电大开放教育本科社会保障学考试小抄完整最新版

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1、电大社会保障学期末复习资料一、单项选择题1、（ B ）是一种特殊的社会保障。P5A、社会救助B、社会优抚C、社会福利 D、社会保险2、通常被称为“最后的安全网”，也是最低的社会保障，是人类社会最悠久的一种保障形式的是（A）。P5或218A、社会救助B、社会保障 C、社会福利 D、社会保险3、（C）是最高层次的社会保障制度。A、社会救助B、社会保障 C、社会福利 D、社会保险4、“从摇篮到坟墓”是形容（B）的社会保障模式。P8A、社会保险型模式B、福利国家型模式C、强制性储蓄型模式D、国家保险型模式5、我国实行的是（D）社会保障基金的筹集模式。P45A、社会统筹模式B、个人帐户模式 C、现收现付

2、制 D、A和B6、（D）被誉为西方“福利国家橱窗”。P76A、美国B、英国C、德国D、瑞典7、（B）是建立现代意义上的社会养老保险制度的第一个国家。P76A、美国B、德国C、新加坡D、智利8、中国享受基本养老保险金的条件之一是参加保险缴费期限要满（C）年。P80A、5年B、10年C、15年D、20年9、中国养老保险制度中的“老人”是指（A）。P89A、1997年前退休人员B、1997年后退休的人员C、1997年后参保的人员D、1997年前参加工作，1997年后才退休的人员10、企业年金计划是企业举办的一项（B）P97A医疗保险计划 B养老保险计划C工伤保险计划 D失业保险计划11、1883年（

3、C）政府颁布的疾病保险法标志着医疗保险强制性社会保障制度的确立。P102A、美国B、英国C、德国D、中国12、我国城镇职工基本医疗保险筹集中，个人缴费费率为本人工资收入的（B）。P124A、1% B、2% C、3% D、4%13、我国城镇职工基本医疗保险水平的封顶线控制在当地职工年平均工资的（C）倍左右。P126A、2 B、3 C、4 D、514、我国法定劳动年龄范围是（C）。P131A、16-50 B、18-50 C、16-60 D、16-6715、在我国完全由政府承办，没有商业保险公司参加的保险是（D）。P131A、养老保险 B、医疗保险 C、生育保险 D、失业保险16、世界上第一个强制性

4、失业保险制度是（B）政府建立的。P136A、美国B、英国C、德国D、中国17、在中国失业保险雇员的缴费率是（A）。P137A、1% B、2% C、3% D、4%18、我国经历了（C）次失业高峰。P140A、3 B、4 C、5 D、619、1884年（C）颁布了世界上第一部工伤保险法。P160A、美国B、英国C、德国D、中国20、以下哪项属于可认定为工伤的？（B）P170A、醉酒死亡B、患职业病C、自残或自杀D、因犯罪伤亡的21、我国2002年（C）首次将工伤康复纳入到工伤保险范围。P189A、北京 B、上海 C、广州 D、天津22、我国产假标准目前为（C）天。P198A、30 B、60 C、9

5、0 D、12023、1993年6月1日，（B）市正式实施最低生活保障制度，标志我国最低生活保障制度正式建立。P237A、北京 B、上海 C、广州 D、天津24、（C）是国家专门为伤亡的军人、人民警察和国家机关工作人员提供抚恤的社会保障制度。P284A、社会福利 B、社会救助 C、社会优抚 D、工伤保险25、对于贫困的农村居民而言，（A）是最后一条保障线。P329A、农村最低生活保障制度 B、农村“五保”制度 C、农村救灾救济制度 D、农村临时性救助制度26、目前中国中西部地区农村的最低生活保障标准每年为（C）。P330A、300 B、600 C、600-80 D、1000-200027、农村临

6、时性救助制度的标准一般不超过2000元，每年每户一般不超过（B）次。P336A、1 B、2 C、3 D、428、在中国新型农村社会养老保险制度中，地方政府对参保人缴费给予补贴标准不低于每人每年（A）元标准。P338A、30 B、60 C、80 D、10029、前苏联以及我国在“文革”之前的劳动保险是采取（D）管理模式。P366A、政府和公法机构共同管理模式 B、政府与私人企业共同管理模式 C、政府直接管理模式 D、政府和工会共同管理模式30、在我国社会救助、社会福利和社会优抚的业务管理由（C）部门承担。P387A、社会保险经办机构 B、财政部 C、民政行政部门 D、卫生部二、多项选择题1、社会

7、保障相关主体主要包括：（ABCD）P3A、政府 B、保险经办机构 C、用人单位 D、参保人2、社会保障的核心内容有（ABCD）三大部分。P4A、社会救助 B、社会优抚 C、社会福利 D、社会保险3、社会保障基金的全部内容包括（ABC）。P37A、筹集 B、支付 C、管理 D、模式4、社会保障基金筹集的原则包括（ABD）。P41A、适度原则B、公平原则C、最大化原则D、依法筹集原则5、我国目前企业职工社会保障基金的投资方式主要是（AD）。P61A、国债B、股票C、基金D、银行存款7、中国医疗保险制度中的“两定点”是指（AD）。P107A、定点医院 B、定点赔付 C、药品目录 D、定点药店8、中国

8、医疗保险制度中的“三目录”是指（ABC）。P107A、药品目录B、诊疗目录C、医疗服务设施范围和支付标准目录D、医院目录9、我国现行的医疗保险制度包括（BC）。P117A、国家医疗保险B、城镇医疗保险C、农村合作医疗保险D、单位医疗保险10、以下哪些是“合格失业者”所必须具备的条件。（ABCD）P137A、非自愿失业B、有就业愿意C、及时办理了失业登记手续D、工作后失业11、失业补救的办法有（ABCD）。A、实施职业轮换B、转业培训C、开辟家政服务就业领域D、建立和完善就业信息网络12、下列属于工伤的是（AB）。P157A、因工伤亡B、职业病C、自然生病D、非机动车交通事故受伤13、工伤待遇包

9、括（ABCD）。P171A、工伤医疗待遇B、工伤停工期内工资福利待遇C、因工致残待遇D、因工死亡待遇14、生育保险待遇内容包括（ABCD）。P202A、产假津贴B、医疗费用C、生育补助D、生育休假15、社会救助标准的计算方法包括（ABCD）。P230A、市场菜篮子法B、恩格尔系数法C、马丁法D、收入比例法16、家计调查的内容包括（BCD）。P234A、人口B、收入C、财产D、工作17、中国专项的社会救助制度包括（ABC）。P243-248A、医疗救助B、住房救助C、教育救助D、工伤救助18、按社会福利的对象，社会福利类型可划分为（ABD）。P256A、老年人福利B、残疾人福利C、全民性社会福利

10、D、妇女儿童福利19、社会优抚是一项综合性的社会保障制度，具体包括（ABD）。P285A、优待 B、抚恤 C、全民性社会福利 D、安置20、中国农村的扶贫开发是指对农村有一定生产能力的贫困人口，给予（ABCD）等方面的扶持。P342A、思想 B、政策 C、资金 D、信息21、农村社会救助制度主要包括：（ABC）。P352A、农村最低生活保障制度 B、农村五保供养制度 C、农村临时救助制度 D、农村社会保险制度三、判断题1、社会保障基金的内容无非是“收、支、管”，即社会保障基金的筹集、支付和管理。（）P42、新中国成立后建立了“社会保险型”的社会保障体制。（）P93、在社会保障概念中，平等的一定

11、是公平的，公平也一定是平等的。（）P224、平等与效率是处在一个连续统一体的两端，公平是权衡的取舍点。（）P265、部分积累制是指当年提取当年支付，一般不留结余，以支定收。（）P456、完全积累制是以远期纵向平衡为原则，实质是个体一生中的代内收入再分配制度。（）P467、养老保险制度模式往往是国家社会保险制度模式的代表。（）P748、企业年金是养老金的第二支柱，被称为“企业补充养老保险”。（）P979、第三方付费制度是工伤保险所独有的特点。（）P9910、医疗保险中的待遇水平由三方面体现，即起付线、封顶线和报销比例。（）P11511、1986年颁布的国营企业职工待业保险暂行规定，是新中国成立后

12、建立的第一个正式的失业保险制度。（）P14712、中国治理第四次失业高峰采取的办法是启动了“中国下岗职工再就业工程”。（）P14213、失业预防、失业保险和失业补救构成了就业保险制度。（）P15514、在我国工伤保险基金筹集中，用人单位缴费是最主要的基金来源。（）P16515、在上下班途中受到非机动车事故伤害的应认定为工伤。（）P16816、工伤预防、工伤补偿和工伤康复是工伤保险的三大支柱。（）P18017、2003年颁布的工伤保险条例是中国第一部专门的工伤保险行政法规。（）P18318、生育责任的承担者只是女性，不包括男性。（）P19419、我国生育保险工资替代率为100%，高于国际标准。（

13、）P19820、恩格尔系数的值越低，说明民众的生活水平越低，反之则说明越高。（）P23121、家计调查等同于贫困调查。（）P23322、中国现行的社会救助制度包括最低生活保障制度和专项社会救助。（）P237-243或25123、通常贫困被划分为绝对贫困和相对贫困。（）P21924、广义的社会福利概念只是面向贫困者或者特殊社会群体的福利安排。（）P25525、中国自20世纪90年代以后从原有的福利教育制度进入到了一个混合型多元教育体系阶段。（）P28026、中国农村的“五保”制度是指“保吃、保住、保烧、保教、保葬”。（）P32027、新型农村社会养老保险制度的保障对象为：年满16岁（不含在校学生

14、）、未参加城镇职工基本养老保险的农村居民。（）P33728、新型农村合作医疗制度的保障对象是部分农村居民。（）P34029、在我国社会保险业务管理是由社会保险的经办机构承担的，属营利性质的事业单位。（）P37430、我国当前的社会保障管理体制，是在国务院集中统一领导下，采取条块结合、以块为主的分级管理体制。（）P387四、简答题1、社会保障的定义及核心内容？答：社会保障是国家通过征税、收费、接受捐赠等手段筹集资金，以社会保险、社会救助、社会福利和社会优抚等方式，防范风险并为丧失劳动能力和暂时无收入者提供基本生活、为贫困者提供最低生活、为军人提供特殊关照、为全体国民增进生活福利的一种社会制度。其

15、核心内容包括：（1）社会保险；（2）社会救助；（3）社会福利；（4）社会优抚。2、社会保障的三种体制和四种模式是什么？答；三种体制是：（1）社会民主主义福利体制；（2）自由主义福利体制；（3）合作主义福利体制。四种模式是：（1）福利国家型；（2）社会保险型；（3）国家保险型；（4）个人储蓄型；3、养老保险的定义和特点？答：养老保险是政府主办，通过国家立法保障退休老人基本生活的一种社会保险制度。其特点有：（1）养老保险承诺与兑现之间的时间最长。（2）养老保险是实际享受人数最多的险种之一。（3）养老保险费用的收和支出庞大。（4）养老保险制度模式往往是国家社会保险制度模式的代表。4、失业的类型有哪些

16、？（1）摩擦性失业（2）结构性失业（3）周期性失业（4）季节性失业（5）技术性失业5、工伤保险的一般原则？答：（1）补偿不究过失原则，又称无过失补偿原则，指在劳动者负伤后，不管过失在雇主还是劳动者一方，工伤职工均可获得收入补偿以保障其基本生活。（2）劳动者个人不缴费原则，这是工伤保险区别于其他社会保险项目的显著特点。（3）待遇优厚原则，工伤保险虽然不要求个人缴费，但在待遇上却要其他社会保险项目都要优厚一些。（4）救治、补偿、预防与康复相结合原则，工伤事故或者直接造成劳动者身体伤害，或者造成职业病，二者都离不开医疗救治。6、社会救助的作用和特征？答：社会求助的作用：（1）缓解贫困（2）促进分配，

17、稳定经济。（3）促进社会融合。社会救助的特征：（1）国家是责任主体。（2）享受社会救助是公民的权利。（3）受助者需要接受家计调查。（每条要做简短解释）7、什么是恩格尔系数法？它的优缺点是什么？答：恩格尔系数是目前较为普遍地用于分析特定国家或地区民众生活水平和贫困程度的指标之一。恩格尔系数值越大，说明该地区民众总支出中，用于食品消费等基本生活支出的比重越高。恩格尔系数根据满足生活需求最低营养摄取标准确定食品消费项目和数量，计算出饮食费用，用它除以计算期最低收入水平组的恩格尔系数，即可得到贫困线。（1）优点：方法简便易行，可以用代表一般市民生活水平的恩格尔系统来求得社会救助受助者的消费水平。（2）

18、缺点：要求恩格尔系数比较稳定。由于受价格、地域等因素影响，我国恩格尔系统变化较大，易受主观判断影响，且反映的贫困过于绝对，另外对基本生活费的规定有局限性，过于偏颇。8、中国现行的社会福利制度包括哪些内容？答：（1）老年人福利（2）残疾人福利（3）儿童福利（4）住房福利（5）教育福利9、什么是社会优抚？包括哪些项目？答：社会优抚是国家专门为伤亡军人、人民警察和国家机关工作人员提供抚恤，为军人和人民警察及其家庭提供扰待，为退出现役的军人予以生活安置和就业安排而建立的社会保障制度。社会优抚是一项综合性的社会保障制度，具体包括优待、抚恤和安置三类项目。10、社会保障管理的含义和一般原则？答：社会保障管

19、理是指社会保障责任机构和人员通过规划、组织、领导、人事和控制等活动经济有效地完成社会保障任务的过程。社会保障管理的一般原则：（1）服务至上原则。（2）公开、公正和效率原则。（3）属地管理原则。（4）与相关系统协调一致原则。五、论述题1、试述当前我国社会保障管理存在的问题有哪些？（1）中央和地方社会保障财政责任不明确（2）统筹层次低，政策不统一，阻碍了劳动力跨地区流动，导致参保人社会保障权益受损。（3）社会保障管理体制不统一，部门利益明显。（4）社会保障法律强制性不够，政策透明度差。（5）社会保险经办机构权责不到位，监督不力。（6）社会保障管理行政色彩浓，社会化服务不够。2、试论述绝对贫困和相对

20、贫困的内涵是什么？它们各有什么特点？（一）绝对贫困是只停留在物质层面上的贫困，可以被理解为物质上的匮乏，是指缺乏为维持身体健康而绝对必需的物品的状态。绝对贫困的特征主要有：（1）绝对贫困是指必需品的缺乏而导致生存受到威胁，这些必需品通常是指维持生存的物质，如，食品、住房、衣服等。（2）绝对贫困在消费方面表现为，由于收入极低，难以满足人类在衣依住行等方面的基本消费。（3）绝对贫困在发展方面表现为，由于生产资料的缺乏，难以维持简单再生产，更难以扩大再生产，从而陷入“贫困循环”之中。（二）相对贫困是相比较而言的贫困。是建立在将穷人的生活水平与其他较为不贫困的社会成员的生活水平相比较的基础上的，通常这

21、包括对作为研究对象的社会的总体平均水平的测度。相对贫困的特征有：（1）相对贫困是一种主观判断，是由社会作出的，它实际上是社会上多数人对于较低生活水平的一定确认，如有的国家以全国人均收入的一定比例作为贫困标准，而有的国家则以中位收入水平的一定比例作为贫困标准。（2）相对贫困具有历史动态性。随着不同时期的社会生产力和生活方式的变化，贫困标准也有很大差别。（3）相对贫困具有长期性。相对贫困实质是不平等，只要社会存在不平等，就存在相对贫困，在现实上，不平等是常态，因而相对贫困也将普遍存在。3、试论述社会保障制度的意义？一、在思想文化方面（1）社会保障是各类公正公平思想的具体体现，不同的社会保障制度模式

22、反应的是不同的社会保障公正分配的思想，社会保障制度建设也丰富了各派社会公正理论。（2）社会保障的实践加深人们对人权意识和同舟共济思想的认识。社会保障的最初目的就是为了避免人道主义灾难，是对人权的保障。同时，社会保障通过税收和集资再分配，救助贫困、普惠福利、缩小贫富差距，是“我为人人、人人为我”的理想发扬光大。二、在政治方面（1）社会保障提升了政府的权力和责任.社会保障一般由政府主办，事关民生，这就意味着政府的社会权利增大，同时人民对政府改善民生的期望也相应增大，政府的社会责任也相应增大，社会保障制度设计和执行的水平成为政府执政能力的重要体现。（2）社会保障政策成为各政党争取民意的手段。既然社会

23、保障关系到人们的福利，社会保障政策就成为普通百姓最关心的国家政策之一，其任何变化都会引起民众反响。三、在经济方面，社会保障既能成为经济发展的动力，也能成为经济发展的阻碍，关键是适度，符合国情，与经济发展水平相适应。四、在社会方面，社会保障总体上社会更加稳定，另外，社会保障制度降低了家庭的保障功能，养儿防老的必要性下降，对出生率和家庭解体起了推波助澜的作用。Visa-free policy brings Chengdu biz, tourism boost. Making national headlines several times, Chengdus 72-hour visa-free p

24、olicy has attracted wide attention from both Chinese and foreign experts and businessmen since it took effect on Sept 1 last year. The program permits citizens from 51 countries and regions including the United States, Australia, Canada and Japan who have valid visas and flight tickets to a third co

25、untry to spend three days in the city. The capital of Sichuan province is the first city in the western region of China to offer foreign tourists a three-day visa and the fourth nationwide to adopt the policy following Shanghai, Beijing and Guangzhou. Li Zhiyong, deputy dean of the tourism institute

26、 at Sichuan University, said the move contributes to a large increase in the number of overseas tourists and raises the citys level of internationalization. The policy will also bring direct economic revenue, Li said. Chengdu has many cultural legacies and is also a paradise for panda lovers with th

27、e worlds largest breeding and research center. Three days are long enough for foreign visitors to visit those iconic tourist spots, he noted. The city is home to the remains of the Jin sha civilization that dates back more than 3,000 years as well as the Qing cheng Mountains and the Du jiang yan irr

28、igation system. Qing cheng has long been recognized as the birthplace of Taoism, Chinas ancient indigenous religion, while Du jiang yan is considered to be the oldest functioning water-control project in the world. Chengdu ranked third in tourist facilities, management and services among 60 Chinese

29、cities in a customer satisfaction survey released last year. But, Li added that efforts are still needed to develop more tourism products, improve English services and provide accurate translation of traffic signs and scenic billboards. Zhao Yun, chairwoman of British Chamber of Commerce Southwest C

30、hina, told China Daily that his colleagues found the policy very convenient. A British client once flew here and stayed for just one day to check her ordered goods, she said. Zhao was born in Shanxi province, but she has lived in Chengdu for more than 10 years. My life was like a running race moving

31、 from place to place. I also lived in Beijing and Shanghai before, she said. But Chengdu is a place that you never want to leave once settling down. It is now my second hometown, she said. If the environment is further improved, the city will attract more people to visit and live, with the 72-hour v

32、isa-free policy and compelling conditions in transportation, culture, climate and cuisine, he said. Foreigners also gave positive feedback on the policy. A spokesman from Dell Inc said the company has a global hub of operation in Chengdu, so the three-day visa has an immediate and positive influence

33、 on the companys business development. Rudy Buttignol, president of the public broadcasting company in British Columbia, Canada, said his work requires frequent travel to Chengdu and the policy makes the trips easier. Data from the citys public security bureau shows some 100 foreign visitors enjoyed

34、 the 72-hour policy by the end of March, most of them from the United States, the United Kingdom and Germany. Chengdu also reported robust growth in its overall tourist industry last year. Official statistics show that it received some 150 million tourists last year, an increase of 28 percent from 2

35、012. Around 1.7 million came from abroad, an increase of 12 percent. Total revenue from tourism surpassed 133 billion yuan ($21.7billion). During his visit to Kazakhstan in September, Chinese President Xi Jinping proposed that China and Central Asia join hands to build a Silk Road economic belt to b

36、oost cooperation. The idea has been widely echoed in Central Asian countries, becoming an encouraging blueprint for Chinese areas along the Silk Road that has linked Asia and Europe for more than 2,000 years. In the next three weeks, China Daily reporters will travel through the belt in China and in

37、 Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkey. They will show the progress and expectations of the countries, businesses and peoples on the route. Shaanxi - the start of the ancient Silk Road - has positioned itself as the new starting point for the development of the Silk Road Economic Belt, which will streng

38、then Chinas cooperation with Central Asian countries, a senior official said. Shaanxi Governor Lou Qinjian said the province is fresh, rich and unique, as it was when it anchored one end of the ancient Silk Road. It is the best option for accommodating industrial transfers from East China or the wor

39、ld at large, he said on Wednesday in Xian.Lou held a joint interview with 27 media, including China Daily, the first in a series of interviews entitled Chinese Media Along the Silk Road. The interviews will be in Shaanxi and Gansu provinces and the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, as well as Kazakh

40、stan, Uzbekistan and Turkey.The media group held the first interview on Wednesday morning in Xian, the starting point of the ancient Silk Road, a trade channel established more than 2,000 years ago linking China, Central Asia and Europe.请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！2016年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Basketb

41、all can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament

42、and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Womens National Basketball Association (WNBA) playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out of its player and coach legends like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin Magic Johnson, Sheryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game

43、is the playing space and the equipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court. The principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the long direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. The ball is spherical in shape and is inflated. Basket-balls range in siz

44、e from 28.5-30 in (72-76 cm) in circumference, and in weight from 18-22 oz (510-624 g). For players below the high school level, a smaller ball is used, but the ball in mens games measures 29.5-30 in (75-76 cm) in circumference, and a womens ball is 28.5-29 in (72-74 cm) in circumference. The coveri

45、ng of the ball is leather, rubber, composition, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by rules for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. Orange is the regulation color. At all levels of play, the home team provides the ball. Inflation of the ball is based on the height of

46、 the balls bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 49-54 in (1.2-1.4 m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft (1.80 m)

47、 measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere commands conside

48、rable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two half-bushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and out-lined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International

49、Training School of the Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA), which later became Springfield College. Naismith (1861-1939) was a physical education teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of running, jumping, shooting, and the hand-eye coordination required in

50、handling a ball. The peach baskets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. His students were excited about the game, and Christmas vacation gave them the chance to tell their friends and people at their local YMCAs about the game. The association leaders wrote to Naismith asking for

51、copies of the rules, and they were published in the Triangle, the school newspaper, on January 15,1892. Naismiths five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as large, light, and handled with the hands. Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was r

52、estricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players; the ball was the objective. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time

53、 period wins. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the organization grew rapidly. The size of the local gym dictated the number of players; smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size bec

54、ame generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 10-20 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusia

55、sts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismiths original players were Canadians, and the game spread to Canada immediately. It

56、was played in France by 1893; England in 1894; Australia, China, and India between 1895 and 1900; and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger t

57、han a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948; its construction and size of 30 in (76 cm) were ruled official in 1949. The rule-setters came from several group

58、s early in the 1900s. Colleges and universities established their rules committees in 1905, the YMCA and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) created a set of rules jointly, state militia groups abided by a shared set of rules, and there were two professional sets of rules. A Joint Rules Committee for c

59、olleges, the AAU, and the YMCA was created in 1915, and, under the name the National Basketball Committee (NBC) made rules for amateur play until 1979. In that year, the National Federation of State High School Associations began governing the sport at the high school level, and the NCAA Rules Commi

60、ttee assumed rule-making responsibilities for junior colleges, colleges, and the Armed Forces, with a similar committee holding jurisdiction over womens basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and college levels. After

61、 World War II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championsh

62、ips in some states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. The womens game changed radically in 1971 when separate rules for women were mo

63、dified to more closely resemble the mens game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably become the leading basketball nation outside of the Unite

64、d States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the womens game by recognizing it as an Olympic event in 1976. Again, television coverage of the Olympics has been exceptionally important in drawing attention to international teams. The first professional mens basketball league in the United States was the National Basketball League (NBL),