2020高考英语二轮复习课堂学案课件-阅读理解之文章或段落大意题

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1、专题三阅读理解真题感悟名师点津随堂限时练第四节主旨大意题二、文章或段落大意题PART 1真题感悟(2018江苏，江苏，B)In the 1760s，Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有享有)a special meat soup called consomm.Although the main attraction was the soup，Rozes chain shops also set a new standard for dining out，which helped to establish Roze as t

2、he inventor of the modern restaurant.Today，scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants.Take visual hints that influence what we eat：diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食意大利面食)when their plates matched their food.When a dark-colored cake was se

3、rved on a black plate rather than a white one，customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.Lighting matters，too.When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness，they couldnt tell how much theyd had：those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else，but were none the wiserthey didnt feel

4、 fuller，and they were just as ready for dessert.Time is money，but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants.Unlike fast-food places，fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend.One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round：put on some

5、 Mozart(莫扎特莫扎特).When classical，rather than pop，music was playing，diners spent more.Fast music hurried diners out.Particular scents also have an effect：diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草薰衣草)stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon，or no scent.Meanwhile，things that you might exp

6、ect to discourage spending“bad”tables，crowding，high pricesdont necessarily.Diners at bad tablesnext to the kitchen door，sayspent nearly as much as others but soon fled.It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not“be overly concerned about bad tables，”given that theyre profitable.As for crowd

7、s，a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurants reputation，suggesting great food at fair prices.And doubling a buffets price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.语篇解读语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。它主要通过引入现代餐馆的鼻祖马蒂兰本文是一篇说明文。它主要通过引入现代餐馆的鼻祖马蒂兰罗兹罗兹制订的标准以及学者对于餐馆的研究来介绍现代餐馆在经营中影响食客消费制订的标准以及

8、学者对于餐馆的研究来介绍现代餐馆在经营中影响食客消费的几个要素：视觉要素的几个要素：视觉要素(餐具、灯光餐具、灯光)、听觉要素、听觉要素(音乐音乐)、嗅觉要素、嗅觉要素(气味气味)、其、其他要素他要素(桌位、拥挤程度和价格桌位、拥挤程度和价格)。素材旨在通过现代餐馆的经营理念，让考生。素材旨在通过现代餐馆的经营理念，让考生了解西方现代餐馆的经营之道。了解西方现代餐馆的经营之道。58.The underlined phrase“none the wiser”in Paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were .A.not aw

9、are of eating more than usualB.not willing to share food with othersC.not conscious of the food qualityD.not fond of the food provided解析解析词义猜测题。根据第三段中的词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“.those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else，but were none the wiserthey didnt feel fuller.”可知，那些被给以大份饭菜的食客比其他人吃得多，但他们没觉

10、得更饱，这可知，那些被给以大份饭菜的食客比其他人吃得多，但他们没觉得更饱，这说明在黑暗的就餐环境下，食客并不清楚自己多吃了多少，所以此处的说明在黑暗的就餐环境下，食客并不清楚自己多吃了多少，所以此处的none the wiser是是“不清楚，不知道不清楚，不知道”之意。故选之意。故选A项。项。59.How could a fine dining shop make more profit?A.Playing classical music.B.Introducing lemon scent.C.Making the light brighter.D.Using plates of larger

11、 size.解析解析细节理解题。根据第四段中的细节理解题。根据第四段中的“When classical，rather than pop，music was playing，diners spent more.”可知，当演奏古典音乐而不是流行音可知，当演奏古典音乐而不是流行音乐的时候，食客们会花更多的钱。乐的时候，食客们会花更多的钱。spent more就是对题干中就是对题干中make more profit的语意转化。故选的语意转化。故选A项。项。60.What does the last paragraph talk about?A.Tips to attract more customer

12、s.B.Problems restaurants are faced with.C.Ways to improve restaurants reputation.D.Common misunderstandings about restaurants.解析解析段落大意题。根据最后一段首句中的段落大意题。根据最后一段首句中的“things that you might expect to discourage spendingbadtables，crowding，high pricesdont necessarily”可知，你可能认为会打消你消费的念头的东西可知，你可能认为会打消你消费的念头的东

13、西位置位置“不好不好”的桌位、拥挤和价格高的桌位、拥挤和价格高未必如此未必如此(指在某些人看来，这些不利因素未必不指在某些人看来，这些不利因素未必不会带来利润的增加会带来利润的增加)。由此可知，作者认为这些对于餐馆的常见的观点是一种。由此可知，作者认为这些对于餐馆的常见的观点是一种误解，故选误解，故选D项。项。PART 2名师点津一、文章大意题的题型解读一、文章大意题的题型解读说明文、记叙文、议论文三种文体涉及的不同话题如社会文化类、人物故事说明文、记叙文、议论文三种文体涉及的不同话题如社会文化类、人物故事类、科普说明类，都会考查到文章大意类题。设问形式常有：类、科普说明类，都会考查到文章大意

14、类题。设问形式常有：(1)What is the main theme/topic/idea of this passage?(2)The passage is mainly about .(3)The general/main idea of the passage is .(4)The passage mainly focuses on .二、文章大意题的解题技巧二、文章大意题的解题技巧“主题句定位主题句定位”寻主旨寻主旨文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整

15、篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心重心”和支撑性细节。和支撑性细节。主题句的位置一般有以下

16、几种：主题句的位置一般有以下几种：(1)主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，用细节来解释或拓展主题句所主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，用细节来解释或拓展主题句所表达的主题思想，是最常见的演绎法写作方式。新闻报道、说明文或议论文表达的主题思想，是最常见的演绎法写作方式。新闻报道、说明文或议论文通常采用这种写法。通常采用这种写法。(2)主题句出现在文末。在表述细节后，归纳要点以概括主题，是最常见的归主题句出现在文末。在表述细节后，归纳要点以概括主题，是最常见的归纳法写作方式。纳法写作方式。(3)主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结束时再次点出主题。主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者

17、先提出主题，结束时再次点出主题。(4)主题句出现在文中主题句出现在文中。写作方式为：细节描述。写作方式为：细节描述归纳主题归纳主题进一步解释。进一步解释。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：(1)段落中出现表示转折的词语段落中出现表示转折的词语(如如however，but，in fact，actually等等)时，该时，该句很可能是主题句。句很可能是主题句。(2)首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。(3)作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复

18、出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。章主旨的关键词。(4)表示总结或结论的句子常包含表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore，thus，in short，conclude，conclusion等词。等词。三、段落大意题的题型解读三、段落大意题的题型解读段落大意类题型多在说明文和议论文中所涉及的各类话题如社会文化类、科段落大意类题型多在说明文和议论文中所涉及的各类话题如社会文化类、科普说明类等进行考查。设问形式常有：普说明类等进行考查。设问形式常有：(1)The main idea of the second paragraph probably is .(2)What is the m

19、ain idea of the first paragraph?(3)The first paragraph is mainly about .四、段落大意题的解题技巧四、段落大意题的解题技巧(1)段首：说明文和议论文中的主题句常在段首段首：说明文和议论文中的主题句常在段首(2)段尾：先表述细节，后归纳概括，段落中心在段尾段尾：先表述细节，后归纳概括，段落中心在段尾(3)段中间：先用一句或几句话引出要表达的主题，然后陈述主题，再论述细段中间：先用一句或几句话引出要表达的主题，然后陈述主题，再论述细节，即引出主题节，即引出主题段落中心段落中心再论述再论述(4)没有明显段落中心时，需概括段落内容，

20、总结段落中心没有明显段落中心时，需概括段落内容，总结段落中心例如：【真题感悟】中第例如：【真题感悟】中第60题，根据文章最后一段首句题，根据文章最后一段首句“Meanwhile，things that you might expect to discourage spendingbad tables，crowding，high pricesdont necessarily.”可知，你可能认为会打消你消费的念头的东可知，你可能认为会打消你消费的念头的东西西位置位置“不好不好”的桌位、拥挤和价格高的桌位、拥挤和价格高未必如此未必如此(指在某些人看来，指在某些人看来，这些不利因素未必不会带来利润的增

21、加这些不利因素未必不会带来利润的增加)。由此可知，作者认为这些对于餐馆。由此可知，作者认为这些对于餐馆的常见观点是一种误解，故选的常见观点是一种误解，故选D项。项。PART 3随堂限时练A(2019徐州高三模拟徐州高三模拟)The age of adulthood is by definition 1arbitrary.If everyone matured at the same，fixed rate，it wouldnt be a human process.Indeed，maturation happens at varying speeds across different categ

22、ories within the same individual，so Id say I was easily old enough to vote at 16，but nobody should have given me a credit card until I was 32，and Ive got the county court judgment to prove it.However，we broadly agree that theres a difference between a child and an adult，even if we might argue about

23、the transition point.So the political theorist David Runcimans view that six-year-olds should be allowed to vote goes against any standard argument about the age of civic responsibility.Nobody would say that a six-year-old could be held criminally responsible，could be sent to war，could be capable of

24、 consent，could be given responsibility for anything.So allowing them the votealong with，unavoidably，seven-year-olds who are even sillier，if anythingis quite an amusing proposal.10Runcimans argument is that this is the only way to rebalance political life，which is currently twisted in favor of the ol

25、d，who dont(he added)ever need to demonstrate mental capacity，even long after theyve lost it.The first part of his case is self-evident：pensions are protected while childrens centers are closed，concepts such as sovereignty(最高权威最高权威)are prioritized over the far more urgent business of the future：clima

26、te change.Nostalgia(怀念怀念)for a past the young wouldnt even recognize plays a central 6role，which is completely unfair.Most of the arguments against giving six-year-olds a vote are that children would end up voting for something damaging and chaotic，if someone made unrealistic promises to them，which

27、could never be realized.Well，its not childrens fault.Having said that，children do tend towards the progressive，having a natural sense of justice(which kicks in at the age of six months，psychologists have shown，by creating scenes of great unfairness to babies，and making them cry)and an underdeveloped

28、 sense of self-interest.My kid，when he was six，made quite a forceful case against 2private property，on the basis that，since everybody needed a house，they shouldnt cost money，because nobody would want anyone else not to have one.Also，food should be free.It was a kind of pre-Marx communism，where you l

29、imit the coverage of the market to only those things that you wouldnt mind someone else not having.On that 3particular day，when we were registered as voters，my kid was quite far to the left of me，but in the normal run of things，were united，which brings us to the point of the problem：children obey yo

30、u on almost nothing，but they do seem to 7believe in your politics until theyre adolescent.So giving kids the vote is really just a way of giving parents extra votes.And what can stop us having even more children，once theres so much enfranchisement(选举权选举权)in it for us?Now，if parents could be trusted

31、to use their influence wisely，and hammer into children the politics it will take to assure a better future，then I wouldnt necessarily have a problem with that，apart from，obviously，that culture is already wildly twisted towards parents，and I can imagine a few non-parents boiling with fierce anger.But

32、 thats not worth talking about anyway，because parents cant be trusted，otherwise wed all already vote Green(绿党绿党).In short：no，six-year-olds should not get the vote；but while were here，if any votes come up in the near future，which will have an impact on the next five decades of British political life，

33、alongside EU migrants，16-year-olds certainly should be enfranchised.语篇解读语篇解读这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲了儿童成熟的速度是不同的，所以这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲了儿童成熟的速度是不同的，所以作者认为允许儿童投票并不完全是荒谬的。作者认为允许儿童投票并不完全是荒谬的。1.The author refers to his age of adulthood to prove that .A.people mature at different rates in various aspectsB.theres a common

34、standard for the age of adulthoodC.a credit card is more difficult to get than the voteD.certain rights are granted at different stages of life解析解析细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句可知，作者以他的成年年龄来证明细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句可知，作者以他的成年年龄来证明人们在各个方面成熟的速度不同，故选人们在各个方面成熟的速度不同，故选A。2.People reject David Runcimans proposal because .A.they

35、dont think a child can grow into adulthood earlierB.they are uncertain whether children can assume responsibilityC.they believe children are far from mature in many waysD.they know the age to get the vote is not to be questioned解析解析推理判断题。根据第二段倒数第二句的内容推理判断题。根据第二段倒数第二句的内容“没有人会说一个六岁的没有人会说一个六岁的孩子会被追究刑事责

36、任，会被送上战场，会有同意的能力，会被赋予任何责孩子会被追究刑事责任，会被送上战场，会有同意的能力，会被赋予任何责任。任。”可推断出，人们拒绝可推断出，人们拒绝David Runciman的提议是因为他们认为孩子们在的提议是因为他们认为孩子们在很多方面还远远不够成熟，故选很多方面还远远不够成熟，故选C。3.What is the base for David Runcimans argument?A.A cultural preference for the old.B.The imbalance in political life.C.Inequalities of opportunity.

37、D.Public ignorance of childrens abilities.解析解析细节理解题。根据第三段中的细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Runcimans argument is that this is the only way to rebalance political life.”及下文的解释可知，及下文的解释可知，David Runciman的论点的基础是政治生活的不平衡，故选的论点的基础是政治生活的不平衡，故选B。4.The author talks about his kid to indicate that .A.children are good-natured a

38、nd like to help people in needB.children are simple-minded and can fall for an adults trickC.children are innocent and dont want to be involved in politicsD.children are in favor of a just society and tend to be idealistic解析解析推理判断题。根据倒数第四段中的推理判断题。根据倒数第四段中的“My kid，when he was six，made quite a forcefu

39、l case against private property.It was a kind of pre-Marx communism，where you limit the coverage of the market to only those things that you wouldnt mind someone else not having.”可推断出，作者以他的孩可推断出，作者以他的孩子为例来说明，孩子们喜欢一个公正的社会，并且倾向于理想主义，故选子为例来说明，孩子们喜欢一个公正的社会，并且倾向于理想主义，故选D。5.The author thinks allowing chil

40、dren the vote may lead to .A.twisted cultureB.misuse of rightsC.parents objectionsD.unusual maturation解析解析推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中的推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中的“So giving kids the vote is really just a way of giving parents extra votes.”可推断出，作者认为允许儿童投票可推断出，作者认为允许儿童投票可能会导致权力的滥用，故选可能会导致权力的滥用，故选B。6.What is the main point of t

41、he passage?A.Allowing children the vote is not altogether absurd.B.There is a difference between adults and children.C.Parents should introduce politics to their children.D.The definition of adulthood is quite controversial.解析解析主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据最后一段内容可知，作者认为允许主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据最后一段内容可知，作者认为允许儿童投票并不完全是荒谬的

42、，故选儿童投票并不完全是荒谬的，故选A。B(2019苏州高三期中苏州高三期中)Every day we experience one of the wonders of the world around us without even realizing it.It is not the 8amazing complexity of television，nor the impressive technology of transport.The universal wonder we share and experience is our ability to make noises wit

43、h our mouths，and so transmit ideas and thoughts to each others minds.This ability comes so naturally that we tend to forget what a miracle it is.Obviously，the ability to talk is something that marks humans off from animals.Of course，some animals have powers just as amazing.Birds can fly thousands of

44、 miles by observing positions of the stars in the sky in relation to the time of day and year.In Natures talent show，humans are a species of animals that have developed their own special act.If we reduce it to basic terms，its an ability for communicating information to others，by varying sounds we ma

45、ke as we breathe out.Not that we dont have other powers of communication.Our facial expressions convey our emotions，such as anger，or joy，or disappointment.The way we hold our heads can 4indicate to others whether we are happy or sad.This is so-called“body language”.”.Bristling(直立的直立的)fur is an unmis

46、takable warning of attack among many animals.Similarly，the 9bowed head or dropping tail shows a readiness to take second place in any animal gathering.Such a means of communication is a basic mechanism that animals，including human beings，instinctively(本能地本能地)acquire and display.If so，how did human b

47、eings 5acquire this amazing skill?11Biologists can readily indicate that particular area of our brain where speech mechanisms function，but this doesnt tell us how that part of our bodies originated in our biological history.语篇解读语篇解读本文主要介绍人类拥有的语言能力是人类区别于动物的一个主要本文主要介绍人类拥有的语言能力是人类区别于动物的一个主要的特点，能够让我们向他人

48、传递信息。的特点，能够让我们向他人传递信息。7.According to the passage，the wonder we take for granted is .A.the amazing power of technologyB.our ability to use languageC.the unforgettable miracle of natureD.our ability to make noises with mouth解析解析细节理解题。根据第一段中的细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The universal wonder we share and experience is

49、 our ability to make noises with our mouths，and so transmit ideas and thoughts to each others minds.”可知，这种能力就是我们的语言可知，这种能力就是我们的语言运用能力，故运用能力，故B项正确。项正确。8.Which is the most suitable place for“Is the ability to speak just another sort of instinct？”A.B.C.D.解析解析推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“Such a means

50、of communication is a basic mechanism that animals，including human beings，instinctively(本能本能地地)acquire this amazing skill？”及后文中的及后文中的“If so，how did human beings acquire and display.”可知，填在可知，填在处，承上启下。故处，承上启下。故A项正确。项正确。9.This passage is mainly about .A.the development of body languageB.the special rol

51、e humans play in natureC.the power to convey information to othersD.the difference between humans and animals解析解析主旨大意题。本文主要讲述的是人类拥有的语言的能力能够让我们向主旨大意题。本文主要讲述的是人类拥有的语言的能力能够让我们向他人传递信息。故他人传递信息。故C项正确。项正确。做完做完以上以上两篇阅读两篇阅读后后，巧妙运用语境，解决障碍词和长难句，巧妙运用语境，解决障碍词和长难句素材提炼再拓展.障碍词汇突破障碍词汇突破(一一)阅读下列句子，并根据句意猜测画线部分的意思阅读下列句

52、子，并根据句意猜测画线部分的意思1.The choice of players for the team seemed completely arbitrary._2.Like their children，parents are often defensive about their private lives._3.She is very particular about her clothes._4.The last figures so far this year indicate a rise of 13.8%._5.He has acquired a reputation as t

53、his countrys premier solo violinist._随意的随意的私人的私人的挑剔的挑剔的显示显示获得，得到获得，得到(二二)同义词语替换同义词语替换6.Ratings are playing an increasingly important role in consumers purchase decision._7.They need a leader that they can believe in._8.It is really amazing that the once-ruined place has now been turned into a beauti

54、ful school._parttrustastonishing/surprising(三三)一词多义一词多义9.bow n.点头；鞠躬；弓；弓形物；蝴蝶结点头；鞠躬；弓；弓形物；蝴蝶结 vi.点头；鞠躬点头；鞠躬 vt.低下头低下头(1)A violin is played with a bow._(2)In Japan，the more respect you want to show，the deeper you should bow._(3)Ella wore a bow in her hair._(4)He moved aside for her with a polite bow.

55、_n.弓弓vi.鞠躬鞠躬n.蝴蝶结蝴蝶结n.鞠躬鞠躬.长难句理解长难句理解10.Runcimans argument is that this is the only way to rebalance political life，which is currently twisted in favor of the old，who dont(he added)ever need to demonstrate mental capacity，even long after theyve lost it.句式分析句式分析本句是一个复合句本句是一个复合句，that this is the only

56、way.为为that引导引导的的 从从句句；在这个从句中在这个从句中which引导引导 从句从句；who引导引导 从句从句。精美译文精美译文_ 朗朗西曼的论点是，这是重新平衡政治生活的唯一途径，目前政西曼的论点是，这是重新平衡政治生活的唯一途径，目前政治生活被扭曲为有利于老年人，他补充说老年人不需要展示自己的心智能力，治生活被扭曲为有利于老年人，他补充说老年人不需要展示自己的心智能力，即使他们早就失去了心智能力。即使他们早就失去了心智能力。表语表语非限制性定语非限制性定语非限制性定语非限制性定语11.Biologists can readily indicate that particular

57、 area of our brain where speech mechanisms function，but this doesnt tell us how that part of our bodies originated in our biological history.句式分析句式分析本句是一个由本句是一个由but连接的并列句，在第一分句中连接的并列句，在第一分句中that引导引导 从句从句，where引导引导 从句从句；在第二分句中；在第二分句中how引导引导 从句从句。精美译文精美译文_宾语宾语 生物学家生物学家们可以很容易地指出我们大脑中的语言机制发挥作用们可以很容易地指出我们大脑中的语言机制发挥作用的特定区域，但这并不能告诉我们身体的那一部分是如何在我们的生物历史的特定区域，但这并不能告诉我们身体的那一部分是如何在我们的生物历史中起源的。中起源的。定语定语宾语宾语本课结束更多精彩内容请登录：