新一代信息技术及其对制造业发展的影响概述

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1、一、新一代信息技术发展的基本特征 Basic Characteristics of the New Generation of Information Technology二、新一代信息技术对制造业发展的影响 Impacts of the New Generation of Information Technology on Manufacturing Industry三、互联网时代的制造工程管理科学问题 Scientific Problems of Manufacturing Engineering Management In the Internet Era 近年来，“新一代信息技术”这一

2、概念被提出并广泛使用。而新一代信息技术并不仅仅是芯片技术、通信网络技术、数据挖掘、人工智能、虚拟现实等单一信息技术自身的纵向升级，更主要的是信息技术与产业的融合，从而推动的信息服务平台和产业的整体代际变迁。In recent years,the concept of new generation information technology has been proposed and widely used.And the new generation of information technology is not just a vertical upgrade of chip techno

3、logy,communication network technology,DM,AI,VR and other single information technology itself.But more important is the integration development of information technology and industries,and thus promote a whole intergenerational change of the information service platform and industries.信息技术的发展可以划分为三个

4、阶段，第一阶段以上世纪80年代开始广泛使用的以大型机、中型机、小型机和哑终端为标志，这被认为是第一代信息技术平台。而上世纪80年代中期到本世纪初，随着个人计算机和通过网络连接的分散式服务器的普及，则标志着第二代信息技术平台阶段。The development of information technology can be divided into three stages.As a symbol,the first stage began with the extensive using of large,medium and small-sized machine and dumb ter

5、minals in 1980s,which is considered as the first generation of information technology platform.And from the mid-80s of last century to the beginning of this century,with the popularity of personal computers and decentralized servers connected via the network,the information technology has entered th

6、e second-generation platform.近十年来，物联网、云计算、大数据、移动互联网和社交网络等新兴信息技术快速发展，形成了新一代的信息技术平台架构。Over the past decade,Internet of things,cloud computing,big data,mobile Internet,social networking and other emerging information technologies have shown a rapid development,forming a new generation of information te

7、chnology platform architecture.新一代信息技术发展的热点不仅是信息领域各个分支技术的纵向发展，而更重要的是指信息技术横向渗透融合到制造、服务等其他行业，信息技术研究的主要方向将从产品技术转向服务技术。以信息化和工业化深度融合为主要目标的“互联网+”是新一代信息技术的集中体现。The focus of the new generation of information technology is not only the vertical upgrading of the various branches of information technology,but

8、more importantly the horizontal integration with manufacturing,service and other industries.The main research direction of information technology will shift from product technology to service technology.The Internet+aiming at the integration of informatization and industrialization is the embodiment

9、 of the new generation of information technology.参考参考：李国杰：李国杰，新一代信息技术发展新趋势，人民日报，新一代信息技术发展新趋势，人民日报，20152015年年8 8月月2 2日。日。总体来说，新一代信息技术，新在网络互联的移动化和泛在化、信息处理的集中化和大数据化、信息服务的智能化和个性化。In general,the new of the new generation of information technology refers to the mobile and ubiquitous network interaction,th

10、e centralized and big data-based information processing,and the intelligent and personalized information service.网络互联的移动化和泛在化Mobile and ubiquitous network interaction 近年来，超宽带、低延时、高密度、高可靠、高可信的无线通信技术的快速发展使得移动互联网快速普及，基于移动互联网的移动应用服务成为互联网应用的主要形式，移动互联网用户规模已超过桌面计算机用户。In recent years,the rapid development o

11、f wireless communication technologies,with ultra wideband,low latency,high density,high reliability and high credibility,has promoted the rapid popularization of mobile Internet.Mobile applications and services based on mobile Internet have become the main form of Internet based applications.The sca

12、le of mobile Internet users have exceeded the desktop computer users.未来随着计算成本的逐渐降低和计算能力的快速提升以及基于软件的服务，泛在的网络服务将无处不在，成为实现更广泛的物与物、人与物、人与人之间交互连接的重要载体。In future,with the gradual reduction of computational costs and the rapid increase in computing power,as well as the software based services,ubiquitous ne

13、twork services will be everywhere.They will become important carriers to achieve the interaction of things and things,people and things,and people and people.信息处理的集中化和大数据化Centralized and big data-based information processing 云计算技术的快速发展，使得分散的服务器能够集中在云计算中心，基于虚拟化技术统一调度存储和计算资源，从而提高信息服务效率，更高效地满足动态变化的信息服务

14、需求。With the rapid development of cloud computing technology,the distributed servers can concentrate in cloud computing center.The dispatch of storage and computing resources can be a unified scheduling based on virtualization technology,thus improving the efficiency of information service,and better

15、 satisfying the dynamic information service demands.计算机输入输出和存储芯片技术的革命性发展，使得集中式信息处理的成本不断降低，信息处理效率大幅提升。电子商务、互联网金融和社交网络的普及和应用，让越来越多的消费者成为了大数据的生产者，数据量呈现爆发式增长，而信息技术与传统产业的加速融合又不断推动基于大数据的产品和服务创新。With the revolutionary development of computer input and output and memory chip technology,the cost of centraliz

16、ed information processing is reduced,the efficiency of information processing is greatly improved.With popularization and application of electronic commerce,Internet Financial and social networks,more and more consumers are becoming big data producers.The amount of data showing explosive growth.The

17、accelerated integration of information technologies and traditional industries continue to promote the big data based product and service innovation.信息服务的智能化和个性化Intelligent and personalized information service 新兴信息技术正在加速人工智能朝着纵深方向发展，自然语言理解、机器感知、情感计算、深度学习等人工智能技术不断应用于人类生产生活的诸多领域，推动智能机器人、自动驾驶汽车和智慧城市等相关

18、产业的快速发展，不断提升信息服务的智能化和个性化水平。The emerging information technology is accelerating the development in depth of artificial intelligence.AI technologies including natural language understanding,machine perception,affective computing and deep learning have been applied to many areas of production and human

19、 life.It further promote the rapid development of intelligent robots,automatic driving cars,smart city and other related industries,thus constantly improving the intelligence and personalized level of information services.虚拟现实（Virtual Reality,VR）技术基于多源信息融合和先进的计算机仿真，创建和体验虚拟世界，将对工业设计、电子商务、游戏娱乐、医疗培训、航空

20、航天等诸多领域带来深刻影响，创新信息服务的提供方式。Based on multi-source information fusion and advanced computer simulation,virtual reality(VR)technology can create and experience the virtual world.VR will have a profound impact on the industrial design,e-commerce,entertainment,medical training,aerospace and other fields,p

21、romoting the innovation of information service provision.1.系统技术的纵深化与融合化 Vertical deepening and fusion with industries of system technology2.功能实现的泛在化与集中化 Ubiquity and centralization of functional implementation3.信息处理的分散化与云集化 Decentralization and cloud-centralization of information processing4.信息服务的个性

22、化与共性化 Individualization and generalization of information services 在“网前时代”，由于科学技术的发展和各类自然资源及人造资源的利用，已经形成了相应的产品设计与生产方式、服务提供与交易方式、经济组织与发展方式。互联网与大数据作为一类新的人造资源加入到经济发展过程中，必然引起产业发展的重大变革。In the era of“pre-Internet”,owing to the development of science and technology and the utilization of various nature and

23、 man-made resources,relevant products designing and manufacturing patterns,service delivering and dealing ways,and the economic organization and development paradigm have already formed.As a new type of resource,Internet and big data integrating into the economic development processes will definitel

24、y trigger significant revolutions to the development of industries.对产品构造的影响The Impact on the product structure 在产品技术方面，互联网与大数据资源不断融入到传统产品中，成为产品的一个关键零部件，使产品逐步成为智能产品和互联化的智能终端。它能够提升产品的效能价值，拓展产品的应用范围。融入互联网与大数据资源的制造业发展The development of manufacturing industry integrating Internet and big data resources W

25、ith respect to the product technology,Internet and big data resources are steadily integrated into traditional products and become the key parts of products,making the products turn into intelligent and connected terminals.It can promote the products utility and value and also extend the application

26、s range of the products.智能网联汽车的新技术架构对产品全生命周期过程的影响The impact on the product lifecycle 在产品研发、生产、使用、维护、维修和再制造方面，互联网与大数据资源深度渗透到产品全生命周期过程中，能够形成众智设计和智能制造，能够提高产品设计的创新能力和产品生产及维护的智能化水平，降低制造过程风险。With respect to the R&D,production,usage,maintenance,repairing,and re-manufacturing of products,Internet and big da

27、ta resources permeating into the product lifecycle can form the crowd-intelligence designing and intelligent manufacturing,so as to enhance the innovation ability on product designing and the intelligence level of products manufacturing and maintenance,and at the same time lower the risk in the manu

28、facturing process.例如，在汽车产品全生命周期过程中，互联网与大数据提供了全新的技术手段以及海量数据，改变了人们对产品全生命周期各阶段的关注重点。For example,in the automobile product lifecycle process,Internet and big data provide new technological means and massive data,thus changing peoples focuses on each stages of product lifecycle process.对制造资源组织方式的影响The im

29、pact on the organization manner of manufacturing resources 在制造资源的组织方式方面，互联网与大数据资源广泛应用于供应商、销售商和协作商的协同过程中，能够形成全球化网络制造，优化价值链和价值网络，使之能够更快地发现市场需求，更好地在全球组织制造资源，显著提高制造业的资源利用效率。With respect to the organization manner of manufacturing resources,Internet and big data resources are widely applied in the collab

30、oration process among the suppliers,manufacturers,and contractors,which can form global network manufacturing,and optimize the value chains and value networks.Thus,the marketing demands can be recognized more quickly,the manufacturing resources can be finely organized worldwide,and the resources uti

31、lization can be significantly enhanced.波音波音707（Boeing 707）2%90%上个世纪上个世纪50年代，年代，著著名名的波音的波音707客机，只有大客机，只有大约百分之二的零部件是在约百分之二的零部件是在国外生产的国外生产的。目前，波音目前，波音787客机工程量中客机工程量中90%都是都是由全球各地的由全球各地的四十四十多多个个合合作伙伴共同完成的。作伙伴共同完成的。波音波音787（Boeing 787）对制造业务模式的影响The impact on the manufacturing business model 在业务模式创新方面，互联网与大

32、数据资源能够加速制造业服务化进程。有远见的制造商已经将各类服务纳入销售范围，用基于产品的服务销售模式取代原有的产品销售模式，使得产品与服务之间的界限越来越模糊。With respect to the business model innovation,Internet and big data resources can accelerate the manufacturing industry servitisation process.Far-sighted manufacturers have included various services as the sale scope,and

33、 replace the product sales with service sales,making the boundary between products and services more and more vague.利用利用互联网互联网与大数据资源与大数据资源创造全新创造全新产品产品服务服务一站式服务远程服务预防式服务新型服务来源来源：波特：波特.哈佛哈佛商业商业评论评论,2015.,2015.Using Internet and big data resources to create new servicesOne-stop serviceRemote service Pr

34、eventive serviceNew-type service 总之，充分利用互联网与大数据这一新的战略性人造资源，不断提高产品的智能化水平、研发与生产过程的开放式创新水平和基于产品的服务化水平，并能重构制造资源组合，优化制造业生态系统。In all,making full use of Internet and big data resources can constantly improve the intelligence level of products,the open innovation level of R&D and production process,and the

35、servitization level based on products.Furthermore,it can reconstruct the manufacturing resource combination and optimize the ecosystem of manufacturing industry.综上所述，互联网与大数据资源已经成为现代制造业创新不可或缺的重要组成部分，极其深刻地影响着制造业的发展战略和经营模式。在激烈的国际竞争中，互联网与大数据资源正在推动着制造业的持续创新，高效地满足日益多元化的客户需求。In conclusion,Internet and big

36、data resources have become a significant part of modern manufacturing industry innovation,and deeply influence the development strategy and business model of manufacturing industry.In the fierce international competitions,Internet and big data resources are promoting the continuous innovation of man

37、ufacturing industry and thus effectively satisfy increasingly diversified customers demands.互联网与大数据技术等新兴信息技术的快速发展，深刻地影响着制造工程管理过程，改变了制造过程中人与人、人与组织、人与资源等交互方式。The rapid development of Internet and big data and other emerging information technologies,profoundly affects the process of manufacturing engin

38、eering management.It changes the interactive mode of people and people,people and organization,as well as people and resources in the manufacturing process.呈现出制造过程协同化、制造方式个性化、制造资源全球化、制造数据多元化、制造产品服务化等特点，使企业组织形态、运营决策模式、协同制造方式和制造生产模式等方面发生了重大变革，从而也带来了很多新的管理科学问题。It shows many new characteristics,includin

39、g manufacturing process collaboration,manufacturing methods personalization,manufacturing resource globalization,manufacturing data diversity,and manufacturing product service-oriented.Thus,it brings the great transformations of enterprise organization form,operation decision model,collaborative man

40、ufacturing methods and manufacturing production mode.It also brings many new management science research issues.创业者应该充分利用互联网资源开展创新创业活动，在创新创业过程中既要打破互联网仅仅是一类技术系统或应用平台的思维束缚，又要克服急躁情绪，下足功夫去融合线上线下资源，开发新产品，创新商业模式，推进基于互联网资源的创新创业活动。Entrepreneurs should make full use of Internet resources to carry out innovat

41、ion activities.In the process of innovation and entrepreneurship,they should be sure to think outside the box of IaaT and IaaP.Also,they should overcome impatience,make great efforts to integrate online and offline resources,develop new product,and promote business model innovation.企业应该基于互联网的资源观重新思考

42、原有的生产经营方式，分析企业面临的内部条件和竞争环境，结合自身的优势，加快基于互联网资源的技术创新、商业模式创新和服务体系创新，不断优化基于互联网资源的企业发展战略。Enterprises should rethink the original production and management mode based on Internet resource view.Technological innovation,business model innovation and service system innovation of enterprises based on the Inter

43、net resources should be accelerated,by analyzing the internal condition and the competition environment,and combining with its advantages.Thus,the development strategies of enterprises based on Internet resource can be constantly optimized.政府应该基于互联网的资源观，充分认识互联网资源对经济社会发展影响的基本规律，制定更加精准的公共政策，促进互联网资源与经济

44、社会的融合发展，实现经济发展的转型升级。Based on the Internet resource view,government should fully understand the basic law of the impact of Internet resource on the economic and social development.The integrated development of Internet resource and economy&society can be promoted,by formulating more accurate public p

45、olicies,thus realizing the transformation and upgrading of economy and society.例如：1.互联网时代制造生态系统的演变与重构理论(Evolution and reconstruction theory of manufacturing ecosystem in the era of Internet)2.互联网时代制造过程的价值创造与服务化理论(Value creation and service theory of manufacturing process in the era of Internet)3.互联网

46、时代制造单元的自组织与集成理论(Self-organization and integration theory of manufacturing units in the era of Internet)4.互联网时代制造过程的智能运作管理理论(Intelligent operational management theory of manufacturing process in the era of Internet)5.互联网时代制造信息系统开放结构与智能决策理论(Open structure of manufacturing information system and intell

47、igent decision theory in the era of Internet)互联网时代制造生态系统的演变与重构理论 互联网与大数据环境下，产品形态向数字化和服务化延伸，产品与服务的要素不断拓展，制造资源的组织方式不断演化。In the environment of Internet and big data,products have gradually become digital and service-oriented.The factors of products and service have been continuously extended and the or

48、ganizational mode of manufacturing resources has constantly evolved.Scientific problem 1:Evolution and reconstruction theory of manufacturing ecosystem in the era of Internet 改变了企业与企业、企业与用户、用户与用户间的交互方式，从而扩展了传统制造业的产业边界，形成了基于价值网络的新型制造生态系统，并与其所在的经济生态、社会生态和自然生态构成了多层次生态系统结构。These result in the change of

49、interaction manner between enterprises,enterprise and customer,and customers,and further extended the industrial boundary of traditional manufacturing industry.In this situation,the value network based new manufacturing ecosystem is formed,and the multi-hierarchical ecosystem structure is constructe

50、d combined with the economic,social,and natural ecology.分析制造系统的新型生态要素及其行为模式，建立层次化制造生态系统结构，并揭示制造系统结构与演化机制，在此基础上重构制造生态系统与企业价值理论，从而在系统层面为互联网与大数据环境下制造工程管理提供基础理论支撑。It is necessary to analyze the new ecological factors and behavior patterns,to establish a multi-level ecosystem structure,and to reveal the

51、system structure and evolution mechanism of the manufacturing system.Then,the manufacturing ecosystem and enterprise value theory are restructured,which provides the theoretical foundation support in the system level.互联网时代制造过程的价值创造与服务化理论 互联网和大数据技术不仅加速了制造企业由传统的产品化思维向服务化思维的转变，而且把制造服务化的内涵进一步深入，推动了制造模式和

52、商业模式创新。Internet and big data have accelerated the movement of traditional product thought to service-oriented thought in the manufacturing enterprises,deepened the connotation of service-oriented manufacturing,and prompted the innovation of manufacturing and business modes.Scientific problem 2:Value

53、 creation and service theory of manufacturing process in the era of Internet 制造企业利用互联网和大数据技术打通线上数据分析和线下智能生产过程，利用社会化制造资源和智慧资源，聚合客户需求、扩展创新要素，提高资源利用效率，并以制造服务的形式参与全球化制造过程，从而实现企业价值创造。Manufacturing enterprises use Internet and big data to integrate online data analysis and offline intelligent production p

54、rocess,social manufacturing and wisdom resources to aggregate customer requirements and expand innovation sources so as to improve the utilization of resources.Also the enterprises depend on their preponderant resources to global manufacturing process to implement their value creation.研究互联网与大数据环境下制造

55、服务资源管理方法和服务资源间的制造服务价值网络协同机制，在此基础上进一步研究制造服务模式设计与评价方法的关键技术问题，丰富和扩展制造服务化理论。It is necessary to study the manufacturing service resources management methods of in the Internet and big data environment,and the manufacturing service value network coordination mechanisms among service resources.Then the key

56、 technical problems of service model design and evaluation methods can be further studied,which can enrich the manufacturing servicization theory.互联网时代制造单元的自组织与集成理论 互联网与大数据环境下的制造往往涉及跨部门、跨行业、跨地区的多个参与主体，需要构建全球化制造网络，实现异地设计和制造资源的协同。In the environment of Internet and big data,manufacturing is generally a

57、ssociated with multiple participants across departments,industries,and regions,and needs the construction of global manufacturing network to carry out distributed design and the collaboration of manufacturing resources.Scientific problem 3:Self-organization and integration theory of manufacturing un

58、its in the era of Internet 制造单元以虚拟化的方式实现全球制造资源的广泛互联，形成一个信息系统与物理系统交织、内外部制造功能单元融合的立体化可重组网络。制造企业通过集成不同企业的多种层次的制造功能单元完成制造任务，从而保证全球制造资源的灵活组织。Manufacturing units are virtualized to make global manufacturing resources interconnected to form a stereoscopic and reconstructed network in which information syst

59、em is integrated with physical system and internal and external functional units of manufacturing are aggregated.Manufacturing enterprises have performed manufacturing tasks by the integration of multi-hierarchical functional units of manufacturing so as to guarantee the flexible organization of glo

60、bal manufacturing resources.分析互联网与大数据环境下制造单元的自组织行为特征，研究制造单元的网络自组织方式和跨层次集成方式，建立制造单元的基本组织和协同方式，形成互联网与大数据环境下制造单元的自组织与集成方法，从而创新和发展制造组织理论。It is necessary to analyze the self-organizing behavior characteristics,to study the network self organization and cross-level integration methods,and to establish the

61、 basic organization and cooperative modes of manufacturing units.Thus,the self organization and integration theory of manufacturing units can be formed,which is the innovation and the development of the manufacturing organization theories.互联网时代制造过程的智能运作管理理论 移动计算、物联网、云计算等新一代信息技术与制造系统深度融合，不断渗透到产品设计、计划

62、调度、供应链管理、质量管理、跟踪服务等各个企业运作环节，深刻影响着制造过程的运作管理活动和决策模式。New information techniques have deeply integrated with the manufacturing system,constantly penetrated into different operational parts of enterprise,and greatly influenced the activities of operational management and decision mode in the manufacturin

63、g process.Scientific problem 4 Intelligent operational management theory of manufacturing process in the era of Internet 分析互联网与大数据技术对产品设计、计划调度、供应链管理、质量管理、跟踪服务的影响，揭示制造过程的运作管理变革规律，研究产品开发和生产过程的智能运作管理创新，发展互联网与大数据环境下制造过程的智能运作管理理论。It is necessary to analyze the influences of Internet and big data on produ

64、ct design,planning scheduling,supply chain management,quality management,and tracking service,and to reveal the law of changes of the operational management of manufacturing process.It is also necessary to focus on the intelligent operational management innovation of manufacturing process in the Int

65、ernet and big data environment.互联网时代制造信息系统开放结构与智能决策理论 互联网与大数据环境下的制造涉及制造商、供应商、协作商和企业业务部门与用户的广泛协作，构成复杂的大数据环境。In the environment of Internet and Big data,manufacturing is associated with the collaboration of manufacturer,supplier,cooperative provider,business department of enterprise,and customer to fo

66、rm the complex environment of big data.Scientific problem 5 Open structure of manufacturing information system and intelligent decision theory in the era of Internet 为了发挥充分制造大数据的资源价值，实现制造服务过程的优化协作，企业需要从大数据中感知环境变化并及时地把变化反映到决策行动中，为此，需要解决实时信息处理、信息系统跨平台交互和复杂动态环境下的协同决策等一系列理论问题。Enterprise has to detect the change of environment from big data and consider such change when making decisions in order to give full play to the resource value of big data of manufacturing and carry out the optimized collabora