students want to know whether they_ dictation today.A. had B. has . C. will have D. are4 She aske

18、d Linda if_ go and get some.A. could she B. she could C. she can D. she may5 Linda said the moon_ round the earth.A. travelled B. has travelled C. travells D. had travelled答案:1-5 A D C B C习题(二)1 Can you tell me_ you were born, BettyA. who B. what C. when D. that2 I dont know _ they have passed the e

19、xam.A. what B. if C. when D. where3 I hardly understand. _ he has told me.A. that B. what C. which D. who4 She didnt know_ back soon.A. whether he would be B. if would he be C. he will be5. I dont know _ he still lives here after so many years.A. whether B where C. what D. when6. Do you know _ they

20、listened to yesterday eveningA. what B when C why D how7. He asked me _told me the accident.A whom B which C who D whose答案:1-7 C B B A A A C习题(三)1. They dont know their parents are.A that B what C why D which2. Please tell me _what last year.A. where does your sister work B where did your sister wor

21、k C where your sister works D where your sister worked3. She asked me if I knew _.A. whose pen is it B. whose pen it was C. whose pen it is D. whose pen was it4. You must remember _.A. what your mother said B. what did your mother sayC. your mother said what D. what has your mother said5 Did you kno

22、w _A. who he was looking after B. who was he looking forC. who he is looking for D. who he is looking after6 Could you tell me _A. when will they leave Beijing B. when would they leave BeijingC. when they will leave Beijing D. when did they leave Beijing答案:1-6 B D B A A C习题(四)1. In the bookshop, a r

23、eader asked the shop keeper _ Who Moved My Cheese was an interesting book. (北京市东城区)A. that B. how C. whatD. if2. I dont know _ Mr. Green will come to see us.He will help us with our English. (杭州市)A. why B. when C. how D. where3. We never know _ the old m an is.They say he is a teacher. (鄂州市)A. what

24、B. who C. which D. where4. I was told _ Bill Gates was thirteen he began to play with computers. (重庆市)A. that how B. how that C. when that D. that when5. Do you know _ Im going to see him.Sorry, I dont know. (北京市海淀区)A. where does Mr. Li live B. where did Mr. Li liveC. where Mr. Li lives D. where Mr.

25、 Li lived6. W here do you think _ he _ the computerSorry, I have no idea. (南京市)A. /; bought B. has; bought C. did; buy D. does; buy7. I dont feel very well. Mum asked me _ this morning. (重庆市)A. what the matter is B. what is wrongC. what the matter was D. what wrong was8. Where is JackHe is away to s

26、pend his holiday. Hes gone either to Hangzhou or to Wuhan, but Im not sure _ . (南昌市)A. that B. which C. where D. there答案:14 D A A D 58 C A C C名词从句、定语从句名词从句名词从句有四类：宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。例如：宾语从句：I dont know where he will go.主语从句：Where he will go is unknown.表语从句：The problem is how we can get so much mon

27、ey.同位语从句：We all feel sorry about the news that he failed in the game.下面几点是学习名词从句要加以注意的：1 whether和if都可以引导宾语从句表达“是否”意，（即引导宾语从句时if和whether可以互换）但以下几种名词从句要用whether（不用if）引导：（1） 引导主语从句，且在句首时。例：Whether he has won the tennis is not known.(但It is not known whether/if he has won the tennis).（2） 引导表语从句时。例The pr

28、oblem is whether he can get a job.（3） 引导同位语从句时。例：I have no idea whether he will come.（4） 介词后的whether从句。例：I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.2 位于句首引导主语从句的that不可忘。例如：That he got the first place in the competition surprised all of us.3 在“It is suggested/proposed/ordered/a pity/no wonder/necessar

29、y/strange/that从句”结构中，that从句谓语有时用（should）do这样的虚拟语气形式。例如：It is suggested that we(should) improve the relations between us.It is a pity that one(should) stay in one place all ones life.It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings（缺点）.4 在“The reason whyis that”句式中that不要误为because

30、.例如：The reason why he didnt go to school yesterday is that he was ill.5 名词从句中that,what用法比较：引导名词从句的that是连词，在句中无成份，无意义，而what是连接代词，whatthething(s) that.例如：It was told in yesterdays newspaper that what the students had done was praisedby the factory.I know that he will study.I know what he will study.Th

31、at he works hard at his lessons is known to us all.What he works hard at is known to us all.All I ask is that you should tell the truth./He is not what(the person that)heused to be.他和以前大不相同了。6 where在名词从句中的使用特点：where在名词从句中有时可以变为“the place where”,有时可以变为“介词the place where” 形式。例如：主从：Where(The place wher

32、e)she has gone is still unknown.宾从：Would you please tell me where(the place where) Mr Smith lives?表从：Your dictionary remains where(in/at the place where)you put.同位从：Have you any idea where(of the place where) she is spending her holidays?7 无论是哪种名词从句都是陈述语序。例如：I know where he lives./Please tell me wha

33、t her name is.当一个特殊疑问句本身就是陈述语序（即“主谓（宾）”或“主系表”结构），将其变为间接引语（即宾语从句）时，无需改变语序。例如：Whats the matter with him? She asked me what was the matter with him.Who looks after your grandfather? He asked me who looked after my grandfather.名词从句考点分析1They want to know _ do to help us. (NMET)A. what they can B. how the

34、y can C. how can they D. what can they析：此题要选陈述语序项，故应排除C、D。又因how they can do不完整，do后无宾语，故也应排除，只有A项既是陈述语序，且what they can do完整正确地表达出“他们能做些什么”这一意思，故答案为A。2His teacher _ he _ bright and _ he was worth teaching.A.didnt think;was;that B.thought;was;whetherC.didnt think;was; D.thought;wasnt;析：观察题目，可知think后跟有a

35、nd连接的两个并列宾语从句，这时前一个宾语从句的引导语that可以省略，但引导后一宾语从句的that不可省略，据此，可排除C、D两个选项。若选B项，全句意思不通，而选择A项可表达“他的老师认为他不聪明，不值得教”这一意思，且语法结构无误，故可定A是正确答案。3_ is done cannot be undone.A.How B.That C.What D.Where析：do一般作及物动词使用，从题干看，需选一词作主语（逻辑上是done的宾语）。而A.How,D.Where均是副词，不能作主语，故应排除。B项that一词只能在定语从句中作主语，不能在主语从句中作主语，也应排除。只有选what(t

36、he thing that),才能正确表述“凡是做的不可不做”这一意思。4Take care _ you dont make mistakes in the coming exam.A.of that B.about that C.for what D.that析：take care是“注意”、“当心”意，后面可跟that引导的宾语从句来表达“当心不要”意思，据此，该题应选D。5To his surprise,the umbrella was not _ he had put.A.which B.where C.the place D.that析：观察题干，was not后是表语，根据wher

37、e在表语从句中相当于in/at the place where,将其置于空白处则可表达“伞不在他当初放的地方”这一意思，而C选项缺少词，不可选。A、D项皆不合用。6_ we cant get seems better than _ we have.A.what;what B.what;that C.that;that D.that;what析：此题显然是要表达“我们得不到的东西似乎比我们得到的东西好。”这一意思，即“A seems better that B”结构，根据whatthe thing(s) that这一特点，将其置于两空白处正好可以表达出前者比后者好这一意思，故答案为A。7_ we

38、ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A.If B.Whether C.That D.Where析：此题depends前的主语从句是一个不肯定的内容，在句首表“是否”意时，只能用Whether,不可用If。故答案为B。8_ they are most interested in is _ they can produce more and bettercars.A.That;how B.What;how C.What;what D.That;that析：is前面是一个主语从句，要表达“他们最感兴趣的（东西）”这一意思，只能选what填入空白

39、;is是表语从句，显然只有选how才能表达“如何生产更多更好的汽车”，故答案为B。9He made a suggestion that the English test _ until next Wednesday.A.will be put off B.be put off C.will put off D.put off析：suggestion,order,adivce等词后的同位语从句谓语要用（should）do的形式，且该句中test与put off为被动关系，故选B。10I dont think _ he said something like that is right.A.tha

40、t B.what C.whether D.when析：此句think后是一宾语从句，这个宾语从句的主语在is之前，它是一个被动句。因为he said something like that已经含有主、谓、宾、状等成分，只有选不表意义，不做成分的that才合适，故选A。定语从句一、 定语从句与引导词定语从句是在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫做选行词，而引导定语从句的词叫引导词，有关系代词和关系副词两类。懂得什么样的先行词后用什么样的引导词是学好定语从句的关键。1 关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose,在定语从句中作主语、宾语中表语，whose作定

41、语。代人的有：who,whom,whose,that；代物的有：that,which,whose.例如：The man who helped you is Mr White.(who代人，在定语从句中作主语)That is the person(whom/who/that) you want to see.(whom,who,that代人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略)Im not the fool(that) you thought me to be.(that代人，在定从中作表语)A dictionary is a useful book which(that) tells us the m

42、eaning of words(which或that代物，在定从中作主语)2 关系副词有：when(指时间)，where(指地点),why(指原因)，在定语从句中作状语。例如：Would you suggest a time(when) we can have a talk?(when可省略)The house where they live is not very large./This is the reason why he did not came to the meeting.注意：不是表时间的先行词都用when引导定从，不是表地点的先行词都用where引导定从。例如：Well vi

43、sit the factory which(that) makes radios.(which或that在定从中作主语，where不可用主语，故不可用)They still remember the happy days(which/that) they spent in Beidaihe.(which或that在定从中作spent的宾语，when不可作宾语，故不可用)二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句和主句之间不用逗号分开，修饰主句中的某一个名词或名词词组或代词；非限制性定语从句常用逗号和主句隔开，可以修饰主句中的某一个词，也可修饰整个句子。非限制性定语从句不能用that引导

44、，引导非限制性定语从句的关系词不能省略。非限制性定语从句例：Li Pings father, who works in a factory, is an engineer./He tore up my photo, which made me very angry.(which指代主句内容，因前后两句是因果关系，此时which不可换为as。)He is good at physics, as is known to us all.As is known to us all, he is good at physics.(as指代主句内容，在as is known/believed, as we

45、 all know/believe这类结构中as不可换为which)三、 只用that引导和不用that引导的场合1 只用that引导和不用that引导的场合1） 当先行词既包括人又包括物时：He talked about the men and the books that attractedhim.2） 指物的先行词被any, every, only, very, all, no等修饰时：These are the very points that interest me./Thats the only watch that I like most.3） 指物的先行词被序数词或形容词最高级

46、修饰时：The first step that we are to take is very difficult./This is the second card that he gave me.4） 先行词是指物的不定代词all,little,few,much,及everything,anything,nothing等时：There is still much that can be done about it./Have you got everything that you need?5） 先行词是who时：Who that have seen him does not like him

47、?2 不用that的场合如下：1）非限制性定语从句中 Last night ,I saw a very good film,which was about the LongMarch .2）介词放在关系代词之前时 This is the man from whom I learnt the news3）句中出现了that，或先行词是that时 I have found that which I was looking for.四、“介词关系代词”用法1 介词的确定应依据定语从句中短语的习惯性搭配，例如：Who is the girl with whom you just shook hands

48、?(shake hands with是习惯性搭配)2 介词常受先行词的制约（即介词和先行词的搭配），例如：He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.(through which 即through the telescope)3 当关系代词作“动词介词”固定短语的宾语时，此时因定短语中的介词不能拆开移到关系代词前。例如：This is the watch which youre looking for./He is a kind of man whom you can safely depend on.五、几个名词后的

49、引导词1. situation后常用where,in which引导定语从句：Can you imagine a situation where/inwhich you can use the word?2. way(方式，方法)后常用in which或that或how引导定语从句，也可省略：Do you know the way(in which/that/how) he worked out the problem?3. “the same名词”，“such名词”，“as名词”后通常用as引导定语从句。例如：I have the same dictionary as you(have)./

50、Such a book as you bought is not worth buying.定语从句考点分析1 The best work _ Luxun wrote and _ I have read has been made into a film.A.which;that B.that; C.;that D.;析：如果两个定语从句并列，关系代词作宾语时前一句的可以省略，但后一句的不可省略，故应选C。2 It was in 1969 _ two Americans got to the moon by space ship.It was 1969 _ two Amerians got t

51、o the moon by space ship.A.when B.which C.that D.析：第一句是强调时间in 1969,强调结构是“It was强调部分that句”，故应选C。第二句It是表时间的，先行词1969在从句中作状语，故选A。3 Is this the house _ Shakespeare was born?A.at which B.which C.in which D.at where析：观察题目，空白处只有填in which或where才能表达“这是莎士比亚出生的房子吗？”这一意思，故答案为C。4 Is this house _ Shakespeare was b

52、orn?A.where B.which C.in which D.at which析：将此句变为陈述句；This house is _ Shakespeare was born.显然is后是一表语从句，只有选where(the place where)才能表达“这是莎士比亚的出生地”这一意思，故答案为A。5 In the dark street,there wasnt a single person _ she could turn forhelp.A.to whom B.of whom C.from whom D.that析：“介词关系代词”要考虑短语搭配或与先行搭配，这道题短语turn t

53、o有关，故应选A。6 The two things _ they felt very proud were Jims gold watch and Dellashair.Aabout which B.of which C.in which D.for which析：涉及be/feel proud of短语，故答案为B。7 Have you ever asked him the reason _ may explain his being late.A.why B.that C.for which D.what析：此题易误选A、C，因为先行词是the reason,但细观察分析，定语从句缺少主语

54、，所以答案是B。注意what不能引导定语从句。8 Farming is difficult _ there is no rain.A.where B.in place C.that D.the place where析：因为difficult是形容词，故其后不是定语从句。这儿的空白处应填引导状语从句where(in the place where),全句表达“在没有雨水的地方耕种困难”。这一意思，可见答案为A。9 We need the same machine _ in your factory.A.which is being used B.as is being usedC.that i

55、s being used D.as it is being used析：根据“the same先行词”后跟as引导定语从句的原则，可知答案为B。10_ the people,not things _ are most important.A.There are;who B.Those are;that C.It is;that D.It was;who析：仔细观察分析题目，可知只有C构成强调句才有成立。当我们要检验视其为强调句的判断是否正确时，只要将“It is (或was)that”这三个词去掉，剩下部分读起来正确无误，则证明判断是正确的，反之是错误的。此题如不填“It isthat”三词，句子是The people,not things are most important.语义完整正确，说明选C是对的。