工程测量毕业论文设计浅析RTK技术在地形图测绘中的应用

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1、武汉大学毕业论文（设计）题 目浅析RTK技术在地形图测绘中的应用专 业 工程测量院 部测绘学院学 号姓 名指导教师答辩时间二一二年三月 论文工作时间：2012年1月至2012年3月浅析RTK技术在地形图测绘中的应用学生姓名: 指导老师: 摘 要: GPS 新技术的出现，特别是利用RTK快速定位和实时得到坐标结果的特点，可以用来进行地物的碎部测量来代替常规的数字化测图，能很好地弥补测站点控制范围的局限性，减少工作量，提高作业效率。本论文研究目的是在理论上预期可以对RTK测量成果进行精度估计和质量控制，同时结合一些实践，介绍了RTK技术的工作原理以及优缺点，且根据平常在操作中所遇问题提出一些解决方

2、法和参考。关键词：RTK；实践应用；问题解决内容1. 引言.12. RTK系统的概述22.1 RTK系统组成部分22.1.1 基准站.22.1.2 流动站.22.1.3 软件系统.22.2 RTK定位技术22.2.1 修正法22.2.2 差分法32.3 RTK实时相对定位原理43. RTK在实践作业中的优点与缺点43.1 RTK的优点43.2 RTK的缺点54. RTK在地形图测绘中的应用54.1 RTK的作业流程64.1.1 准备工作64.1.2 架设基准站64.1.3 启动移动站64.1.4 RTK作业前的检查74.2 利用RTK技术测图的方法74.3 在实践作业中RTK的应用以及所遇问题

3、74.3.1 在实践作业中所遇问题84.3.2 如何解决这些问题95. 总结13参考文献14致谢151. 引言随着测绘技术的发展，计算机的普及，高精度测绘仪器的出现，地形图的测绘方法发生了质的改变。数字化测图技术的应用发展，极大的促进了测绘行业的自动化和现代化进程，使测量的成果不仅有绘在纸上的地图，还有精度高、美观实用，易于二存储和查询的数字地图。GPS新技术的出现，特别是利用RTK快速定位和实时得到坐标结果的特点，可以用来进行地形、地物的碎部测量来代替常规的数字化测图，可以很好地弥补测站点控制范围的局限性，大幅度地提高测量速度，减少工作量，提高作业效率。本文将就RTK技术在地形图测绘中的应用

4、，结合测区情况做一介绍。2. The Sino-Africa cultural differences in business negoti- ationRTK技术原理。RTK(Real time kinematic)实时动态定位技术是一项以载波相位观测为基础的实时差分GPS测量技术，是利用两台或两台以上GPS接收机同时接收卫星信号，其中一台安置在已知坐标点上作为基准站，其它作为移动站。在 RTK作业模式下基准站移动站保持同时跟踪至少一颗以上卫星，基准站不断地对可见卫星进行观测，并把带有已知点位置的数据，借助电台将其观测值坐标信息，发送给移动站接收机，移动站接收机将自己采集的GPS观测值数据和

5、接收来自基准站的数据，组成差分观测值进行实时处理，求得三维坐标。RTK技术受外界条件限制小，只要满足工作条件，就能快速、高精度地定位作业。As the thesis illustrates the Sino-Africa cultural differences and doing business with African, firstly its necessary to know what cultural differences are and what business negotiation is. Knowing the definitions of them can make

6、us better understand the influence of cultural differences on Sino-Africa business negotiation. In the following parts, the thesis will be written from two parts. They are the definitions of culture and business negotiation. And the more important one: what are the cultural differences between China

7、 and Africa? The thesis is believed that it is very helpful for the businessmen to do business with African.2.1 The definition of culture and business negotiationCulture is a complicated matter which include beliefs, knowledge, custom, moral consciousness, art and so on. Thats almost including every

8、 aspect in the social life. People learn culture by communicating with other people who surrounding them. Every person learns culture when they are born. Whats more, the culture will exist along their lifetime. Culture is the unique character of a social group. It encompasses the values and norms sh

9、ared by members of that group. Its the economic, social, political, and religious institutions that direct and control current group members and socialize new members. Hofstede defines culture as “a value system shared by a group of people” (Hofstede, 1991:16).When it comes to business negotiation,

10、it seems that it takes place only between people who have the same interest and only when negotiating parties trust each other to some extent. Besides, it takes place only between when negotiators are interested not only in taking but also in giving. Business negotiation is a form of social interact

11、ion. It is the process by which two or more parties try to resolve perceived incompatible goals. 2.2 The cultural differences in the Sino-Africa business negotiationIt is known that China is one of the cradles of human civilization. When it comes to African culture, its famous with its distinct pers

12、onality in the world. There is no doubt that Africa and Africans make a big contribution to the human history and civilization. As one of the cradles of human civilization, the “mother” conceived and created the brilliant early civilizationthe civilization of ancient Egypt. African civilization is t

13、he important source in the formation of Greek civilization which is the source of Western civilization. Because of suppression by colonial and post-colonial regimes, in recent years, traditional African culture has become synonymous with rural poverty and subsistence farming. In this thesis, it will

14、 analyze five parts of culture which is associated with the business, including concept of time, social etiquette, habits of purchase, consumption habits and religion. Having known the definition of culture, next, the cultural differences in the Sino-Africa business negotiation will be shown. 2.2.1

15、The differences in the concept of timeIn Africa, the view of time is very indifferent. Regardless of peoples position and education level, the concept of punctuality is generally weak. It is mainly because the African countries, in general, are still at an early stage of the agricultural society; th

16、e pace of life is slow; the transportation is inconvenient, and the people are full of inert. The modern concept of “Time is money, efficiency is life” almost does not exist in Africa. Full mental preparations should be made if the negotiators appoint with African clients to meet or discuss at 9:00,

17、 because they usually come at 9:30 or much latter. If they are agreed to attend the reception or dinner, the delay maybe surpass your expectations. When the African is told that time is limited or it will cause losses if they dont deal with it as soon as possible, they often tell you: “Be patient, e

18、verything will be OK.” It is common that the African are late for work. Likewise, its important and necessary for the negotiators to have enough patience to negotiation with African businessmen. If it is not very formal negotiations on a large scale, negotiators had better not seriously believe they

19、 will come tomorrow when they are saying “see you tomorrow”. When they say “see you latter”, the “latter” means maybe a few days, maybe one month, maybe one year. All in all, if not written language conventions, its credibility is very low. As what has said above, time has different meaning and impo

20、rtance in different cultures. In China “Time is money, efficiency is life”, while it is not true in Africa. Time influences the pace of negotiations and punctually in meetings. For negotiators, its important to have advance information on the opposite partys behavior regarding time. This will help t

21、hem to plan their time as well as to have practice and not to get irrigated during the process.2.2.2 The differences in social etiquetteMost of the African are honest, frank, tolerant and friendly. When they meet for the first time, handshake is a sign of friendly. Although the etiquette is the same

22、 with China, it is frequently used exceeding China. Because the African countries are in long-term economic backwardness and political independence, people in African have strong self-esteem and sensitivity. If the negotiators are showing disdain or boredom to their frequent handshake and embrace, t

23、heir self-esteem will be harmed, consequently the atmosphere of the negotiation may be undermined because of this small mistake. In Africa, if the strength of the handshake is not enough, they will think you are not polite and sincere. They will feel angry. In many African countries, people attach g

24、reat importance to the standard form. For example, they will send letter of thanks or congratulations to thank or congratulate someone; they even will write a farewell letter to farewell. These letters request decent appellation and formal specifications and so on. No matter whether the company is b

25、ig or small, there is a secretary or receptionist basically. When doing business with the company in Africa, the negotiators had better arrange a good translator to deal with their wide range of letter writings. Sometimes in order to improve the efficiency, the negotiators need prepare a small gift

26、for the secretary to win her favor, which will help the negotiators. In their subconscious, as long as they are not to steal or rob, to ask people for gifts is not shameful. They often call a spade a spade. If the negotiators refuse their demands, they dont feel shameful either. This is also differe

27、nt with Chinese. The Chinese wouldnt ask for gifts, unless they are good friends and having known each other for a long time. The Chinese are shy to express the internal wants.2.2.3 The differences in the habit of purchaseBusiness in Africa can be characterized by: small orders, diverse styles. Howe

28、ver, the Chinese do business based on their condition, size of their companies. In addition, the African always confirm an order upon actual samples checking. African businessmen generally have poor credit. For example, negotiators have agreement with the conditions: 30% deposit, the balance 70% of

29、cash on delivery. However, when the goods are reached, the African businessmen maybe have no money to pay. Once this happens, it would cause destruction to both sides. Hence, in the initial negotiation, negotiators must have the customers credit fully investigated; do not trust their verbal elaborat

30、ion. In general, when people do business with Africans, theyd better neither stay in their country nor through the network by e-mail on the final deal. The best way to do business with Africans is to set up a company in Africa and send the goods to African countries directly, then do business in who

31、lesale or retail. As to investment, the Africans do things with low efficiency, together with a huge difference in the ways of thinking, values, business idea. Our companies take the form of wholly-owned is much better than the form of joint co-operation. 2.2.4 The differences in consumption habitsM

32、ost of the Africans have not the habit of savings. As the saying goes “We should enjoy the time at this moment in spite of tomorrow”, they dont seem to have many worries and fears about the future. This is quite different with Chinese. Almost every Chinese have the habit of savings. They deposit the

33、ir money for future consideration, such as buying a house, a car, for healthy care and so on. Nowadays, the advanced information and the quickening pace of life have made many people feel great pressure. Nevertheless, the performance of Africans is optimistic and cheerful. Every night singing and da

34、nce can be heard. Because of their personality, the people who have purchasing power will not haggle over every ounce and repeat bargaining in the sales process. In their mind, the loss will be gotten one day.2.2.5 The differences in religionAfricans profess a wide variety of religious beliefs. The

35、statistics on religious affiliation is difficult to come by since they are too sensitive a topic for governments with mixed populations. According to the World Book Encyclopedia, Islam is the largest religion in Africa, followed by Christianity. However, according to Encyclopedia Britannica, 45% of

36、the populations are Christians, 40% are Muslims and less than 15% continue to follow traditional African religions. A small number of Africans are Hindu, Bahai, or have beliefs from the Judaic tradition. There is just a small minority of Africans who are non-religious.For China, there are 56 ethnic

37、minorities. They have different life styles and manners. There are two opinions about how many Chinese are religious. According to the statistics which disclosed by the official, there are over 100 million believers in China. However, some learners dont agree with it. After doing researches, they ho

38、ld that there are surpass 300 million believers. No matter whose research is right, the point we can see is that there are few Chinese are religious, compared with 1.3 billion Chinese. The topic of religion should be avoided in a conversation with the African. Most of the African dont like talking a

39、bout the region and politics, especially on Africas political problems. If the negotiators do so, they would feel you blaspheme their god and not respect them.3. The impact of the cultural differences on the business negotiationThe behavior of negotiators is linked to their respective cultural backg

40、rounds. Culture, in general, plays the role of restricting the negotiators behavior. Therefore, cultural differences or different cultural backgrounds have become the basis to explain the different behavior of negotiators. It can be said that when negotiators are in a particular cultural context, we

41、 can have certain predictability to their behaviors. Behaviors of the negotiators under their cultural backgrounds, such as the strategy of negotiation, the communication process, the interpersonal relationship and the way of making decision, will be presented for the relevance of culture.3.1 The im

42、pact on the strategies of negotiationBecause of the influence of different culture, the negotiation style in every country is various. The strategy of negotiation is along with the whole negotiation. When two parties negotiate，both bring culture to the table with their interests and priorities and t

43、heir negotiation strategiesCultures may affect why the negotiators have taken the position they have or why one issue is of high or priority than anotherA negotiation strategy is an integrated set of behaviors chosen because they are thought to be the means of accomplishing the goal of negotiationNe

44、gotiators interests, priorities and use of strategies are affected by culture. The followings are the three fundamental business negotiation strategies, which are related with cultural differences. In the process of the negotiation, its better for the negotiators to understand their counterparts str

45、ategies related to cultures according to different cultural background. For example, the implicit nature of Chinese culture decides the Chinese negotiators use the implicit strategy to express their needs. Its much different from Africans, they always express themselves directly. When they cant acce

46、pt the negotiators requirements, they would call a spade a spade.3.1.1 Face-to-face strategiesFace-to-face strategies are concerned with negotiating with person in the way of face to face rather than by the mail, fax, telegraph, or through lawyers or other intermediaries. In this way, people negotia

47、te with each other face to face. Many European countries tend to apply strategies of face-to-face. Most of the Africans have low credit and their concept of time is quite different from our Chinese, so negotiators had better do business with African face to face and sign the contract. Because the Af

48、rica has been controlled by the Europeans for a long time, it has some characteristics of this kind of strategies.3.1.2 Group oriented strategiesGroup orientation ends with a solution that is good for each group, since all points of view are supposedly taken into accounts. People are regarded as a p

49、art of the group. The group would have to reach an agreement on any decision, and this probably would not be done during the negotiation sessions. The members in the group would avoid making an individual decision. Besides, group oriented cultures tend to view contracts as flexible, such as the Chin

50、ese, who are an oriented cultural group. The Chinese negotiation group is a symbolic group oriented, which prefers to take group-decision instead of individual-decision. 3.1.3 Individual oriented strategiesIn the way of individual-oriented cultures, people will be concerned with the best contract fo

51、r their company and may not be concerned about whether the agreement is good for the company they negotiate with. If there is more than one member in the team, only one person will probably control the negotiations and make the final decision. Before the negotiation meeting, the composition of the t

52、eam is stable. The persons with individually oriented culture tend to interpret the contract very severely. For example, the America is a typical individual-oriented nation.3.2 The impact on the communication processThe means of communication is including verbal communication and non-verbal communic

53、ation which directly effect the business negotiation. Language is a major source of negotiation. No matter in what kind of negotiation, language is the determining factor to achieve the success of negotiation. People on earth use more than 3000 languages. Because few people can be good command of mo

54、re than one language, problems of communication are bound to occur in international business communication. One reason for such differences is that languages are based on the concepts, experiences, and views and so on. Proper use of the language is a sensitive cultural issue. Human communication is

55、an involvement of vocalizations and movement. Speech acts and nonverbal acts, as two modes of communication, are inextricably related. These behaviors are seen as organizers of social systems. Next, the two factors will be presented and discussed in the following paragraphs.3.2.1 Verbal communicatio

56、nPeople from diverse cultures vary in expressing their thoughts and opinions. Under the same cultural backgrounds, there are some errors in the talking of speech. Its conceivable that when a person speaks a second language, certainly, the error will be much more. Different languages have their uniqu

57、e mode of construction of information. In international business negotiation, it usually requires a good translator who is not only proficient in both languages, but also has the corresponding technical expertise. In the exchange of language process, they have to adjust their logic and thought to ad

58、apt to the language used.3.2.2 Non-verbal communicationNonverbal communication，like verbal language, is also a part of culture. But not all body language means the same thing in different cultures. Different people have different ways of making nonverbal communication. Burgoon and Saine define nonve

59、rbal language as follows: Nonverbal communication is all the communication movements except the language behavior. Nonverbal communication refers to the actions which are sent out purposely, received with consciousness and may have a response. Since nonverbal communication contains too many things a

60、nd can be divided into many different systems. The thesis will introduce 3 major parts of nonverbal communication which are divided by Bi Jiwan. Those are body language, paralanguage and environment language. 3.2.2.1 Body languageThe body language can be divided into five categories. That is emblems

61、, illustrators, affect display, regulators and adaptors. The classification is based on the causes of the behavior, the usage and the code (Bi Jiwan, 1998: 61). Emblems are the type of action which has a clear meaning, often used to replace the language acts; Illustrators can be used for stress, des

62、cription, characterization and so on; Affect display is a type of action mainly displayed through some facial expressions or other body parts movement; Regulators is a kind of movement which can be used to maintain or adjust the conversation atmosphere; Adaptors is made up with self-adaptors, alter-

63、directed and object-adaptors.As the thesis has said above, the Africans handshake is more frequently than Chinese. In addition, some countries in Africa dont like people dare at their eyes and use the left hand. In the negotiation, such body languages should be pay attention to.3.2.2.2 ParalanguageP

64、aralanguage is a kind of sound behavior which can accompany, interrupt or temporarily replace the language (Bi Jiwan, 1998:153). It can accompany the language through the tone, volume, speed, clarity and parlance. It can interrupt the conversation with the voice such as “uh, umm”. It can replace the

65、 language; for instance, use the voice “birr” instead of “I am cold”. In a word, its necessary to pay attention to different attitude of silence during the process of business communication. The negotiators should response others in conversation while listening.3.2.2.3 Environment languageEnvironment languag