状语从句讲义

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1、精品文档，仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除状语从句在复合句中，用于修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词，起状语作用的从句叫状语从句。状语从句可分为时间、原因、条件、让步、目的、结果、比较、地点、方式九类。状语从句可位于主语之前，也可位于主语之后。前置时，从句后用逗号与主句分开；后置时，与主句之间无标点符号。一、 时间状语从句时间状语从句是表示时间关系的从句，引导时间状语从句的连词有when/while/as、before/after、till/until、(ever) since等。1、when, while, as conj.当时When I got home, my family were

2、 already having dinner. When they were still talking and laughing, the teacher came in. He waved a hello when he saw her. When you think you know nothing, you begin to know something.You are always welcome whenever you come.(when的强势用语)Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us. (wheneve

3、r是when的强势用语)He was about to go to bed when the door bell rang.They were watching the World Cup when suddenly the lights went out.They had just arrived home when it began to rain.Strike while the iron is hot.She fell asleep while she was reading the newspaper.The thief was caught as/when he was steal

4、ing in the supermarket.I saw Jim as/when he left the meeting room.He looked behind from time to time as he went.I saw him as he was getting off the bus.注意：when/while/as除了表示“conj.当时”之外，还有一些其它的意思，如下：A有时when表示“conj.虽然，尽管”的含义，相当于although或though，引导让步状语从句。He walks when he might take a taxi. 尽管可以打的，但他还是步行。

5、B.while/whereas有时表示“conj.然而”，表示对比，引导比较状语从句。 while/when/whereas 有时可表示“conj.虽然”，引导让步状语从句。I am fond of English while/whereas he likes maths.我喜欢英语而他却喜欢数学。While they love te children, they are strict with them.虽然他们都爱他们的孩子，但却对他们要求严格。Cas表示“conj.随着”。as表示“conj.既然,由于”，引导原因状语从句。as表示“conj.虽然,尽管”，引导让步状语从句，从句通常倒装

6、。as表示“conj.像,按照,如同”，引导方式状语从句。As time goes on, its getting warmer and warmer.(conj.随着)You will grow wiser as you grow older.(conj.随着)As you are tired, you had better rest.(conj.既然,因为)Rich as he is, he is not happy.(conj.虽然,尽管)Try as he would, he could not lift the rock.(conj.虽然,尽管)Run as I do.(conj.像

7、)Leave it as it is.(conj.像)*with 是“prep.随着”，后面跟名词、代词或动名词。It always changes with the temperature.它总是随着温度而变化.Good wine will improve with age. 佳酿越陈越醇.Skill comes with experience. 经验越多, 技巧越熟练. 2、before/after conj.在之前/conj.在之后You must finish all the work before I go home.You must first learn to walk befo

8、re you try to run.He had learned English for three years before he went to London.He ran off before I could stop him. Take it down before you forget it.Lets play football after school is over.The sun came out soon after the storm stopped.3、till/until conj.直到(1)当until/till用于肯定句时，表示“直到为止”，主句必须为持续性动词。

9、We shall wait until/till he comes back. Everything went well until/till that accident happened.(2)当until/till用于否定句，构成notuntil/till结构时，表示“直到才”，主句通常要用短暂动词。I didnt leave until/till she came back.Bells dont ring till/until you strike them.People do not know the value of their health till/until they lose

10、 it.注意：A.until引导的从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，但till从句一般不放在句首,也就是till一般不用于句首。B.当not until位于句首时，主句中的主语、谓语要使用倒装语序。 Not until she stopped crying did I leave. 直到她不哭了，我才离开的。C.在强调句型中一般只能用until，不用till。It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I recognized her. 直到她摘下墨镜，我才认出她4(ever)since conj.自从since“conj.自以来”，表

11、示动作从过去某一点时间一直延续到说话时间为止。主句中通常为延续性动词的现在完成时，since从句中一般用短暂性动词的一般过去时。Since she was young, she has been collecting stamps.It has been just a week since we arrived here.Where have you been since I last saw you.Ever since they got married in 1950, they have lived happily.(ever since语气比since强)注意：A.有时since 从句

12、中也可以用延续性动词，注意它的译法。Tom is now working on the farm. Its two years since he was a college student. 汤姆现在农场上班，他大学毕业已有两年了。B.since还可以用作副词或介词。My uncle went to Tibet in the 1950s. He has been living there（ever）since.(adv.)The big clock was damaged during the war and has been silent（ever）since.(adv.)The facto

13、ry has been here since the 1970s.(prep.)I have been there many times since the war.(prep.)You have made great achievements in your work since graduation.(prep.)5.as soon as conj.一就He will come and see you as soon as he can.He rushed home as soon as he got the good news.As soon as I saw her, I knew t

14、here was something wrong.As soon as she saw it, the woman said she did not like it.He left as soon as he heard the news.Ill tell him as soon as I see him.注意：除了as soon as之外，还有其他几种结构可以表示“一就”的意思。如下：A.“on +动名词”约等于一个由as soon as(或the moment或when)引导的时间状语从句,但仍有一定的区别。、as soon as后面跟句子，on 后面跟动名词（也即动词的ing形式）或名词

15、(少见)。On reaching the airport, he was arrested by the police. =As soon as he reached the airport, he was arrested by the police.On receipt of your letter, I will leave for London. =On receiving your letter, I will leave fro London. =As soon as I receive your letter, I will leave for London.、as soon a

16、s所引导的从句的主语和主句的主语可以一致也可以不一致，而on 后面的动名词的逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致。As soon as she entered the room, she knew there was something wrong. (=On entering the room, she knew there was something wrong.)Ill call you as soon as I get home from work. (=On getting home from wrok, Ill call you.)Youll never guess what happen

17、ed as soon as I left my room.Im ready to go out as soon as it stops raining.= As soon as he arrived home, he called up Lester.Bno soonerthan、hardly/scarcelywhen 同“as soon as”或“on+名词/动名词”的意思相近，都可以表示“一就”的意思，但比后者正式。、通常主句用过去完成时，than/when后面的从句用一般过去时。He had no sooner arrived than he was asked to leave aga

18、in. We had hardly begun our walk when it began to rain.、当no sooner和hardly位于句首时，后面的主谓结构都要颠倒顺序，即句子变为“sooner/hardly +助动词 +主语 +动词”的语序。No sooner had he arrived than he was asked to leave againHardly had we begun our walk when it began to rainCimmediately，instantly，directly三个副词也可以引导一个时间状语从句，表示“一就”的意思。 相当于

19、as soon as，从句中用一般过去时态。They phoned her immediately they reached home.他一到家马上就给她打了电话。I recognized her instantly I caught a glimpse of her.我一看见她就把她认出来了。We came directly we got your telephone.我们一接到你的电话就赶来了。Dthe moment, the minute, the instant, the second这几个名词短语也可直接引导时间状语从句，表示“一就”。He said he would turn on

20、 TV the moment he got home.他说他一到家就打开电视机。Tell him I need to see him the minute he arrives.告诉他，他一到我就要见他。The second the bell rang, the students rushed out of the classroom.铃一响，学生就冲出了教室。E. once作连词时，意思和as soon as相近，但它含有的条件意味更浓，它引导的从句较短。Once you begin, you must continue.一旦开了头，你就应当继续下去。Once you see him, yo

21、u will never forget him.你一旦见过他，就不会忘了他的。6next time, the first time, the last time, every time 等名词短语也可以引导时间状语从句。Be sure to call on us next time you come to town.He left me a good impression the first time I met him.Every time I see him he looks miserable.The last time I spoke to Bob, he seemed happy e

22、nough.7by the time 也可以引导时间状语从句，意为“到时为止”，主句一般要用完成时态。By the time he was fourteen, Einstein had learned advanced mathematics all by himself.爱因斯坦到十四岁时就自学完了高等数学。 (从句为一般过去时，主句要用过去完成时)I shall have finished my work by the time you return.在你回来之前我将会做完我的活儿。(从句为一般现在时，主句要用将来完成时)二、原因状语从句原因状语从句是表示原因和理由的从句。引导原因状语从句

23、的有because,as, since, now (that), considering that, seeing that等。1、 because, since, as, for这些词均有“conj.因为”之意，后面跟句子。但for是并列连词，所以for引导的句子不是原因状语从句。、because从属连词，语意强，着重直接的原因或理由，所引出的从句是全句的重心，用以回答why提出的问题，在任何时候都可以代替as。Jim is trying to save more money because he wants to buy a car.Because he is tired, he does

24、 not want to go with us.（复合句）、since语意比because弱，但比as强，相当于汉语中的“conj.既然”一般用于表示大家已知的事实，在表原因时通常位于句首。Since we have no money we cant buy a new car.（复合句）、as从属连词，语意较because, since弱，着重在主句，所表示的原因或理由是“附带的”。在表示原因时通常位于句首，因为它所表明的原因，讲话对象可能已经知道。as不一定总能代替because。As you cant type the letter yourself, youll have to ask

25、 Susan to do it for you.（复合句）、for并列连词，语气较弱，所引出的句子放在后面，不能位于句首，表示附带说明的理由或推断理由，并且在for后面必须重复主语(即主句、从句主语相同)，而且前面通常有逗号或破折号。Idecidedtostopandhavelunch,forIwasfeelingquitehungry.（并列句）综述：1、because,since，as,for，原因由强到弱。2、在句中的位置如下：(1)、because；Because, (2)、 Since/as, (3)、 , for 2now (that) “conj.既然,因为”。that可以省略。

26、Now (that) dinner is ready, go and wash your hands.既然饭已好了，洗手去吧。Now you mention it again, I do remember.既然你又提起此事，我倒回想起来了。3、in that “conj.由于,因为”。Ive been lucky in that I have never had to worry about money.The new system is better in that it provides faster access to the Internet.4considering that, se

27、eing that “conj.考虑到，鉴于”Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing quite good job. 考虑到他们才刚刚学做，他们干得算很不错的了。Seeing that quite a few people were absent, we decided to put the meeting off. 由于好些人都没到会，我们决定延期开会。(seeing 后面的that可以省略)5not that, but that 这一结构相当于汉语的“不是(因为)，而是(因为)”。Not that I dont li

28、ke the film, but that I have no time for it.不是(因为)我不喜欢看这部电影，而是(因为)我没有时间看。三、条件状语从句。条件状语从句是表示主句动作发生的前提或条件的从句。条件状语从句分为真实条件状语从句和非真实条件状语从句（也即虚拟语气）。引导条件状语从句的有if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that, in case, suppose/supposing (that)等。真实条件状语从句经常遵循“主将从现”的规则，也即主句用将来时(一般将来时、将来进行时、将来完成时)，从句用现在时(一般现在时、现在进行

29、时、现在完成时)。1if conj.如果A. 真实条件状语从句If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.Iftimepermits,wellgo there. If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.If it is sunny, we will go climbing.If you are complaining about it, I will not buy you that laptop. (从句用现在进行时)If you have killed that man, you will be arr

30、ested by the police. (从句用现在完成时)Difficulties are nothing if we are not afraid of them.(主句未用将来时)If I do not understand what he says, I always ask him.(主句未用将来时)B非真实条件状语从句（虚拟语气）If I were you, I would reconsider their proposal. 违背现在事实的假设If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train. 违背过去事

31、实的假设If the should attack us, we would wipe them out. 违背将来事实的假设*if only和only if的比较 if only 意思是“conj.要是就好了; 要是该多好啊”，表示一个不可能实现愿望，要用虚拟语气。 only if意思是“conj.只有才”，从句用陈述语气。If only I knew! 要是我知道该多好If only shed listen to what hes saying, Im sure they could work it out.如果她听从他的话，我确信他们已经把它解决了(算出来了).Only if you he

32、at ice, it turns to water.只有当你给冰加热，它才会变成水。She will play the piano only if she is paid.只有付给她报酬，她才愿意演奏钢琴2unless conj.除非 if.not conj.如果不They will go tomorrow unless it rains. 除非明天下雨，否则他们会去的。 = They will go tomorrow if it doesnt rain.如果明天不下雨，他们就会去。I wont let you in unless you show me your pass. 除非你出示通行证

33、，否则我是不会让你进去的。= I wont let you in if you dont show me your pass.如果你不出示通行证，我就不让你进来。注意： if.not和unless通常是可以换用的，但有些情况下也不可以互换。3so long as/as long as表示“conj.只要”；on condition that 表示”“conj.条件是”As long as/So long as we dont lose heart, well find a way to overcome the difficulty. 只要我们灰心，我们就能找到克服困难的方法。You may

34、use the room on condition that so long as you clean it afterwards. 你就可以使用这个房间，条件是你用完后打扫干净，4in case conj.万一；如果, 既引导目的状语从句，也可以引导条件状语从句。Send s a message in case you have any difficulty.万一你有什么困难，请给我们一个信儿。In case I forget, please remind me of my promise. 如果我忘了，请提醒我所做的承诺。注意：in case的用法小结1.conj.如果，若是，假如万一（引

35、导条件状语从句）In case it should rain, dont expect me.如果天下雨，我就不来了2.conj.以防，免得（引导目的状语从句）Take your umbrella, in case it rains.带伞去吧，以防下雨。3.adv.以防万一；作为准备。It may rain. Youd better take your umbrella(just) in case.天可能下雨，你最好带上伞以防万一。5providing/provided that, supposing/suppose that表示“conj.假如”, given that表示“考虑到”。Pro

36、vided / Providing（that）we invite him, he would surely come to dinner.假如我们邀请他的话，他肯定会来吃饭的。Supposing / Suppose (that) we cant get enough food, what shall we do？ 假设我们弄不到足够的食物，那我们怎幺办？（通常用于疑问句）Given (that) they are inexperienced, theyve done a good job. 考虑到他们缺乏经验，他们的工作已做得很好了。四、让步状语从句让步状语从句表示在某种相反的条件下，主句中的

37、情况依然会出现。让步状语从句由though/although, even if/even though, no matter +疑问词 (也即疑问词+后缀ever)等词引导。1although, though conj.虽然,尽管Although he is young, he is very clever.Although his illness had prevented him from studying, he managed to pass the exam. It was an exciting game, although no goals were scored. Though

38、 he is poor, he is happy.I havent checked the information yet, though I think it is correct.My house, though it is large, is also made of stone and wood.注意：although和though的区别 用作连词时although和though在现代英语中基本同义，一般情况下可以互换。A. though较普遍，常用于非正式的口语或书面语中，而although则较为正式。B. although语气比though重，常用以强调让步概念。C. 当让步状语从

39、句指某种假设情况时，通常用though,而不用although。He insisted on doing it although I warned him not to. (insist on (doing) sth./persist in (doing) sht./stick to (doing) sth. v.坚持(做)某事)Though all the world were against me, I should still hold to my opinion.（表假设） Though everybody deserts you, I will not.（表假设）用作副词时thoug

40、h可做副词表示“adv.但是”，用在句末，前面有逗号。although不可以这么用。It was hard work, I enjoyed it, though.（= It was hard work, but/yet I enjoyed it.）He is quite experienced, he is young, though.It is completely waterproof, yet/but light and comfortable.It is strange, and yet it is true.He worked hard, yet he failed.用于习语时在 a

41、s though(conj.好像,仿佛)，even though(conj.即使)等固定短语中不能用 although。She closed her eyes as though she were tired. We felt as though we had witnessed the whole thing. He is an honest man, I must say, even though I have opposed him. 用于倒装时though/as引导的让步状语从句可用部分倒装的形式，但 although 一般不这样用。另外，倒装后若句首出现冠词a/an或the，冠词要去

42、掉。Though/Although she is very pretty, she is not clever. Pretty though/as she is, she is not clever（表语提前）Though/Although he is a child, he speaks fluent English. Child though/as he is, he speaks fluent English.（表语提前） (名词单数提前至句首时,去掉不定冠词a) Though/Although he is the shortest, he is the richest of the t

43、hree. Shortest as he is, he is the richest of the three.（表语提前） (形容词最高级前，去掉定冠词the)Though they searched, they could not find anything in the house. Search though/as they did, they could not find anything in the house. （谓语动词提前）Though I failed, I would try again. Fail though/as I did, I would try again.

44、（谓语动词提前）Though she may try again, she wont pass it. Try again as she may, she wont pass it. （谓语动词提前）Though he tried hard, he couldnt pass the exam. Hard as/though he tried, he couldnt pass the exam. （状语提前）Though I listened attentively, I still couldnt understand what he said at the meeting. Attentiv

45、ely as/though I listened, I still couldnt understand what he said at the meeting. （状语提前）Though he ran the fastest, he still didnt catch the train. Fastest as/though he ran, he still didnt catch the train. （状语提前）（副词最高级前，去掉定冠词the）高级风险提示：值得注意的是，中国学生由于受汉语“虽然但是”的影响，常犯though/although之后与but连用的错误。Though be

46、was ill，but he went to school（错误）Though he was ill，he went to school（正确）如果说话人一定要强调“但是”之意，though/although可以与yet, still, nevertheless连用。例如：Although he is rich, yet he is not happy. Although/Though he blames me, yet I will trust him.Although they are poor, (yet)they are warm-hearted.Although we have gr

47、own up, our parents still treat us as children. Though he was hungry, still he would not eat.Though very intelligent, she is nevertheless rather modest.*类似的情况还有，because不能和so连用。2even if, even though conj.即使(语气比though, although强)We wont be discouraged even if though we fail ten times.我们就是失败十次也不泄气。Even

48、 if though you fail, you will have gained experience.纵然你失败，你也会得到一些经验。注意:as if/as though的意思是“conj.好像,似乎,仿佛”3. no matter +疑问词 或 疑问词+后缀ever的意思是“conj.无论”，它们引导的让步状语从句语气十分强烈。whatever,whenever,wherever,whoever,whichever和however相当于nomatterwhat(when,where,who,which,how)，意思为无论什么,无论何时,无论何处,无论谁,无论哪一个/哪几个,无论如何。

49、也即：no matter what = whatever 无论什么no matter who = whoever 无论谁no matter when = whenever 无论什么时候no matter which = whichever 无论哪一个/哪几个no matter how = however 无论如何No matter what (=Whatever) happened, he would not mind. Dont trust him, no matter what (=Whatever) he says.No matter how (=however) hard the wo

50、rk is, youd better try to do it well.However (=No matter how) expensive it may be, Ill take it.Dont let them in, whoever (=no matter who) they are.注意：no matter +疑问词 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。 （错）No matter what you say is of no use now. （对）Whatever you say is of no use now. 你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句) （错）

51、Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given. （对）Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。(whatever引导宾语从句)习题：Whoever breaks the law will be published.（可否用no matter who替换？）4. 另外几种让步状语从句（慎用！）Awhile,when,whereas conj.虽然这三个词也可引导让步状语从句，突出主句和从句的对比。While I understand what you say, I can

52、t agree with you.We have only three books when we need five.Whereas the city spent over $1 billion on its museums and stadium, it failed to look after its schools.Bwhether.or (not) . conj.不管还是。Whether you believe it or not, its true. Whether the weather is good orbad, they will set off as planned.提示

53、：也可直接用or来连接两个相同结构来表示让步。Walking or sleeping, she always has the question in her mind.无论走路还是睡觉，她总是想着这个问题。 Cas conj.虽然，引导的让步状语从句通常倒装。though引导的让步状语从句也可以倒装。特别注意的是外，倒装后若句首出现冠词a/an或the，冠词要去掉。Young as/though he is, he knows a lot. (= Though he is young, he knows a lot.)Child as/though he was, he did quite w

54、ell. (=Though he was a child, he did quite well.)Bravely though they fought, they had no chance of winning. (=Though they fought bravely, they had no chance of winning.)*详细见本节“although和though的区别”部分的第4条。Dif 有时也可用于让步状语从句，相当于even if（conj.即使）。If he is poor, he is at least honest. 尽管他穷，但至少他很诚实。Well go if

55、 it rains. 即使下雨我们也要去。 Ill do it if I die in the attempt. 即使会丧命我也要试一下。五、目的状语从句目的状语从句是表示行为目的的从句。引导目的状语从句的主要连词有that, so，so that, in order that等，从句中常常使用一些情态动词，如can, could, may, might, should等。1that，so that，in order that conj.为了,以便。一般放在主句之后。that语气较弱，用的较少。Lets take the front seats that we may see more cle

56、arly.They hurried so that they might not miss the train.In order that everyone present might hear her clearly, she raised her voice again.注意：当主句和从句的主语一致时，that，so that和in order that引导的目的状语从句可以转换成to，in order to，so as to引导的不定式结构。We got up early that (=so that =in order that) we would arrive in time. =W

57、e got up early to(=in order to =so as to) arrive in time.They hurried that (=so that =in order that) they might not miss the train. They hurried not to(=in order not to =so as not to)miss the train.2in case conj.以防(引导目的状语)；万一(引导条件状语)Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.最好多带些衣服以防天气会冷。

58、Take an umbrella in case it rains. 以防下雨，带把伞。3. lest, for fear (that) conj.以免，免得Be careful lest you fall from that tree.要当心, 以免从树上摔下来。I obeyed her lest she should be angry.我得顺着她，免得她生气He ran away lest he (should/might) be seen. 他怕人家看见他而跑开了. She finally ran away for fear (that) he would kill her.He too

59、k an umbrella with him for fear (that) it might rain.The teacher hid the key to exercises lest the students should see it.We set off early lest we should be late.六、比较状语从句比较状语从句通常由asas(和一样), not as/soas(和不一样), than(比), while/whereas(然而)引导。另外，“the + 比较级, the +比较级(越，越)”结构也可以引导比较状语从句。1. asas conj.和一样, n

60、ot as/soasconj.和不一样Our country is as big as the whole of Europe.(第2个as是连词)She is as bad-tempered as her mother. (第2个as是连词)The house is three times as big as ours. (第2个as是连词)The result was not as/so good as I had expected. (第2个as是连词)She is as tall as I（or me） He works as hard as his brother（does） He

61、does not work as/so hard as his brother The child sang as sweetly as a nightingale.2than conj.比She is taller than I（or me） She is taller this year than（she was tall）last year It rains more often in Shanghai than (it rains) in Beijing.He is two inches taller than his father. = He is taller than his f

62、ather by two inches. 他比他爸爸高两英寸。This book is more instructive than that one. 这本书比那本书由教育意义。注意：在比较从句中通常把和主句重复的部分省掉，如果把省略部分补上，则显得累赘且不合乎习惯。Lily is not so clever a girl as Lucy is.莉莉是一个不如露西那样聪明的女孩。（不可以说Lily is not so clever a girl as Lucy is clever）3. the + 比较级, the +比较级 越，越这是比例的比较，第一个“the +比较级”可以看成是一个条件。

63、The more you read, the better you understand. 你看的书越多，你懂得就越多。（= If you read more, you will understand better.）The busier he is, the happier he feels. 他越忙越开心。The more difficult the questions are, the less likely I am to be able to answer them. 问题越困难，我就越可能回答。4. while/whereas conj.然而I like tea while she likes coffee.我喜欢茶，而她喜欢咖啡。 They want a house, whereas w