《英语语言学笔记》PPT课件.ppt

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1、Chapter 2 The Sounds of Language,Melody 2012 Guangzhou Universtiy,Overview of Chapter 2,Phonetics 1. Scopes of phonetics 2. Important articulators 3. Phonetic transcription 4. Classification of English speech sounds 5. Variations of sounds Phonology 1. Phonology vs. phonetics 2. Phone, phoneme and a

2、llophone 3. Minimal pairs and sets 4. Free variation 5. Distinctive features 6. syllables and consonant clusters 7. Suprasegmental features,1. Scope of phonetics,1.1 Defining phonetics Phonetics is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for

3、their description, classification and transcription.,What is phonetics?,Phoneticsthe study of speech sounds that occur in all human languages. It is a branch of linguistics which studies human speech sounds and provides methods for the description, classification and transcription of these sounds.,1

4、.2 Scope of phonetics,The three branches of phonetics (p.26) Articulatory phonetics（发音语音学）studies the human speech organs, and the way in which the speech sounds are produced. Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学) -transmission Auditory phonetics（听觉语音学）-perception. Among the three branches, only articulatory p

5、honetics is dealt with in our course.,2. Important articulators,Articulators/ speech organs The lungs and the trachea (treiki windpipe) pulmonic sounds (肺闭塞音) The resonating cavities (共鸣腔) The resonating cavities is where the airstream coming from the lungs is modified in various ways, resulting in

6、the production of various sounds. Oral cavity 口腔 Nasal cavity 鼻腔 pharyngeal cavity/pharynx 咽腔,The pharyngeal cavity/pharynx (咽腔): between the top of the larynx (喉) and the soft palate) The throat contains vocal cords/folds, ventricular folds （膨胀带）and glottis声门 (the opening between the vocal cords),

7、the movement of which determines the quality of voicing (voiced semi-open vowelssemi-closed vowels d. What is the length of the vowels? long vowelsshort vowels e.g. the vowel i: can be described as front, unrounded, closed and long.,4. Classification of English speech sounds,2) Vowels The criteria o

8、f vowel description Classification of English vowels according to their componential elements: single vowels, diphthongs, and triphthongs.,Jones: An Outline of English Phonetics (1918),Black: IPA Red: English,Index,5 Variation of sounds,Liasion Elision Assimilation,3 Variations of sounds 1) liaison

9、(linking)the linking of words in speech, in particular when the second word begin with a vowel. And these words belong to the same sense-group. e.g. stand up, above all, look at it, first of all, a number of, here is it, Where is it?,2) elisionthe leaving out of a sound or sounds in speech. e.g. kin

10、dness kaindniskainnis, sit down, most probably, dont know, with that, some more tea, 我们uomenuomn/uom, 豆腐 toufutouf,3) assimilationthe process of substituting one phoneme by another, or turning two neighbouring phonemes into a new one, under the influence of the surrounding sounds. e.g. news /nju:z/,

11、 newspaper /nju:speip/, five /faiv/, fivepence /faifpans/, used /juzd/, used to /ju:st tu/, in bed inbedimbed,Liasion :相邻的词中，前一个词的末尾是辅音，后一个词的开头是元音,Take a look at it. Ill be back in half an hour. Will it take a lot of time to go to town on foot?,为使说话流畅，词末元音可以和词首元音连读，而不停顿。,Dont worry about it. Im sorr

12、y about the accident. I have waited for you for three hours. We all agree with the plan.,连读加音： （1）外加音/j/。两词相连，前一个词以/i/ 或/i:/结尾，后一个词以/i/ 或/i:/起首，前一个词后加一个轻微的/j/音，并和后一个词连读。,You can see it. Please copy it. Say it again.,连读加音： （2）外加音/r/。两词相连，前一个词以/ 结尾，后一个词以/ / 起首，前一个音后加一个/r/音，并和后一个/ /连读。,idea of it T he

13、vase is made of china and glass. The room has an area of 12 square meters.,连读加音： （3）外加音/w/。两个元音连读，前一个元音是/u/或/u:/ 时，产生一个轻微的加音/w/，和后一个词的元音词首连读。,Dont do it. Go easy. Its too easy. The bird flew in the sky.,当两个词首尾有两个或两个以上的辅音时，为了使发音流畅，可以将这些辅音连在一起读，而不停顿。,I hope to find a good job. Hearing the bad news I c

14、ouldnt help crying. I live in a two-bedroom flat with my parents.,She has been away from her own country for a long time. Shall we meet at eight tonight / or ten oclock tomorrow?,连接音/r/：单词以r或re结尾，后接元音开头的词。,意群之间有停顿时不连读,Elision 元音的省略,factory history literature,university extraordinary laboratory centu

15、ry interesting,British English,Phonetics: Assimilation,1.,2.,3.,Phonetics: Assimilation,4.,5.,6.,Phonetics: Assimilation,7.,8.,Assimilation in Mandarin,好啊 hao wa 海啊 hai ya 看啊 kan na 唱啊 chang 跳啊 tiao wa ,Assimilation,Regressive assimilation 逆同化 -a following sound influences a preceding sound. Progres

16、sive assimilation-a preceding sound influences a following sound.,Phonology,Warming-up activity: Pronounce “spring”, first with the aspirated /p/, then with the non-aspirated /p/ pride vs. bride What is Phonology? Phonologythe study or description of the distinctive sound units of a language and the

17、ir relationship,Phonology,1. Phonology vs. phonetics 2. Phone, phoneme and allophone 3. Minimal pairs and sets 4. Free variation 5. Distinctive features 6. syllables and consonant clusters 7. Suprasegmental features,1. Phonology vs. phonetics,The differences: 1) phoneticsgeneral, descriptive and cla

18、ssificatory; phonologyparticular and functional 2) phoneticsactual physical articulations of speech sounds; phonologythe abstract aspect of the sounds in a language 3) phoneticsthe means for describing speech sounds; phonologythe way in which speech sounds are combined, organized, and convey meaning

19、 in particular languages,2. Phone, phoneme and allophone,1) phonea phonetic unit, which does not necessarily distinguish meaning. e.g. pit spit 2) phonemea phonological unit, it is the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish two words/meaning. e.g. pan ban /p/ /b/ bet bit /e/ /i/ b

20、et bed /t/ /d/ Some points to be noticed: a. the number of phonemes varies from one language to another. The average is around thirty-five. English has forty-four according to one common analysis. the number of phonemes varies from one language to another. English 44, Chinese 56 learning Chinese is

21、more difficult than English,b. a phone may be a phoneme in one language but may not in another language. “sin-thin” /s/-/ / In Chinese s is, but is not. 三岁 san suei in English aspirated and unaspirated phones are not two phonemes but one, each occurring in a different position e.g. peakspeak. But in

22、 Chinese they are two different phonemes: 铺部, 突都, in Chinese 卷舌不卷舌 are two phonemes but they are not in English. 司长师长, 交代招待, studyshtudy,3) allophonesphones which are phonetically similar but not the same and which are treated as the same in linguistic communication; or the sounds which are phonetic

23、ally different but do not make one word different from another in meaning. e.g. lipplayfeel lipis made by raising the front of the tongue to the hard palate, while the vocal cords are vibrating;,playis made with the same tongue position but the vocal cords are not vibrating; feelis made by raising n

24、ot only the front but also the back of the tongue while the vocal cords are vibrating. sad (long)pat (short)can (nasalized) phoneme and allophone: A phoneme is an abstract unit, not any particular sound. It may be realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.,And the different phones th

25、at represent the same phoneme are its allophones. e.g., the phoneme /p/ can be realized by the following phones in different phonetic context: particulated with aspiration when followed by a stressed vowel as in “put” particulated with little aspiration when followed by an unstressed vowel as in “pa

26、per” particulated with no aspiration when the s is before it as in “speak” topstoppitcity (voiced),phoneme and allophone,Allophones （音位变体) The phones that can represent a phoneme in certain phonetic context are called its allophones. So the phones ph and p= are the allophones of the same phoneme /p/

27、. In this case the allophones are said to be in COMPLEMENTARY DISTRIBUTION because they never occur in the same context. That is to say that p = always occurs after s while ph always occurs in other places. We can represent this rule as: (1) /p/ p= / s _ ph elsewhere,complementary distribution,The a

28、llophones of a phoneme do not distinguish meaning or words, but complement each other in distribution, i.e. they occur in different phonetic environments. So they are said to be in complementary distribution.,Allophone,Lead deal IN deal the tongue is curled a little backwards towards the hard palate

29、 (PALATALIZATION). We often call this dark l and use the symbol in phonetic (or narrow) transcription. l, as pronounced in lead, is called clear 1. Consequently, lead is transcribed as li:d and deal as di: phonetically. The rule is very simple: the phoneme /l/ is pronounced as l before a vowel and a

30、s i after a vowel. They are again in complementary distribution. It can be represented as: (2) / l / l / _ V / V_,3. Minimal pairs and sets P38-39 1) minimal pair最小对立体a pair of words that differ by only a single sound in the same position. (p.335) In other words, when two different forms are identic

31、al in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string, the two words are called minimal pairs. e.g. bearpear bedbad leadleak fanvan betbat siteside pill-bill, pill-till, kill-bill.,2) minimal set最小对立体集 e.g. pillbilltilldillkill feat, fit, fate, fat, fought ,foot Bi

32、g, pig, rig, fig, dig, wig These words can be differentiated by changing only one phoneme. All these words together constitute a minimal set.,three requirements for identifying a minimal pair: a) the two words are different in meaning; b) the two words are different because of just one phoneme; c) t

33、he phonemes that make the two words different occur in the same phonetic environment.,4. Free variation,Free variationwhen the same word has two or more sounds which occur in the same position without change of meaning, these sounds are called free variation. (P 39),5. Distinctive features p40,A dis

34、tinctive feature is a phonetic property which can distinguish one phoneme from another or one group of phonemes from another group. For example, voicing is a distinctive feature for English obstruents (阻塞音), including stops, fricatives and affricates.,5 Distinctive features,Distinctive featurethe ph

35、onetic feature that distinguishes one phoneme from another in a language. The minimal pair given bellow illustrate a distinctive feature in the phonological system of English: bat/mat The difference in meaning between the two is due only to the difference in nasality between b and m. b and m are ide

36、ntical in all features except for the fact that b is oral (nasal) and m is nasal (+nasal). Thus, nasality is a distinctive feature of English consonants.,6. Syllables and consonant clusters,6. Syllables and consonant clusters,Syllablea unit in speech which is usually longer than one sound and smalle

37、r than a whole word, e.g. terminology Different languages may have different syllable structures. In English, the onset position may be empty or filled by a cluster of as many as three consonants (spray, scream, strange, thread), while coda position may be filled by as many as four consonants (as in

38、 sixths).,The English syllable may be represented as (C)C)C)V(C)C)C)C). Four basic patterns of syllables structures in English: a. VI b. CVtea c. VCoil d. CVCtongue The Chinese syllable, however, allows at most one consonant in the onset position and only nasals in the coda. Thus the Chinese syllabl

39、e is represented as (C)V(C).,Consonant cluster,A consonant cluster is a group or sequence of consonants that appear together in a syllable without a vowel between them. Consonant clustera sequence of two or more consonants in one syllable. Initial cluster :splash Final cluster :test Medial cluster :

40、pastry,Types of syllables,Open syllables are those syllables that have no coda. 绝对开音节：单个元音字母后面没有辅音字母的重读音节。例如：no she he we by . 相对开音节：单个元音字母后面加单个辅音字母，再加一个不发音字母e构成的重读音节。例如：name these bike home excuse like . Closed syllables are those syllables that have a coda.以一个或几个辅音字母（r 除外）结尾而中间只有一个元音字母的音节，称为闭音节。 e

41、g:map ,desk, is,The rules governing the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential rules. In English, for example, if three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination should obey the following three rules: 1) the first phoneme must be /s/

42、; 2) the second phoneme must be /p/ or /t/or /k/; and 3) the third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w/.,7. Suprasegmental features,Stress 重音规则P43-44 Intonation Tone,Stress,Stressthe pronunciation of a word or syllable with more force than the surrounding words or syllables. In English there are three

43、kinds of stress: a. Primary stress (marked with superscript) b. Secondary stress (marked with subcript) c. Unstress (unmarked),Word stress and sentence stress 1) Word Stressthe kind of stress that falls on one syllable of a word. Some languages have fixed word stress. e.g., in German, Finnish and Hu

44、ngarian, the stress always falls on the first syllable of a word; and in French, Turkish and Polish, it falls on the last syllable. But in English the stress is not fixed on any particular syllable of a word. It may falls on the first syllable in some words, on the second in others, on the third in

45、still others. e.g. answer above managerial incomprehensive industralization,2) Sentence stressthe kind of stress that falls on certain word or words in a sentence. (1) a. 我不会讲法语 (他会讲) b. 我不会讲法语 (谁说我会讲) c. 我不会讲法语 (不是不肯讲) d. 我不会讲法语 (但会写) e. 我不会讲法语 (讲俄语吧!),(2) a. 吃饭吃面他都无所谓。(Noodles or rice doesnt make

46、any difference to him.) b. 吃饭吃面他都无所谓。(He doesnt mind eating noodles or rice.) c. 吃饭吃面他都无所谓。(There is no difference to him whether to eat noodles or rice.),（3） John bought a red car. JOHN bought a red car. John BOUGHT a red car. John bought a RED car. John bought a red CAR.,Intonation,Intonationthe v

47、ariation of the general movement of the pitch of the voice, or the rise and fall of the voice when speaking. The frequently used types of intonation in English are as follows: 1) falling intonationfinality, definiteness, assertion, command, etc. 2) rising intonationnon-finality or continuation, impl

48、ication, request, uncertainty, reservation, encouragement, etc. 3) fall-rise intonationdoubt, hesitation, contradiction, concession, impatience,e.g. (1) a. I thought it wouldrain. (and it has) 我料想会下雨。（真的下了） b. I thought it wouldrain.(and it hasnt) 我以为会下雨。（结果没有下） (2) a. She doesnt speak to anyone. (S

49、he speaks to no one.) b. She doesnt speak to anyone. (She speaks only to some people.) (3) You cant give a baby any food. (you must be selective: some kinds of food are appropriate, but not all.),Tone,exercise,1. Give the IPA symbols for the sounds that correspond to the descriptions below. 1) voice

50、less labiodental fricative 2) voiced postalveolar fricative 3) voiceless glottal fricative 4) voiceless alveolar stop 2. Give the description of the following sound segments in English. d p d k 3. Transcribe the following sentences into normal orthography.,4. Finish all exercises in chapter 2. 5. Preview Chapter 3. THANK YOU!,