TED英语演讲：怎样放弃做好人

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1、TED英语演讲：怎样放弃做好人 假如你对做一个“好人”的执着阻碍了你成为一个愈加好的人，那么该怎么办? 在这篇通俗易懂的演讲中，社会心理学家多莉 丘格解释了令人费解的道德行为其中的心理学 (比如为何我们极难发觉自己的偏见并认可错误)，并展示了我们怎样从认可错误开始做愈加好的自己。“在生活的其它方面，我们全部能给自己成长的空间，然而在这个最关键的方面则不然。” 丘格如是说。下面是XX为大家搜集相关，欢迎借鉴参考。演讲者：Dolly Chugh 多莉 丘格中英对照翻译So a friend of mine was riding in a taxi to the airport the other

2、day, and on the way, she was chatting with the taxi driver, and he said to her, with total sincerity, I can tell you are a really good person. And when she told me this story later, she said she couldnt believe how good it made her feel, that it meant a lot to her. Now that may seem like a strong re

3、action from my friend to the words of a tota lstranger, but shes not alone.某天，我的一位挚友乘出租车去机场。在路上，她跟出租车司机闲聊，她用很真诚的语气对她说：“我看得出你是个好人。”当她以后告诉我这个小说时，她说这让她感到无比的愉快，那句话对她的意义重大。这看起来像是我挚友对陌生人话语的一个强烈反应，但她并非特例。Im a social scientist. I study the psychology of good people, and research in my field says many of us

4、care deeply about feeling like a good person and being seen as a good person. Now, your definition of good person and your definition of good person and maybe the taxi drivers definition of good person- we may not all have the same definition, but within whatever our definitionis, that moral identit

5、y is important to many of us.我是一个社会科学家。我研究相关好人的心理学，这个领域的研究显示，大家对自认为是“好人”，和被她人视为”好人“的感觉颇为在意。你对“好人”的定义，或是你对“好人”的定义，可能跟出租车司机定义的“好人”不一样，我们可能没有相同的定义，但不管我们的定义是什么，这种道德认同对我们大家全部很关键。Now, if somebody challenges it, like they question us for a joke we tell, or maybe we say our workforce is homogenous, or a sli

6、ppery business expense, we go into red-zone defensiveness a lot of the time. I mean, sometimes we call out all the ways in which we help people from marginalized groups, or we donate to charity, or the hours we volunteer tononprofits. We work to protect that good person identity. Its important to ma

7、ny of us.假如有些人挑战这个事实，比如她质疑我们讲的笑话，或她说我们的劳动是同质的，或是一笔狡猾的商业支出，我们在这些时候会进入一个“红区警戒”状态。我的意思是，有时候我们会用多个方法来帮助那些处于社会边缘的人，或向慈善组织捐赠，或自愿成为非营利组织的义工。我们努力捍卫这种好人的身份，这对我们多数人全部很关键。But what if I told you this? What if I told you that our attachment to being good people is getting in the way of us being better people? Wh

8、at if I told you that our definition of good person is so narrow, its scientifically impossible to meet? And what if I told you the path to being better people just begins with letting go of being a good person?但假如我告诉你们，我们对做好人的向往会阻止我们成为愈加好的人呢?假如我告诉你们，我们对“好人”的定义很狭隘，在科学角度上是无法实现的呢?又假如我告诉们，你成为愈加好的人的路径只需

9、从抛弃做一个好人开始呢?Now, let me tell you a little bit about there search about how the human mind works to explain. The brain relies on shortcuts to do a lot of its work. That means a lot of the time, your mental processes are taking place outside of your awareness, like in low-battery, low-powermode in the

10、 back of your mind.那么，让我告诉你们部分相关人类大脑是怎样运作的研究，来解释我的说法。大脑依靠捷径完成很多工作，这意味着大部分时间，你的思维过程发生在你的意识之外，就像大脑处于低电量、低功耗模式下。Thats, in fact, the premise of bounded rationality. Bounded rationality is the Nobel Prize-winning idea that the humanmind has limited storage resources, limited processing power, and as a re

11、sult, it relies on shortcuts to do a lot of its work. So for example, some scientists estimate that in any given moment . Better, better click, right? There we go.其实，这是“有限理性”的前提。“有限理性”是诺贝尔奖得主的见解，人类大脑的存放资源是有限的，处理能力是有限的，因此，它依靠捷径来完成很多工作。所以举个例子，有些科学家估量在任何时刻比如打个响指的瞬间，再来一次，这下打响了吧?At any given moment, 11 m

12、illion pieces of information are coming into your mind. Eleven million. And only 40 of them are being processed consciously. So 11 million, 40.在任意一个瞬间，数以千万计的信息会涌入你的大脑。整整1100万。而其中只有四十个被有意识地处理。所以1100万和40做下对比。I mean, has this ever happened to you? Have you ever had a really busy day at work, and you dr

13、ive home, and when you get in the door, you realize you dont even remember the drive home, like whether you had green lights or red lights. You dont even remember. You were on autopilot.你有没有经历过这么的事?在工作超忙的一天，你开车回家，到家门口时，发觉你甚至不记得驾车时的事，比如是否过了红灯或绿灯。你甚至不记得这些。你当初相当于是在“自动驾驶”模式下。Or have you ever opened the

14、fridge, looked for the butter, swore there is no butter, and then realized the butter was right in front of you the whole time?These are the kinds of whoops moments that make us giggle, and this is what happens in a brain that can handle 11 million pieces of information coming in with only 40 being

15、processed consciously. Thats the bounded part of bounded rationality.或你有没有开过冰箱，寻求黄油，立誓没有黄油的痕迹，然后才意识到黄油一直就在你面前?这些全部是回想起来让我们认为好笑的时刻，这就是大脑为了应付1100万条涌进来的信息，但只有40条被有意识处理时所发生的事。这就是“有限理性的有限部分。This work on bounded rationality is whats inspired work Ive done with my collaborators Max Bazerman and Mahzarin Ba

16、naji,on what we call bounded ethicality. So its the same premise as bounded rationality, that we have a human mind that is bounded in some sort of way and relying on shortcuts, and that those short cuts can sometimes lead us astray.这个相关有限理性的研究提供了我和我的搭档马克斯巴泽曼和马扎林巴纳吉研究“有限道德”的灵感。这和“有限理性”的前提是一样的，我们的大脑是受

17、束缚的，它需要依靠捷径，而且这个捷径有时候会让我们误入歧途。With bounded rationality, perhaps it affects the cereal we buy in the grocerystore, or the product we launch in the boardroom. With bounded ethicality, thehuman mind, the same human mind, is making decisions, and here, its about who to hire next, or what joke to tell or

18、 that slippery business decision.考虑到人的有限理性，可能它会影响我们在杂货店买的麦片，或我们在会议室推出的产品。当“有限道德”发生时，人类的大脑，如同有限理性一样，在做出决议。比如要雇佣谁?去讲什么笑话?或是那个狡猾的商业决议。So let me give you an example of bounded ethicality at work. Unconscious bias is one place where we see the effects of bounded ethicality. So unconscious bias refers to

19、associations we have in our mind, the shortcuts your brain is using to organize information, very likely outside of your awareness, not necessarily lining up with your conscious beliefs.那么让我给你们一个有限道德表现在工作中的案例。“无意识偏见”是“有限道德”表现出的一个方面。“无意识偏见”指我们大脑中的联想，那些大脑用来组织信息的捷径，很可能在你的意识之外，不一定会符合你的意识信念。Researchers N

20、osek, Banaji and Greenwald have looked at data from millions of people, and what theyve found is, for example, most white Americans can more quickly and easily associate white people and good things than black people and good things, and most men and women can more quickly and easily associate men a

21、nd science than women and science.研究者诺斯，巴纳吉和格林沃尔德看过了数百万人的数据，她们发觉的是，比如：多数美国白人能够愈加快和更轻松地把白人和好事联络起来，而非黑人和好事，而且多数人更倾向于把男性跟科学家联络起来，而不是把女性和科学家联络起来。And these associations dont necessarily line up with what people consciously think. They may have very egalitarian views, in fact. So sometimes, that 11 millio

22、n and that 40 just dont line up.而这些联络不一定和大家有意识的想法一致。实际上，她们可能有很平等的见解。所以有时候，1100万和40的对比并不是很合理。And heres another example: conflicts ofinterest. So we tend to under estimate how much a small gift - imagine a ballpoint pen or dinner - how much that small gift can affect our decision making. We dont reali

23、ze that our mind is unconsciously lining up evidence to support the point of view of the gift-giver, no matter how hard were consciously trying to be objective and professional.这是另外一个例子：利益冲突。我们往往会低估一个小礼品的作用比如一支圆珠笔或一顿晚餐这个小礼品能对我们的决议产生多大的影响。我们意识不到自己的大脑会无意识地搜集证据来支持送礼人的见解，不管我们多么努力地保持客观和专业。We also see bou

24、nded ethicality - despite our attachment to being good people, we still make mistakes, and we make mistakes that sometimes hurt other people, that sometimes promote injustice, despite our best attempts, and we explain away our mistakes rather than learning from them.我们也能看到有界的道德即便我们期望当一个好人，我们仍会犯错，我们犯

25、的错误有时候会伤害她人，有时候会促进不公，尽管我们尽了最大的努力，我们还为自己的错误辩解，而不是从中学习。Like, for example, when I got an email from a female student in my class saying that a reading I had assigned, a reading I had been assigning for years, wassexist. Or when I confused two students in my class of the same race - look nothing alike -

26、 when I confused them for each other more than once, in front of everybody.比如说，有天我收到了班上女同学的电邮，说我布署的阅读材料，这个我指定了好些年的阅读材料，有性别歧视。或当我把班上同种族的两个学生弄混时她们俩看起来一点也不像当我在大家面前，不止一次把她们弄混时。These kinds of mistakes send us, send me, into red-zone defensiveness. They leave us fighting for that good personidentity. But

27、the latest work that Ive been doing on bounded ethicality with Mary Kern says that were not only prone to mistakes - that tendency towards mistakes depends on how close we are to that red zone.这些类型的错误让我们让我，进入了”红色警戒区“。它们让我们为好人的身份而战。不过我最近和玛丽克恩做的相关有限道德的研究发觉我们不仅轻易犯错，犯错的倾向还取决于我们离红色区域的距离。So most of the ti

28、me,nobodys challenging our good person identity, and so were not thinking too much about the ethical implications of our decisions, and our model shows that were then spiraling towards less and less ethical behavior most of the time.大多数时候，没人质疑我们的好人身份。所以我们也没有想太多相关我们决定的伦理意义，我们的模型显示我们大部分时间全部在朝着越来越少的道德行

29、为发展。On the other hand, somebody might challenge our identity, or, upon reflection, we may be challenging it ourselves. So the ethical implications of our decisions become really salient, and in those cases, we spiral towards more and more good person behavior, or, to be more precise, towards more an

30、d more behavior that makes us feel like a good person,which isnt always the same, of course.其次，有些人可能会质疑我们的身份。或，经过反思后我们会挑战自己。所以我们决定的伦理意义变得很突出，在这些情况下，我们会越来越倾向于好人的行为，或，更正确地说，越来越倾向于使我们感觉像个好人的行为，当然，有时候二者并不一样。The idea with bounded ethicality is that we are perhaps over estimating the importance our inner

31、compass is playing in our ethical decisions. We perhaps are overestimating how much ourself-interest is driving our decisions, and perhaps we dont realize how much our self-view as a good person is affecting our behavior, that in fact, were working so hard to protect that good person identity, to ke

32、ep out of that red zone, that were not actually giving ourselves space to learn from our mistakes and actually be better people.有限道德的见解是，我们可能高估了我们内在的指南针在道德决议中的关键性。我们可能高估了我们的本身利益驱使我们做出决议的程度，可能我们没有意识到身为一个好人的自我认同感对我们的行为有多大的影响，实际上，我们如此努力地去捍卫我们的好人身份，远离红区，以致于我们没有足够的空间从错误中学习，去真正做一个愈加好的人。Its perhaps because

33、 we expect it to beeasy. We have this definition of good person thats either-or. Either you are a good person or youre not. Either you have integrity or you dont. Either you are a racist or a sexist or a homophobe or youre not. And in this either-or definition, theres no room to grow. And by the way

34、, this is not what we do in most parts of our lives.这可能是因为我们期待它会很轻易。我们对好人的定义是非此即彼的。要么你是好人，要么不是。要么你老实，要么不老实。要么你是种族主义者，或性别歧视，或恐同者，要么全部不是。在这个非此即彼的定义中，没有任何成长的空间。顺便说一句：这不是我们在大部分生活中做的事情。Life, if you needed to learn accounting, you would take an accounting class, or if you become a parent, we pick up a boo

35、k and we read about it. We talk to experts, we learn from our mistakes, we update our knowledge, we just keep getting better. But when it comes to being a good person, we think its something were just supposed to know, were just supposed to do,without the benefit of effort or growth.生活中，假如你需要学习会计，你可

36、能会报个会计班，或假如你成为父母，我们会去找本书，学习为人父母之道。我们跟教授交流，我们从错误中学习，我们更新我们的知识，我们不停变得愈加好。但当包含到成为好人时，我们则认为这是我们应该知道的，我们应该去做的，却无需取得努力和成长带来的好处。So what Ive been thinking about is what if we were to just forget about being good people, just let it go, and instead, seta higher standard, a higher standard of being a good-ish

37、 person? A good-ishperson absolutely still makes mistakes. As a good-ish person, Im making the mall the time. But as a good-ish person, Im trying to learn from them, own them.以我在想的是：假如我们忘记做一个好人会怎样?就这么随它去，反之，设置一个更高的标准，一个善良人的更高标准?一个善良的人无疑仍会犯错误。作为一个善良的人，我常常全部会犯错误。但作为一个善良人，我试图从错误中学习，处理问题。不逃避错误，而是直面它们。I

38、expect them and I go after them. I understand there are costs to these mistakes. When it comes to issues like ethics and bias and diversity and inclusion, there are real costs to real people, and I accept that. As a good-ish person, in fact, I become better at noticing my own mistakes. I dont wait f

39、or people to point them out. I practice finding them, and as a result .我知道这些错误要付出代价，当包含到伦理、偏见、多样性和包容等问题时，这对真实的人来说是真实存在的代价，而我接收这个事实。作为一个好人，实际上，我变得更善于发觉自己的错误。我不用等她人指出它们，我锻炼自己去寻求它们，结果呢?Sure, sometimes it can be embarrassing, it can be uncomfortable. We put ourselves in a vulnerable place, sometimes. Bu

40、t through all that vulnerability,just like in everything else weve tried to ever get better at, we see progress. We see growth. We allow ourselves to get better.当然，这有时候会让人感到很尴尬，会认为不舒适。有时，我们会变得很脆弱。但克服了全部的弱点后，就像全部一切我们努力改进的东西一样，我们能够看到进步。我们能够看到成长。我们许可自己变得愈加好。Why wouldnt we give ourselves that? In every other part of our lives, we give ourselves room to grow - except in thisone, where it matters most.为何我们不能许可自己变得愈加好?在我们生活的其它方面，我们全部给了自己成长的空间，然而在这个最关键的方面，却一直无所作为。Thank you.(Applause)谢谢大家。(鼓掌)