3000字英语毕业毕业论文英文版

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1、 Market Research and Export PromotionExport Marketing PlanThe marking plan is the basis on which all the overseas promotion is formulated. To devise the marketing plan involves reconciling the export strategies and objectives of the manufacturer into marketing terms.The marketing plan embraces many

2、elements including market research project, promotion/advertising details, products involved and their quantity available, distribution arrangements and total volume/value of goods Where relevant, various costing information should be included, particularly the research and advertising budget. Overa

3、ll; the plan must be realistic and should have a clear sense of purpose and directionExport Market ResearchBefore making goods for a new overseas market, as in the home trade, it is necessary to discover first of all if the goods can be sold profitably in that market. To answer that question is one

4、of the objects of market research. Export market research, in particular, is a study of a given market abroad to determine the needs of that market and the methods by which the products; can best be supplied. It may be carried out to determine:1. If a new product likely to find a market.2. Whether a

5、n established product is likely to meet with a good demand in a new market.3.Why sales of a product have declined, either generally or in a certain area Here, in this chapter is laid on the first point: Market research is vital to success in overseas Markets To look for a suitable market an exporter

6、 must consider, for example: 1.Political and Economic Conditions Countries with different political and economic systems take different attitudes toward foreigntrade business.Their policies and regulations concerning import and export，foreign exchange control，customs, duties and other tariffs will g

7、reatly affect the suitability for a new market.2.Physical and Climatic Conditions The suitability of his products: heavy clothing is not worn in hot climates; mountaineering equipment would not be in demand in a flat country.3. Social Conditions If there is a low standardof living with poor wage lev

8、els, there nay be no market for television sets or cars or luxury products. It may be desirable, even necessary,for price lists and sales promotion literature to be translated into a local language,with local units of measurement and currency. If there is high level of illiteracy,advertising matter

9、may need to be in. pictures and symbols rather than in words.4. Traditions and Customs Habits of work and play and dress may affect the goods bought. Imported cricket, baseball ortennis gear would not sell in a country where these games are not playedReligion may also affect the situation certain fo

10、ods may not be eaten on religious grounds. 5.Existing Products and Structure of Trade If there is a satisfactory 1ocally-made product at an acceptable price, there till be no sale for an imported one. Attention mast be given to sizes of products and to the suitability of packaging.If machinery is to

11、 be sent to a certain area. It will be necessary to enter after-sales service.Some estimates of the efficiency of local agents should be obtained beforehand.6: The Legal Aspect Attention should be paid to such matters as safety regulations for vehicles and machinery; left or right hand drive for car

12、s; restriction on the sale of drugs; and any import quotas that exist. Certain goods may be subject to heavy duties, making it possible for the exporter to compete with foreign producers.Procedure, in a Market Research Investigation First and foremost, researchers should have a clear idea of what th

13、ey are trying to accomplish in a research project that is the goal of the project. Usually the objective is to solve a program. A breakdown of the problem into parts that can be hand1ed by research results in the following specific questions:1.What is the market demand for such a product? 2.What pro

14、duct features are desired, such as push button tuning or signal-seeking tuning for an FM auto radio?3. What channels of distribution should be used for such a product? 4. What should its price be?To solve these questions; sufficient information is needed. The researcher has to plan where and how to

15、get the desired information and data.Select the Sources of Information Primary data, secondary data or both can be used in an investigation. Primary data are original data gathered specifically for the project .at hand. Secondary data have already been gathered for some other purpose. For example; w

16、hen researchers stand in a supermarket and observe. Whether people use shopping lists, they are collecting primary data. When they get information from the Census of Population, they are using a secondary source. One of the biggest mistakes made in market research is-to collect primary data before e

17、xhausting the information available in secondary sources. Ordinarily, secondary information can be gathered much faster and at far less expense than primary data. Sources of Secondary dataUsually, this simply involves a study/evaluation of public/trade statistics and reports/surveys. Several excelle

18、nt, readily available sources of such information are at the disposal of a market researcher. One such source, of course, is the multitude of records and reports within the firm itself: Outside the firm the major sources are as follows.1 Libraries Lest we forget, a good library is probably the best

19、single, all :around sources of secondary information. It will contain publications from practically all the sources mentioned here.2. Government departments concerned also furnish marketing data.，These data are available at very low prices, even though there is a tremendous cost involved in collecti

20、ng them. Also, the government has access under the law to types of information (company sales and profits, personal income, and the like) that are impossible for a private company to get. Tax records, license applications, and other registration systems furnish much of the information 3. Trade, Prof

21、essional, and Business Associations Trade associations produce useful reports on their commodities and opportunities for the exporter. Many excellent trade publications keep the exporter informed constantly changing conditions in the overseas market and the legal and consular requirements abroad.Exp

22、orters may obtain information from banks,which nowadays From parts of a worldwide network of banking and are in a position to obtain information about market and the financial standing of foreign companies and agent in many parts of the world.The chambers of commerce too, have information available

23、to their members on export markets, problems of distribution, foreign agents, tariff and other restrictions, and so on. 4. Private Business Firms Private marketing research firms, advertising agencies，and individual manufacturers and middlemen may be able to provide information needed by a researche

24、r. Companies such as the A. C. Nielsen Company (the. largest market research firm in the world) conduct various kinds of marketing research. Nielsen, for example,prepares a report showing how. Many households watched various television programs during a given week,5.Advertising Media Many magazines

25、newspaper and radio and television stations publish information that marketing researchers may not find available elsewhere.6. University Research Organizations Most large universities operate research bureaus and publish findings of value .to the business community.7. FoundationsNon-profit research

26、 foundations and related groups carry out many kinds of research projects. Statistical analysis and. reports on special topics are often published, by them.Sources of Primary DataAfter exhausting all reasonablesecondary sources of information, researcher may still lack sufficient data.Then they will

27、 turn to primary sources and gather the information themselves. In a company research project,for example a researcher may interview that firms sales people, middlemen,，or customers to obtain the pertinent market information Determine Methods for gathering Primary Data Before the data can be gathere

28、d; the researchers must determine whom they are going to survey. Normally, it is unnecessary to survey every person who could shed light on a given research problem. it is sufficient to survey only some of these people if their reactions are representative of the entire group. That is they must plan

29、 or establish a sample. The fundamental idea underlying the concept of sampling is as follows: If a small number of items (the sample) is selected at random from a larger number of items (called a universe), then the sample will have the same characteristics, and in about the same proportion as the

30、universeImproper sampling is a source of errors in many survey results In one study, an opinion. On student government was derived by interviewing a sample of fraternity and sorority members. With no dormitory students, off-campus residents, or commuting students: included, this was obviously a bias

31、ed (nonrepresentative) sample of student opinion.There are three widely used methods of gathering Primary data :survey, observation; and experimentation: Normally,all three not used on one project.The choice of method will be influenced by the availability of time, money, personnel; and facilities.S

32、urvey MethodA survey consists of gathering data by interviewing a limited number of，people (a sample) .selected from, a larger group. A survey has the advantage of getting to the original source of information. In fact; this may be the only way to find out the opinions or buying intentions of a，grou

33、p: However, the survey method contains certain inherent limitations: There are opportunities for error in the construction -of the sample (the number of interviewers selected) and of the survey questionnaire and in the interviewing process. Surveys may be very expensive, and they are time-consuming:

34、 Another key weakness is that respondents often cannot or will not give true answers. The interviewing in the survey may be done by the researcher in person, by telephone, or by mail.1.Personal Interviews Personal interviews are more flexible than the other two types because interviews can alter the

35、 questions to fit-the situation as they see it: Theyare able to probe snore deeply if an answer is not satisfactory. Ordinarily, it is possible to obtain more information by personal interview .than by telephone: or mail. Also, the interview can by observation; obtain data regarding the respondentss

36、ocioeconomic status-their home ,neighborhood, and apparent standard of living. The major limitations of this method of interviewing are its relative high cost, the length of time needed to conduct the survey, and the chance of introducing ,errors during the interviewing.2. Telephone SurveyIn a telep

37、hone survey, the respondent, is approached by telephone, and interview is completed at that time. Telephone surveys can usually be conducted more rapidly and at less cost than either personal or mail surveys. Tele: phone surveys are lees flexible than personalInterviews, but more flexible than mail

38、survey. Another significant advantage is that a telephone. survey -may be timely. For instance, people may be asked whether they are watching television at the moment and; if so, the name of the program and the sponsor. One limitation of the telephone survey is that interviews must be short: Lengthy

39、 interviews cannot be conducted satisfactorily over the phone. 3.Interviewing by Mail Interviewing by mail involves mailing a questionnaire to potential respondents and having them return the completed form by mail. Mailed questionnaires ape more economical than personal interviews and are particula

40、rly useful in national surveys,Also, if the respondents remain anonymous, they are more likely to give true answers because they do not feel the need to impress the interviewer. A major problem with mail questionnaires is the Compilation of a good mailing list, especially for a broad-scale survey. I

41、f the sample can be drawn from a limited list, such as property taxpayers in certain counties or subscribers to a magazine, the list presents no problem.Another significant limitation concerns the reliability of the questionnaire returns, Particularly when the returns are-anonymous. If the responden

42、ts have characteristics that differentiate them from nonrespondents, the survey results will be invalid. Further,the questionnaire must be reasonably shorted the questions very simple; there is no to explain in a puzzling question. Ideally :Yes. or“No or prechoice type of :produces the best results.

43、Here is an example:Questionnaire for MarketResearch onSmokingA. Do you smoke cigarettes? Yes/No (If No,terminate)B How. many do you smoke a day?C. What size of cigarette do you smoke ? Mini ,Standard ,LargeD. Do you smoke filter tips.? Yes/No E. Do you smoke menthol cigarettes?一Yes/NoObservational M

44、ethodIn the observational method, the data are collected by observing some action of the respondent: No interviews are involved, although an interview may be used as a follow-up to-get additional information. For instance,if customers are observed buying beer in cans instead of bottles; they may be

45、asked; why they prefer that one form of packaging to the other.Information may be gathered by personal or mechanical observation. In one form of personal observation the researcher poses as a customer in a store. This technique is useful in getting information about the caliber of the -sales people，

46、or in determining what brands they push. Mechanical observation is illustrated by an electric cord stretched across a high way to count the number一of cars that pass during a certain time period The observation method has several merits. It can be highly accurateOften it removes a11 doubt about what

47、the customer does in: a given, situation. The consumers are unaware that they are being observed; so presumably they action theft usual fashion.The observation technique reduces interviewer bias. However, the possibility of bias is not- completely eliminated as long as people are used as :observers.

48、 Another disadvantage is that the technique is limited in its application. Observation tells what happened; but it cannot tell why. It cannot delve into motives, attitudes,or opinions.Experimental MethodThe experimental method of gathering primary data involves the establishment of a controlled expe

49、riment that stimulates the real market situation as much as possible. The theory is that the small-scale experiment will furnish valuable information f tar designing a large scale marketing program.The experimental method may be used in several different ways. In one instance, a firm may manufacture

50、 a few units of a product and give them to employees or consumers to try out: Probably the major application of the experimental method has been in market testing. This technique consist establishing a control market, in which all factors remain constant and one or more test markets,in which one fac

51、tor is varied. A firm may be trying to determine whether to change the color of its package.In city A, the product is marketed in its traditional color. In each of cities B, C, and D, a different color is used. All other factor are kept constant. By measuring sales in the four market over a period o

52、f time;the manufacturer, hopes to determine which color is most effective.The outstanding merit of the experimental method is it realism. It is the only one of the three methods of gathering primary data that stimulate an actual maket situation. The problem is that it is expensive.It requires long p

53、eriods of careful planning and administration.Analyze the Data and Prepare a ReportThe final steps in market research project are to analyze the data and interpret the findings. Information gathered from market research is a guide to the invention，production and sales of the products for which there

54、 is a market. Today sophisticated electronic data processing equipment enables a researcher to tabulate and analyze masses of data quickly, and inexpensively.The end product of the investigation is the researchers conclusion and recommendations, submitted, in written form on which the companys polic

55、y and proceedings concerning export promotion are based.Export Promotion-AdvertisingAfter deciding there are good prospects, for his goods abroad through the study of the market research investigation, the maker or the exporter will, of course; take measures to promote, exporting of the goods to tha

56、t market. A most important measure in this respect is to advertise; the aid to trade that deals with the problem of giving information about the goods and 0helps to putbuyers and sellers in touch with one another. By means of advertisements a supplier, tells people what goods he has for sale and emp

57、hasizes their good points in the hope that people will buy them. Advertising can, be undertaken by the companys sales or publicity department; or an advertising agcy is to beengaged as an adviser.Purpose of Advertising1.To Inform Advertising can be used to place facts before public. An advertisement

58、 for a car may include some technical details, so that part of the advertisement is informative. Another advertisement may be .entirely informative,such as the announcement of the opening of a new shop.2 To Persuade although the advertisement for the car may give some facts, its over-all objective i

59、s to persuade people to buy the car. To do this various subtle methods may be used. The illustration, for instance; may give an exaggerated impression of the cars power The wording and the lay-out may be designed to appeal to the emotion rather than the mind: If you study some advertisement for prac

60、tical products, you will find that they contain little or no technical information. One would not expect to find a .scientific analysis in an advertisement for a cake of toilet soap, of course, but an examination of advertisement for. medicinal goods will show that the appeal is mainly to the emotio

61、ns.3: To Remind Some advertisements aim merely to keep the name of :the product before the public. A newspaper advertisement may consist of only a picture of a packet of cigarettes; a bus may carry,the name of an insurance company; a poster may display a well-known advertising phrase. They say nothi

62、ng but serve a useful. purpose in constantly reminding the public of, the, name of the productAdvertising MediaThe term media means the forms used to carry advertisement. The choice of media depends upon the product and the audience the advertisement is aimed at For example, very few people are inte

63、rested in coins. A coin dealer would want to appeal to that small number of people and to no one else. He would therefore advertise in a magazine which most coin enthusiasts read.The cost of advertising in newspapers large depends upon the circulation of each newspaper.If a newspaper sells a million

64、 copies, it is possible (although not probable) that a million people will read an advertisement in it. Some pages in a newspaper are more expensive to advertise in than are others, because most people will read the general news pages but only some will the pages devoted to sport, fashion, the arts;

65、 etc. Different一 types of people read different newspapers, so an advertiser will use those papers whose readers are likely to be possible buyers of his products. For example, an art gallery would not advertise in a popular news paper because few of its readers would be likely to be visitors to art galleries.2 MagazinesThe same principles about which media to use also apply to magazines. There are magazines which men read, those which women read and those which both read. Within each group there is specialization, so that