托福阅读100篇汇总

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1、托福阅读100篇汇总托福阅读100篇汇总！在阅读备考过程中，同学们肯定需要一些文章当做自己的练习，所以在这里为大家整理到了100篇阅读文章，帮助大家更好的来备考托福阅读考试。PASSAGE 1By the mid-nineteenth century, the term icebox had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the

2、 growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New

3、 York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as

4、we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of t

5、he ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an effici

6、ent icebox.But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to

7、market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at nig

8、ht in order to keep their produce cool. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) The influence of ice on the diet (B) The development of refrigeration (C) The transportation of goods to market (D) Sources of ice in the nineteenth century2. According to the passage , when did the word icebox beco

9、me part of the language of the United States?(A) in 1803(B) sometime before 1850(C) during the civil war(D) near the end of the nineteenth century3. The phrase forward-looking in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) progressive(B) popular(C) thrifty(D) well-established4. The author mentions fish in li

10、ne 4 because(A) many fish dealers also sold ice(B) fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars(C) fish dealers were among the early commercial users of ice(D) fish was not part of the ordinary persons diet before the invention of the icebox5. The word it in line 5 refers to(A) fresh meat(B) the Ci

11、vil War(C) ice(D) a refrigerator6. According to the passage , which of the following was an obstacle to the development of the icebox?(A) Competition among the owners of refrigerated freight cars(B) The lack of a network for the distribution of ice(C) The use of insufficient insulation(D) Inadequate

12、 understanding of physics7. The word rudimentary in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) growing(B) undeveloped(C) necessary(D) uninteresting8. According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would(A) completely prevent ice from melting(B) stop air from circulating(C) allow ice

13、to melt slowly(D) use blankets to conserve ice9. The author describes Thomas Moore as having been on the right track (lines 18-19) to indicate that(A) the road to the market passed close to Moores farm(B) Moore was an honest merchant(C) Moore was a prosperous farmer(D) Moores design was fairly succe

14、ssful10. According to the passage , Moores icebox allowed him to(A) charge more for his butter(B) travel to market at night(C) manufacture butter more quickly(D) produce ice all year round11. The produce mentioned in line 25 could include(A) iceboxes(B) butter(C) ice(D) marketsPASSAGE 2The geology o

15、f the Earths surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves, transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face of the Earth.Evaporated from the oc

16、eans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported by wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent of continental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what are called t

17、he hydrographic network. This immense polarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea level.The rate

18、 at which a molecule of water passes though the cycle is not random but is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for a water molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirs atmosphere, continent, and ocean we see that the times

19、 are very different. A water molecule stays, on average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. This last figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water transport on

20、 the continents.A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form the thin, f

21、ertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions and ef

22、ficiency depend on different factors. 1. The word modifying in line 4 is closest in meaning to (A) changing (B) traveling (C) describing (D) destroying2. The word which in line 5 refers to(A) clouds (B) oceans (C) continents (D) compounds3. According to the passage , clouds are primarily formed by w

23、ater2. Before 1870, what was considered the most representative kind of American painting?(A) Figural painting (B) Landscape painting (C) Impressionistic painting (D) Historical painting3. The word struggle in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) connection (B) distance(C) communication (D) competitio

24、n4. The word monopolized in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) alarmed (B) dominated (C) repelled (D) pursued5. According to the passage , what was the function of the National Academy of Design for the painters born before 1835?(A) It mediated conflicts between artists.(B) It supervised the incorpo

25、ration of new artistic techniques.(C) It determined which subjects were appropriate.(D) It supported their growth and development.6. The word it in line 12 refers to(A) matter (B) technique (C) patronage (D) country7. The word factions in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) sides (B) people (C) citi

26、es (D) images8. The word flattering in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) expressive (B) serious(C) complimentary (D) flashy9. Where did the younger generation of painters receive its artistic training?(A) In Europe(B) In the Adirondacks (C) In Vermont(D) In New HampshirePASSAGE 5Perhaps the most o

27、bvious way artistic creation reflects how people live is by mirroring the environment the materials and technologies available to a culture. Stone, wood, tree bark, clay, and sand are generally available materials. In addition, depending on the locality, other resources may be accessible: shells, ho

28、rns, gold, copper, and silver. The different uses to which societies put these materials are of interest to anthropologists who may ask, for example, why people choose to use clay and not copper when both items are available. Although there are no conclusive answers yet, the way in which a society v

29、iews its environment is sometimes apparent in its choice and use of artistic materials. The use of certain metals, for example, may be reserved for ceremonial objects of special importance. Or the belief in the supernatural powers of a stone or tree may cause a sculptor to be sensitive to that mater

30、ial.What is particularly meaningful to anthropologist is the realization that although the materials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically, the materials by no means determine what is done. Why do the artists in Japanese society rake sand into patte

31、rns; and the artists in Roman society melt sand to form glass? Moreover, even when the same material is used in the same way by members of different societies, the form or style of the work varies enormously from culture to culture. A society may simply choose to represent objects or phenomena that

32、are important to its population. An examination of the art of the Middle Ages tells us something about the medieval preoccupation with theological doctrine. In addition to revealing the primary concerns of a society, the content of that societys art may also reflect the cultures social stratificatio

33、n. 1. According to the passage , gold, copper, and silver are(A) more difficult to handle than wood and (B) of their stable social conditions(C) of the unique stylistic features of their art (D) available only in specific locations2. The word conclusive in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) definiti

34、ve (B) controversial (C) concurrent (D) realistic3. The word apparent in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) attractive (B) logical (C) evident(D) distinct4. Why does the author mention the supernatural powers of a stone or tree in line 10?(A) to show that some sculptors avoid working with specific m

35、aterials (B) to emphasize the unusual properties of certain materials(C) as an example of how art can be influenced by cultural beliefs(D) as an illustration of the impact of the environment on religious beliefs5. The word it in line 13 refers to(A) realization (B) society (C) extent (D) influence6.

36、 It can be inferred that the author mentions the Japanese and Roman societies because(A) they influenced each other stone(B) commonly used by artists in all societies(C) essential to create ceremonial objects(D) they used the same artistic material in very different ways7. According to the passage ,

37、 all of the following statements about sand are true EXCEPT(A) It is used to create glass.(B) Roman artists mix it into their paints.(C) Its use varies from culture to culture.(D) Japanese artists use it to create artistic patterns.8. The word Moreover in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) similarl

38、y (B) in addition (C) in contrast (D) frequently9. The word preoccupation in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) involvement (B) separation (C) relationship (D) argument10. The word primary in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A) discrete(B) preliminary(C) ideal(D) fundamental以上就是为大家整理的托福阅读100篇汇总，希望通过这100篇阅读文章的复习，能够提高大家的阅读速度，提升大家的成绩。