泰特勒和严复的翻译理论比较和分析英文

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1、Alexander Fraser Tytler+Nationality：Britain（Edinburgh,Scotland）+Biography：Alexander Fraser Tytler,Lord Woodhouselee FRSE(15 October 1747 5 January 1813)was a Scottish advocate,judge,writer and historian who served as Professor of Universal History,and Greek and Roman Antiquities,in the University of

2、 Edinburgh.+Main work：+(1791).Essay on the Principles of Translation.(论翻译的原则）+Essay on the Principles of Translation+“Three principles of Translation”（comprehensive&systematic）+It marks a new begining of western translation studies.(标志着西方翻译史上一个时期的结束和一个时期的开始标志着西方翻译史上一个时期的结束和一个时期的开始)+In 1921,Mr Zheng

3、Zhenduo published the three principles on theNovel Monthly.And this idea first be imported into China.Laws of TranslationIt will follow:.That the Translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.即译文应完全复写出原作的思想.That the style and manner of writing should be of the same

4、character with that of the original.即译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同.That the Translation should have all the ease of original composition.就是译文与原作同样流畅+Description of a good Translation I would therefore describe a good translation to be,That,in which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into

5、 another language,as to be as distinctly apprehended,and as strongly felt,by a native of the country to which that language belongs,as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.原作的优点完全移植在译作语言之中，使译语使用者像原语使用者一样，对这种优点能清楚地领悟，并有着同样强烈的感受+First General Rule:A Translation should give a comp

6、lete transcript of the ideas of the original workKnowledge of the language of the original,and acquaintance with the subject.the translator is called upon to exercise his judgement,and to select that meaning which is most consonant to the train of thought in the whole passage,or to the authors usual

7、 mode of thinking,and expressing himself.+我记忆中最早的一件事,是提着家里唯一的热水瓶去公共食堂打开水开水。莫言（诺贝尔奖讲座）+My earliest memory was of taking our only vacuum bottle to the public canteen for drinking water.葛浩文（译）+Second general Rule:The style and manner of writing in a Translation should be of the same character with that

8、 of the Original.+whether to that of the grave,the elevated,the easy,the lively,the florid and ornamented,or the simple and unaffected;and these characteristic qualities he must have the capacity of rendering equally conspicuous in the translation as in the original.+星期天，豫园游人络绎不绝。+On Sundays,Yuyuan

9、Garden is always crowded with visitors.（negative）+On Sundays,Yuyuan Garden attracts a large number of visitors.（positive）+Third general Rule:A Translation should have all the ease of original composition.+郑振铎：译文必须含有原文中所有的流利。（1921）+谭载喜：译作应具备原作所具有的通顺。+（1991）+李德凤：译文应该与原作的行文一样自如。（2007）+挖开坟墓后，我们看到，棺木已经腐朽

10、，母亲的骨殖，已经与泥土混为一体。莫言（诺贝尔奖讲座）+When we dug up the grave,we saw that the coffin had rotted away and that her body had merged with the damp earth around it.葛浩文（译）+我们将认真听取各位坦诚地对我们的工作提出意见和建议。+We will listen attentively to your straightforward comments&suggestions on our work.+Your comments and suggestions

11、will be appreciated.+that in all cases where a sacrifice is necessary to be made of one of those laws to another,a due regard ought to be paid to their rank and comparative importance.+预示了现代翻译的“得”、“失”问题+yet the painter employs precisely the same colours,and has no other care than faithfully to imita

12、te the touch and manner of the picture that is before him.+The translator uses not the same colours with the original,but is required to give the picture the same force and effect.+The more he studies a scrupulous imitation,the less his copy will reflect the ease and spirit of the original.+he must

13、adopt the very soul of his author,which must speak through his own organs.Adventage首先首先他扬弃传统的翻译他扬弃传统的翻译二分法二分法(dichotomies)，斯内尔霍恩斯内尔霍恩比指出：西方翻译史上最有影响力的概念是古老的词比指出：西方翻译史上最有影响力的概念是古老的词/义二义二分法。传统译论从未能真正解决这一问题分法。传统译论从未能真正解决这一问题就连当今的翻译就连当今的翻译研究也为其困扰不休。而泰特勒尽量回避二分法研究也为其困扰不休。而泰特勒尽量回避二分法 凡是容易凡是容易引起争议的术语如引起争议的术语

14、如直译直译(Literal translation)，意译，意译(free translation)等等他都一概不用。其次他都一概不用。其次他澄清并深化了人们对他澄清并深化了人们对“译者是画家译者是画家”这一比喻的认识。他认为这一比喻的认识。他认为译者的工作（和译者的工作（和画家）完全不同。译者虽然用的不是与原作相同的色彩画家）完全不同。译者虽然用的不是与原作相同的色彩但但必须给其必须给其“画面画面”以同样的力量和效果。译者不能照搬原作以同样的力量和效果。译者不能照搬原作的笔法的笔法而必须用自己的笔法来译出完美的而必须用自己的笔法来译出完美的“摹本摹本”。他越。他越是注意仔细摹拟是注意仔细摹拟

15、就越不能表现出原作的流畅和神采。就越不能表现出原作的流畅和神采。Disadventage+Tytlers translation thoughts mainly based on his practical experience and subjective observation.In his book Essay on the Principles of Translation”mainly provided readers with some practical means for solving translation problems,such as amplification,de

16、letion and polish.Some people even say that the book just looks like a textbook discussing the translation arts;At the same time,from his translation theories,we can see that he imitates other translators theory,especially Dryden.It was even considered as plagiarism by Campbell.For example,his first

17、 principle That the Translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work,which is similar to Campbells accurately reproduce the original meaning+泰特勒的翻译思想主要基于他本人的翻译实践经验和主观观察，他在论翻译的原则一书中提供给读者的主要是一些解决翻译问题的实用手段“如增词，减词，修改润色等翻译技巧”，有人甚至说它像一本探讨翻译艺术的教科书；同时从其翻译思想我们也可以看出，他过多地借用他人的理论，

18、特别是德莱顿的，甚至被坎贝尔认为有剽窃之嫌。如他的翻译三原则的第一点“译作应完全复写出原作的思想”，这和坎贝尔的“准确地再现原作的意思”，极为相似。Laws of TranslationIt will follow:.That the Translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.即译文应完全复写出原作的思想.That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the o

19、riginal.即译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同.That the Translation should have all the ease of original composition.就是译文与原作同样流畅+Tytlers first two laws of translation concern the translator and the original,there are no other considerations.But when he describes a good translation as one in which the merit of the origi

20、nal is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which the language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work,he brings in a new factorthe reader.by Peter Newmark2022-8-15+泰特勒的翻译思想影

21、响了其后的许多翻译家“(如马休阿诺德和我国的著名翻译家严复先生)。这可以通过对比他们的思想明显看出来，马休阿诺德主张译者必须保留原文的具有诗人的基本特征。译诗者必须具有诗人的洞察力，译文必须像诗“，而且与原文有同样的感染力 我国著名的翻译家严复先生提出的信达雅)翻译三原则和泰特勒的三原则有许多相似之处2022-8-15+Yan Fu(simplified Chinese:严复;traditional Chinese:嚴復;courtesy name:Ji Dao,幾道;8 January 1854 27 October 1921)was a Chinese scholar and transl

22、ator,most famous for introducing western ideas,including Darwins natural selection,to China in the late 19th century.Yan stated in the preface to his translation of Evolution and Ethics(天演論)that there are three difficulties in translation:faithfulness,expressiveness,and elegance(譯事三難：信達雅)2022-8-15+f

23、aithfulness means the full and complete converying or transmission of the original content or thought(信)+既包括对原作思想内容的信，也包括对原 作风格神韵的信+“expressivenessdemands that the version must be clear and follow without any grammatical mistakes or confused logic and sense.（达）+即使译文通顺明白地转达原作所提供的信息+elegeancethe targe

24、t text should be similiar to the source text in style（雅）+就是要讲究修辞，译文表达要有文采2022-8-15 两两大翻译原则的对比相同之处大翻译原则的对比相同之处 1.1.泰特勒的第一条标准泰特勒的第一条标准:That the Translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.即译文应完全复写出原作的思想泰特勒的第二条标准：泰特勒的第二条标准：That the style and manner of writing should

25、be of the same character with that of the original.即译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同 就相当于就相当于“信于原文意义与风格信于原文意义与风格”严复的严复的faithfulness：the full and complete converying or transmission of the original content or thought(信)既包括对原作思想内容的信，也包括对原作风格神韵的信一致一致2.2.两种理论都强调传达出原文的思想内容，译文表达要两种理论都强调传达出原文的思想内容，译文表达要通顺明白。通顺明白。，2022-8-

26、15+The difference of motivation （动机的差异）+Yan Fus Criteria is purposeful,which aims to attract the elites attention.+(严复所翻译的书多为形成西方资本主义社会思想体系的经典著作。他知道这种思想，对当时沉缅于中古世纪迷梦中的中国知识分子来说，等于一味苦药。所以，他用知识分子所欣赏的古雅文体给苦药裹上一层糖衣，使它容易下咽）+Tytler just wants to make the whole translation system more systematic,covering co

27、ntent,form and text three aspects.2022-8-15+Since the three principle“faithfulness，expressiveness，elegence”be presented，the importance of them have not been clearly identified+(而实际，严复偏重于意译的“凡此经营，皆以为达，为达即所以为信也”。此话一出，实质上是用“达”架空了“信”，因为在翻译的过程中，除了守住原文的意义之“信”外，要求表现原作的形式和文体等方面“信”是难以达成的任务。由此我们可看出“达”是严复三难原则的

28、最重要的；其次是“信”；再其次是“雅”。)+While Tytler think the order of his three principles is suitable，natural and could not be changed+（泰特勒以牺牲思想内容的忠实求得译文优美流畅。在翻译过程中，如不得已要牺牲其中之一的话，他建议应从重要性低的开始即第三条）The difference of importance (重要性的差异)2022-8-15+Traditional chinese translation paid more attention to practice rather t

29、han the theory.+（严复对“信达雅”并没有作出明确界定，以致引发了后来无休无止的争论严复的“信达雅”原本是用来描述翻译困难，而并非作为翻译准则而提出来的，他所关心的是翻译的实践，而非翻译的理论问题。）+Western translator put practice and theory at the same level.+(泰氏的三原则实际上是从内容的忠实,到风格手法的一致再到语言表达的自然流畅,步步深入,层次井然）他们的这种差异实际上是中西学术传统在价值取向上求真与实用方面的差异。The difference of value orientation (价值取向的差异)202

30、2-8-15+Traditional Chinese mode of thinking is perceptual which tends to make the theory obscure and received.+（严复对“信达雅”并未做清晰的界定和详细的论证，而在于他人对它做何种解释。正所谓“一切尽在不言中”。要想理解“信达雅”，需靠我们对先辈思想融会贯通的联想与领悟。）+Westerner attach great importance to rational thinking which makes the theory more concrete.+西方思想重理性思维，强调人对

31、事物（客体）的理性认识，并能予以形式上的解释。(泰氏三原则，自始至终强调对客体即对原文的尊重，反复强调译文应以原文为指归，突出原文的重要性，并且字面上也交代的一清二楚。)+如果联系中西思维方式的差异来解释，严复没有标明原文不是语义疏漏，而是心领神会，无意为之。The difference of thinking mode 思维方式的差异2022-8-15+关于严复的“抄袭说”之所以产生有以下原因。首先，人们只注意到两者内容上的相似却忽略了其文化渊源、动机、重要性、难度分级、价值取向上和思维方式上的差别。其次，“抄袭说”的出现是西方译论本位思想所致，是对西方译论盲目推崇对中国译论缺乏信心的表现。

32、在中西译论发展明显失衡的情况下，我们应当正确认识各自的异同点及优缺点，吸收国外译论成果并注意与古典译论相互参照相互阐释。只有这样，才能彰显中国传统译论的特色，弘扬传统译论的精华，真正推动国内翻译理论工作的进步。+Newmark,Peter.About Translation M.外语教学与研究出版社,2006+Tytler,A.F.Essay on the Principles of Translation M.北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2007+郭建中：泰特勒翻译三原则中译辨正，中国翻译J.2013年第3期+何静：以泰特勒的翻译三原则解读葛浩文所译的莫言“诺贝尔奖讲座”，青春岁月J.2014年9月上+杰里米芒迪：翻译学导论理论与实践M.李德凤等译。北京:商务印书馆，2007。+孙迎春：翻译简史M.天津：天津教育出版社,2011+谭载喜：西方翻译简史M.北京:商务印书馆，2009