On Evaluation System of Highway Emergency Rescue Capabilities

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1、On Evaluation System of Highway Emergency Rescue CapabilitiesLou tianfeng , College of Public Administration ,HUST ,Wuhan, China ,loutfCheng qi , Management School, WHUT Wuhan, China, lindachq.AbstractA scientific evaluation on highway emergency rescue capability (HERC in short) is of great theoreti

2、cal and practical significance on improving the emergency management capability of the highway operators and governors. Firstly, some basic researches about HERC have been made. The concept and the connotation of HERC have been defined, and the constitution of HERC has been demonstrated from factor

3、dimension, disaster dimension, process dimension and management dimension. So the structure model of management dimension has been established. Taking construction principles into account, a multilevel index system of HERCS has been established, mainly focusing on evaluating the monitoring and early

4、 warning capabilities, infrastructure support capabilities, response capabilities, disposition capabilities, recover capacities and the sub-indexes. Above all, this paper uses fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) method based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to evaluate the highway emergency resc

5、ue capabilities. The method, steps and capability grade were discussed. Finally, a case was used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the index system and evaluating method.Keywords-Evaluation System; Index; Highway; Emergency ;Rescue CapabilityI. INTRODUCTIONHighway is the most important part of cou

6、ntry road transportation system in China, with the total mileage over 75000 kilometers ranking the place in the world. However, China havent given enough attention to emergency rescue in the process of highway construction and management, especially in emergencies (natural disasters, severe traffic

7、accidents, group events, dangerous goods vehicle accidents). The emergency response process loosely and the methods of response is relative single, which becomes the bottleneck to ascend emergency response ability, causes irreparable heavy losses and large-scale, long traffic congestion events, brin

8、ging great adverse impacts on traveling people and their safety of lives and properties. According tothe statistics, more than 60% of the severe traffic accidents and 100% 0f traffic congestion events happen in the emergency environments. So, its urgent to improve the level of accident emergency res

9、cue on spot, perfect rescue equipment and improve the ability of fast arriving at accident scene, namely improving highway emergency rescue capability.The level of emergency rescue capability is an important index to measure whether, in the process of emergency rescue, rapid disposal, finding out th

10、e right way, efficient cooperation, continuous rescue are exerted in order to minimize the loss, to safeguard the peoples lives and property security, and to ensure the integrity and the validity of the resources. For the moment, the quantity of literatures on highway emergency rescue capability is

11、not great. But the studies on composition and evaluation of emergency rescue capability of other body have laid a good foundation for this paper, for example the scholars research of the coal mine emergency rescue capability, the grassroots public security fire control forces emergency rescue capabi

12、lity, the earthquake emergency rescue capability. the fire forces emergency rescue capability, the enterprise accident emergency rescue capability (especially petrochemical Enterprise, coal mine enterprise) and the airport emergency rescue capability. Studies on highway emergency rescue capability e

13、valuation also are rare. Yang Wenan & Peng Pan looked into the emergency capability of the highway project under construction, and Ma Zhaoyou looked into the emergency rescue capability of regional highway system. These researches in their field mainly tried some evaluation methods, but the basic re

14、searches on emergency rescue capability, as its meaning and structure, were not clear and the indexes selection lacks scientific demonstration.II. BASIC THEORY ON HERCA. Concept of Highway Emergency Rescue Capabilities HERC is the ability to implement rescue in a dangerous condition to alleviate neg

15、ative effects of highway emergency accidents. It means highway organizations need to start preprepared kinds of software and hardware program, and to carry out scientific layouts and response to emergency accidents happening on highways. The connotation of HERCs can be interpreted from the following

16、 dimensions: 1) The ability to execute the function of emergency rescue According to the definition of capability by United Nations Development Program, the capability means organizations or individuals perform their existing functions effectively, continuously and high-efficiently. HERCs mean the a

17、bility of highway organizations to carry out an effective, continuous and high-efficient rescue, where rescuers in a threatening environment, could not only execute self-rescue, but also carry out highway network rescue, and even give emergency assistance outside of the highway network, if permitted

18、. 2) The ability of key persons important role in HERC The United States Compensation Association defines ability as the combination of observation, evaluable skills, and knowledge, performance and personal qualities of the staff, which play an important role in the success of the organization. The

19、subject of highway emergency rescue includes highway regulatory agencies, operating companies, law enforcement agencies, medical departments, civil affairs departments and so forth. In emergency situations, what roles key personnel should play in the crucial links and what effects they have on the r

20、escue staff is closely related to the comprehensive capabilities of the emergency rescue. 3) It is related to the distribution of the resources Based on the resources theory, capability is the ability to combine and distribute resources in order to achieve the desired results. In China, highway emer

21、gency rescue requires organizations to concentrate and distribute various resources in a short time, including social resources such as highway regulatory agencies, companies, traffic police, road administration, fire-fighters, medical rescue, and civil affairs ministry; internal resources such as m

22、onitoring and control system, material reserves, rescue facilities and related rules. Therefore, HERCs can be defined like this: HERC is the ability to distribute necessary resources and various relations among organizations and in inter-departments. 4) The ability to execute a whole-process managem

23、ent It is throughout the various processes before, during and after the incident. Though the occurrence of major events is sudden and accidental, emergency management of major accidents is not restricted to the after-occurrence emergency rescue. Hard work and detailed preparation is needed to be mad

24、e from solution formulation, materials, funds, planning, command coordination, communication, action support, daily exercises and other aspects.B. Constitution of HERCsThe constitution of highway emergency rescue capabilities can be analyzed from different perspectives. 1) From factor dimension HERC

25、s are constituted of people, objects, places and other factors, specifically including organization structure of the emergency rescue, the number of people, safety awareness, emergency response capability,emergency rescue operational capability, emergency support capability, emergency rescue equipme

26、nt and emergency support capability. The relations amongst these factors should be revealed. 2) From disaster dimension Highway emergencies can result in varying degrees of urgency and devastating effects. These accidents includedifferent types of natural disasters, traffic disasters, social disaste

27、rs, derivative of secondary disasters and so on. Though responses to these accidents are very much in common, differences of different disaster relief needs determines that the elements of some rescue capability is particularly important, which needs to be identified and highlighted. HERCs can be cl

28、assified into: HERC of natural disasters, HERC of traffic disasters, HERC of social disasters, and HERC of derivative disasters. 3) From process dimension Highway emergency rescue management involves a series of compact and orderly work from the pre-plan design to the medium-term control of the orga

29、nization and the late rescue evaluation and analysis, etc. Asfollows: rescue planning, incident detection and confirming, quick response, incident handling, traffic management, information dissemination, traffic recovery and rescue assessment. So HERC can be reflected according to different time per

30、iods. That is composed of the emergency rescue preventive capability, emergency rescue intervention capability,emergency rescue disposal capability, and emergency rescue recovery capability. 4) From management dimension Highway emergency rescue is a management activity. We analyze highway emergency

31、rescue capability from the perspective of management functions. Then highway emergency rescue capabilities can be divided into planning capabilities, the commanding ability, decision-making ability, controlling ability, coordinating ability and warning capability. In this way, as to HERC, we make th

32、e classification of the different perspectives. We can analyze and evaluate HERCs from a single dimension, and can also select a two-dimension or even a three-dimension model to make more complex analysis and evaluation. C. Structure Model of HERCs When we try to deconstruct highway emergency rescue

33、 capabilities, hypothesis should be made so that we can treat highway operating company as the body with process dimension as the major division of variables, combined with the factor dimension and management dimension, thus, we can get a hierarchical model which can reflect components of highway op

34、erating companies emergency rescue capabilities. There are three levels in this structure model, seeing Figure 1. III. ESTABLISHMENHT OF INDEX SYSTEM OF HERCSA. Construction Principles of Comprehensive Evaluation Index System Basic principles must be complied with when establishing the index system,

35、 as follows: 1) Scientific and objective. The indicator must reflect the real capabilities of resuers. 2) Complete and integrative: the index system should not omit any important indicator and there should not exist any correlation between the factors.3) Sensitive: The indicator and its change shoul

36、d reflect the practical status and the changes of corresponding capabilities of highway emergency rescue sensitively. 4) Typical and measurable: Each indicator is effective and unique to reflect the capabilities of highway emergency rescue, and applicable to quantitative data processingB. Frame of C

37、omprehensive Evaluation Index System Based on the deconstruction of highway emergency rescue capabilities, and complied with the principle of setting up index system and survey results from Hubei province and Jiangsu province in China, the index system framework of highway emergency rescue capabilit

38、ies can be classified into three levels, namely target level, guidelines level and index level. Then, the index system of highway emergency rescue capabilities is improved to 18 indexes after collecting expertsopinions. The relations among and between indexes can be shown by Table 1Table 1 shows the

39、 highway emergency rescue capabilities C can be evaluated by five level guidelines indexes, which are C1 emergency monitoring and early warning capability, C2 emergency infrastructure support capability, C3emergency response capability, C4 emergency disposition capability and C5 emergency recovery c

40、apability.Index of guidelines level is evaluated by indicators of index level, for instance, emergency monitoring and early warning index C1 can be evaluated by three indicators, C11event monitoring and forecasting capability, C12 planning and development of emergency prediction scheme capability, C

41、13emergency rescue preparedness capability.IV. FUZZY COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF HERCSA. The Brief Introduction of FCE method The evaluation on highway emergency rescue capabilities is a multifactor synthetically evaluation problem, relating qualitative and quantitative index. This paper uses fuzzy

42、comprehensive evaluation (FCE) method based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to evaluate highway emergency rescue capabilities. FCE method is a composition of quantitative and qualitative appraisal method. As a very effective method, it is more frequently used in complex systemswith layers of fuz

43、zy influenced elements. AHP methodis a composition as well of quantitative and qualitative evaluation method to handle complex puzzles, and also an excellent method to judge the weight coefficient.B. Integrated Approachessof FCE method 1) Determine the factor set C: The multifactor FCE model is east

44、blished as Table 1, the factor set is discribed as 3 layers: guidelines level C1= C1, C2, C3, C4,C5; index level C1= C11, C12, C13; C2= C21, C22, C23, C24; C3= C31, C32, C33, C34; C4= C41, C42,C43, C44;C5= C51, C52, C53. 2) Determine appraisal set V and appoint its U: The appraisal set is determined

45、 by estimator experts of five. This paper uses an evaluation grade of five. That is, V=(V1, V2, V3, V4,V5)= (Extremely strong, rather strong, moderate, rather weak, extremely weak). Different appointment to every grades is: U=(U1, U2, U3, U4,U5)= (10, 8, 6, 4, 2). 3) Determine weight set W of each i

46、ndex: The weight is the important tool to reflect real degree of every index. The paper adopted AHP method toconfirm the weight. W=(W1, W2, W3, W4, W5); Wk=(Wk1, Wk2, ,Wkm, (k=1,2,3,4,5; m=1,2,3 or m=1,2,3,4):；4) Determine evaluation matrix R:the matrix is a twolayer model: the first layer R, the se

47、cond layer R1, R2, R3, R4, R5. Each layer shows the correlative between the two sets. Especially, each factor Ck assessed its membership rkm on Vm in accordance with the appraisal grade of appraisal set, making up the single factor appraisal matrix Rk, that is to say:5) Analyze a single element: The

48、 set Cl could be denoted by fuzzy vector Wk and Rk, i.e. the value Ck= Wk Rk = (Ck1, Ck2, , Ckm)T, k=1,2,3,4,5; m=1,2,3or 1,2,3,4.6) Comprehensive evaluation: The evaluation result C of every single factor can be got from R and index weight W, and the comprehensive appraisal value of C can be calcul

49、ated by C = WB = (W1, W2, W3, W4, W5) (C1, C2, C3, C4, C5)TC. Confirmation of Capability GradeThe evaluating standard and emergency rescue capability status should be delimited to help judge the capability degree according to relationships between evaluating area and index value. This paper chose si

50、ngle and comprehensive evaluating together to predict the capability. Among them, single evaluating means that every index is compared with standard value, then determines the final result. Comprehensive evaluating exerts according tothe state of overall capability and each factor. The key lies in s

51、etting up the yardstick of evaluating area. Capability grade can be divided into five grades as Table 2.According to the results on FCE method, the grade of emergency rescue capability is compared. Then the organizations like highway operators and governors could put forward counter plans according

52、to the capability situation, and take measures to improve the emergency rescue capabilityD. A CASEHandan Section of Qingdao-Lanzhou Highway is a vital communications line connecting Shandong, South Hebei and South Shanxi provinces with typical climate of North China, which means that snow and ice us

53、ually threaten the traffic and make a lot of traffic accidents and road damages in winter, testing the capability of emergency rescue.Using the index system and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, we get the final results of comprehensive appraisal value C of HERC in this case:C = WB = (W1, W2, W

54、3, W4, W5) (C1, C2, C3, C4, C5)T= (0.15, 0.20, 0.30, 0.25, 0.10) (7.0, 7.2, 7.8, 7.4, 7.5)T = 7.43The result of 7.43 at the grade V3 means the emergency rescue capability of this case is moderate. So there are still many efforts should be made by the section operators, especially towards the capabil

55、ity of emergency monitoring and early warning and the capability of emergency infrastructure support. Although the weights of them are not among the heaviest ones, both of them are the foundations to improve the total emergency rescue capabilitiesV. CONCLUSIONSThe capability evaluation of highway em

56、ergency rescue is of great significance in helping highway operators and governors judge their focus of improving rescue capabilities, but the research now is at the beginning stage with the problems of incomplete and imperfect index system and evaluation method. This paper has systematic studied th

57、e highway emergency rescue capability, constructed an evaluation index system, and suggested Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation. A case of Handan Section of Qingdao-Lanzhou Highway demonstrates that its capability degree is in the state of moderate and more effort should be made to improve the overall e

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