产业转型从进化视角思考的概念外文翻译

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1、产业转型-从进化视角思考的概念外文翻译 本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目:Industry Transformation?Conceptual Considerations from an Evolutionary Perspective出 处:Journal of Business Market Management, 2007, Volume 1, Number 2, Pages 151-182作 者:Martin Gersch?Christian Goeke 原文: Industry Transformation?Conceptual Considerations from an Evolu

2、tionary Perspective Martin Gersch ? Christian Goeke Abstract The explanandum industry transformation is conceptualized against the background of market process theories. A system of indicators to measure industry transformation is set up and typical patterns of development and challenges for entrepr

3、eneurial action on business-to-business markets are derived. Analyzing industry transformation requires a co-evolutionary approach. Change is then detected using different indicators, exempli?ed using the German healthcare sector as an insight to business-to-business markets in transition. Entrepren

4、eurial action is the key to an evolutionary understanding of business systems as drivers of change processes and the fact that ? at the same time ? they are driven by them. Typical features of industry transformation include historicity, path dependencies, and evolutionary interpretations of speci?c

5、ity leading to trajectories and multiple patterns like for example dis-/re-intermediation and cooperationObjectives and course of the paper Business activity in multi-tier market structures is the subject of business-to-business management. It seems that over a long period of time scienti?c literatu

6、re on business-to-business management was missing two things: 1 a theory-based analysis of effective and lasting change processes that explicitly respects temporality Andersson and Mattsson 2006 and 2 an analysis of the challenges for entrepreneurial action which accompany these change processes. Th

7、e lack is concerning both, changes across the whole industry channel value chain/supply chain or within single markets in the channel. Observably, such transformation processes often come along with signi?cant modi?cations in established industry structure and single players strategies to remain com

8、petitive. More concrete, changes in market requirements, shifts in structure of competition ?e. g. through new competitors ? changed competitive strategies or the erosion of unwritten rules and grown competitive culture occur. Different forms of dis-/reintermediation and/or vertical integration in t

9、he industry value chain are prominent examples for such changes, as well. The intention of this paper is predominantly of conceptual nature, proposing a framework for theory-driven analysis of change processes to be named industry transformation.Recent research under the umbrella of market process t

10、heories e. g. Hayek 1978; Kirzner 1973; Mises 1949; Vaughn 1994 and resource- and competence based research e. g. Foss and Ishikawa 2006; Hamel and Prahalad 1994; Sanchez and Heene 2004; Sanchez et al. 1996 facilitates an evolutionary interpretation of observable transformation processes. Applying t

11、hese theoretical foundations, change processes can be analyzed in an integrated way, taking into consideration 1 the level of acting single players, 2 market-levels and 3 the whole industry value chain. Especially due to the embedded nature of business-to-business markets such a comprehensive multi-

12、level analysis is considered absolutely necessary. Applying research programs to all above-mentioned levels which are compatible in terms of basic assumptions and their hard core and which actually exist under the umbrella of market process theories, a multi-level analysis seems possible in a way wh

13、ich is consistent in terms of philosophy of science. According to market process theorys basic rationale, entrepreneurial action is viewed as the primum mobile of any kind of change process. In this regard, business systems can play two different roles: they can on the one hand actively create and d

14、rive the transformation process on higher levels of aggregation, like markets or industries, but on the other hand they can also be forced and driven by it. Although they will be characterized in more detail later, the postulations of many strategic management scholars for co-evolutionary developmen

15、t, strategic ?t or coherence Morgan and Hunt 2002; Venkatraman 1989; Volberda and Lewin 2003; Zajac et al. 2000 can now be consistently implemented on a theoretical basis. This is why a targeted integrated framework for multiple levels of analysis is deemed essential in order to ?nally provide a use

16、ful support for strategic management practice. As far as the authors know, hitherto, such an integrated and theoretically consistent framework does not exist in extant literature. Following a respective conceptualization on the basis of market process theories, ?rst empirical ?ndings from the German

17、 healthcare market after 2004s extensive healthcare system reform are showcased on the basis of the elaborated framework. The interaction between individuals, market- and industry-level is ?nally highlighted exemplarily by exploring the question of why ?rms tend to collaborate in changing environmen

18、ts.Industry transformation from an integrating market process theory perspective Industry transformation in the spotlight of market process theories Relevant research programs under the umbrella of market process theories While in the ?eld of economics especially the New Austrian Economics represent

19、 a school of thought which focuses on the continuous changes in markets as a main point of explanation explanandum, the corresponding complement of analysis for the ?rm-level with management implications ? as the basis for an integrated analysis has been missing for a long time. This lack of analysi

20、s for the ?rm level has even been labeled as a missing chapter of market process theory Ehret 2000; Fagerberg 2003; Schneider 2001; Witt 1999. In the context of market process theories as an umbrella for several research concepts such a complement must work with similar basic assumptions and researc

21、h questions in order to be compatible in the hard core Lakatos 1970 for creating a consistent and integrated framework for analysis. The venture into creating an integrated framework for analysis is feasible in a way being consistent in terms of philosophy of science, as market process theories do n

22、ot only comprise the already mentioned Austrian Economics, but for example also work on entrepreneurial functions e. g. Schneider 1995a or the competence-based theory of the ?rm e. g. Freiling et al. 2005; 2006, which arose from a re-conceptualization of resource- and competence-based research. Henc

23、e, there is a huge potential to use an integrated evolutionary theory to analyze change and transformation processes from a perspective comprising both market- and ?rm-level. Enhancing the market process theories understanding of markets and market processes, the authors derive a suggestion for expl

24、aining the artifact industry transformation based on the above-mentioned competence-based theory of the ?rm. However, before adding the authors contribution concerning the nature and terminology of industry transformation in market process theories thinking in the next subsection, the following para

25、graph will outline some necessary basic terminology. This shall be done in accordance with Dieter Schneider 1995a, with his admittedly vague, but very useful de?nitions, which are not very widespread in the Anglophone literature. Market process theories concentrate substantially on the analysis and

26、explanation of market processes and their results away from the typical economic notion of market equilibriums Witt 1999, p. 198. They comprise all economic phenomena connected with the existence of markets, for example market structure, behavior in markets, and performance Rese 2000; Rese 2004. The

27、 term market process refers to an irreversible sequence of actions within markets which can also be interpreted as groping Schneider 1995b. Following Schneider 1995a markets as institutions can be interpreted as a structured mass of elements called market processes which are arranged according to th

28、e relations market rules and market structure. Hence market processes of suppliers and customers at least comprise: ? collection and diffusion of knowledge about offered or desired bundles of goods, services, and property rights as the category object of market ? negotiations that precede the exchan

29、ge of these bundles ? agreements on the transfer of property rights. Such transfers can be regarded as a kind of exchange. The exchange rate is not to be understood quantitatively as a relative price, but rather qualitatively as the comparison of two categories of goods: bundles of core products and

30、 side products compared to a bundle of exchange goods. Following this notion, market processes as actions within a market must be separated from preparation activities and market input processes, as the latter contain all activities to be performed before or after a transaction. The market input is

31、determined by a players readiness for action at a speci?c point in time. Latter constitutes his potential for providing particular core and side products within an offered bundle. Market processes take place embedded into existing market rules, i. e. the constitution of markets, which contains codes

32、 of conduct and legal norms for the sell-side as well as for the buy-side. Market processes themselves can be arranged according to the market structure e. g. number and size of competitors and potential customers. Particular features of the market structure are ? from an evolutionary point of view

33、? not only results of players action but also factors which in?uence their future conduct and therefore market processes. Hence, totally different general conditions compared to neoclassical considerations apply in market process theories: while neoclassical economics mainly are concerned with the e

34、stablishment of economic equilibrium under fully known or in Marshallian terminology given conditions of resource availability, technology and preferences the Austrian approach is entirely different. The economy is in a perpetual state of disequilibrium: things are always changing and in a state Sum

35、mary and Outlook Both scholars and practitioners in the ?eld of management refer to an increasing volatility of relevant parameters for doing business. Thereby uncertainty for single players in changing markets seems to be escalating. The orthodox way of thinking in comparative static ways when sett

36、ing up ones own entrepreneurial theories Harper 1995 is assumed to be one reason for the uneasiness the players feel. Managers often consider change and uncertainty as things to be avoided, as hard to understand and as impossible to control Copeland and Weiner 1990, p. 133. But as a matter of fact,

37、uncertainty is a very important feature of reality, which should become the subject of explanations to economic activity and observable events: if managers and scientists cannot fully embrace it, they can at least learn to live with it ODriscoll et al. 2001, p. 87. With the established market proces

38、s theories and its recent enhancement by the competence-based theory of the ?rm there is access to an evolutionary school of thought which is able to consistently analyze change processes on different ? but independent ? levels and which is based on research concepts that are compatible in terms of

39、basic assumptions in the hard core. Following this agenda the alertness for ?nding opportunities and chances in the market again becomes the main focus of explanations. The missing chapter in market process theories Ehret 2000; Witt 1999 is being written by a competence-based theory of the ?rm, as i

40、t possesses the potential to explain intra-?rm processes from a resource- and competence perspective Schneider 2001 under the umbrella of market process theories. This paper de?ned the artifact industry transformation and concrete causal structures, which interpret the change processes in multi-tier

41、 value chains and single markets within the value chains as the consequence of the interplay of individual and collective entrepreneurial decisions. For both the level of single business systems and the level of entire markets and industries there are unique, idiosyncratic and irreversible paths of

42、development. Single players can only have limited in?uence on these paths: concerning a goal oriented creation/formation of their relevant environment on the one hand as well as concerning the opening and seizing of upcoming windows of opportunity on the other. Getting into the complexity of change

43、processes based on the market process theories framework outlined above is still in the ?edgling stages and there is much work left to remove existing impreciseness, lacking concreteness. After having set up a basic framework for analysis, we claim that ?esh to its bones can only be given by empiric

44、al work, addressing concrete research questions out of observable transformation processes. However, market process theory applied for the framework is generally associated with particular challenges to empirical research and methodological opportunities. Especially qualitative methods in order to d

45、erive propositions are deemed fruitful for this purpose Lockett, and Thompson, 2001. At the same time it must be stated that the often-mentioned criticism of market process theories, namely concerning the insuf?cient validity of predictions due to the existing basic assumptions will never be dispell

46、ed completely. Likewise, the unacceptable softness/openness of hypotheses in Poppers notion will never be overcome entirely. It is the evolutionary character of the inquiry which dominates and which is implicit in the underlying theory. Hence a modi?ed norm to evaluate the quality of deductible if t

47、hen statements in causal structures seems necessary Hayek 1964. However, even on this abstract level one can come to important conclusions to understand the nature and course of observable change processes in multi-tier market structures. 译文:产业转型-从进化视角思考的概念摘要 在市场进程的理论背景下解释产业转型的概念。根据企业对企业市场创业行动的各种挑战,

48、建立和发展一个指标体系来衡量城市产业转型的典型模式。 分析产业的转型需要一个共同进化方法。然后,更改使用不同的检测指标,以德国医疗保险行业作为一个例证深入的了解到企业对企业市场转型。创业行动是一个业务系统作为变革的进程司机,这一事实进化理解的关键,在同一时间,他们是他们所推动的。产业转型的典型特征包括历史性,依赖性,并导致轨迹多模式进化的特异性的解释,例如中介和合作。论文的目标和过程 业务多层次的市场结构的活动是企业对企业管理的主题。看来,在很长一段时间内的科学文献上企业对企业管理中缺少两件事情:(1)有效的和持久的变化过程理论为基础的分析,明确尊重时间性Andersson and Matts

49、son 2006及(2)对创业行动的挑战,伴随这些变化过程的分析。既缺乏有关的,在整个行业渠道value chain/supply chain或在通道中的单一市场的变化。显著,这种转变过程中经常会与既定的产业结构和单一球员的战略的重大修改,同时保持竞争力。更具体的,变化的市场需求,在竞争结构的变化 ,通过新的竞争对手,改变经营策略的潜规则侵蚀和成长竞争的文化发生。(dis-/re)中介和在产业价值链的垂直整合等不同形式的变化,以及突出的例子。 本文的目的是提出主要的概念性质,理论驱动的分析框架的变化进程就被命名为产业转型。最近的研究下的市场化进程的理论保护伞e. g. Hayek 1978;

50、Kirzner 1973; Mises 1949; Vaughn 1994和资源和能力基础的研究e. g. Foss and Ishikawa 2006; Hamel and Prahalad 1994; Sanchez and Heene 2004; Sanchez et al. 1996促进了进化论的解释观察到的转化过程。应用这些理论基础,分析了变化过程可以在一个集成的方式,同时考虑到(1)作用单级的球员,(2)市场层次,(3)在整个产业价值链。特别是由于企业对企业市场的嵌入式性质这样一个全面的多层次的分析被认为是绝对必要的。应用研究方案,上述所有级别的是兼容的基本假设和他们的核心条款(实

51、际上在市场过程理论下存在保护伞),一个多层次的分析似乎有可能在某种程度上是一致的术语科学哲学。 据市场过程理论的基本原理,创业行动被视为是任何一种变化的无移动过程。在这方面,业务系统可以扮演两个不同的角色:他们一方面可以积极创造,推动更高层次上聚集像市场或产业,改造过程中,但在另一方面,它们也可以被强制和由它驱动。 虽然他们的特点将更加详细后,为协同进化发展,战略适合或一致性 Morgan and Hunt 2002; Venkatraman 1989; Volberda and Lewin 2003; Zajac et al. 2000现在可以持续实施提供了理论依据。 这就是为什么有针对性的

52、分析,多层次的综合框架被认为是必要的,以便最终提供一个有用的战略管理实践的支持。 据笔者所知,迄今为止,在现存文献不存在这种综合和一致的框架的理论。 继2004年后的广泛的医疗体系改革的市场化进程的理论依据各自的构想,来自德国的医疗市场的实证研究结果首次展示对制定框架的基础。最终突出探讨为什么企业往往不断变化的环境中进行协作的问题的是个人之间的相互作用,市场和产业层面的模范。 产业转型从理论的角度整合市场化进程 产业转型中的市场化进程的理论焦点 在市场化进程的理论保护伞有关的研究方案 而在经济领域尤其是New奥地利经济学派代表了其在市场上作为一个主要问题的解释explanandum不断变化的重

53、点,相应的补充为公司级with management implications - 作为一个综合分析的基础上已经失踪了很久。这种分析缺乏对公司的水平,甚至被打成缺少市场化进程的理论章节Ehret 2000; Fagerberg 2003; Schneider 2001; Witt 1999。 在市场化进程中的理论作为伞等概念的一些研究工作的一种补充,必须具有相似的基本假设和研究问题,以兼容的硬核心创造一个连贯一致的综合分析框架Lakatos 1970。将建立一个综合框架的分析企业是在一个被科学哲学中的条款一致的方式是可行的,因为市场过程理论不仅包括已经提到的奥地利经济,而是像也对创业工作的功能

54、e. g. Schneider 1995a或本公司基于胜任力的理论e. g. Freiling et al. 2005; 2006,从一个重新的资源和能力为基础的研究概念出现了。 因此,有一个巨大的潜力,使用集成的进化理论来分析,成员包括来自市场和企业层面的角度变化和转化过程。加强市场过程理论的市场和市场过程的理解,作者解释的建议得到了神器的产业转型,基于上述能力为基础的企业理论。然而,再加入作者的贡献有关的性质和术语的产业转型在市场过程理论在下一小节的思想,下段将概述一些必要的基本术语。此事应在与Dieter施耐德1995a的规定,固然与他的含糊不清,但非常有用的定义,这都不是很讲英语文学普

55、遍。 集中市场过程理论的分析和大量的市场过程及其结果的解释远离平衡点的典型的市场经济概念Witt 1999, p. 198。它们包括随着市场的存在,例如市场结构,市场行为和表现,Rese 2000; Rese 2004连接的所有的经济现象。术语市场化进程,指的是一个不可逆转的顺序在其中的行动也可以作为摸索Schneider 1995b解释市场。 继施耐德1995a市场的机构可以看作是分子所谓的市场进程的排列结构质量按照关系的市场规则和市场结构的解释。因此,供应商和客户市场的过程中至少包括:收集和提供有关或想要的商品,服务捆绑知识扩散和财产权利as the category object of

56、market谈判之前,这些包交换 对产权转让?协议。这种转移可以被视为一种交流。在汇率不是可以理解为一个定量的相对价格,而是定性为两个类别的商品比较:核心产品的捆绑和面的产品相比,包交换的商品。 按照这一概念,作为市场内的市场行为过程必须分开编制活动和市场的投入过程,因为后者包含所有活动之前或之后进行交易。该市场的投入是由玩家的行动准备在一特定时间点。后者构成提供内为客户提供捆绑尤其是核心和副产品他的潜力。 考虑到现有的市场进程的嵌入式市场规则的地方,一大肠杆菌的宪法的市场,其中包含了出售方以及为购买方的行为守则和法律规范。 市场过程本身可以安排根据市场结构e. g. number and s

57、ize of competitors and potential customers。市场结构的特殊功能 - 从进化的角度来看 - 不仅是球员的行动结果,而且其未来的影响因素进行and therefore market processes。 因此,相对于新古典主义的考虑完全不同的一般条件适用于市场化进程的理论:而新古典经济学主要是与经济平衡建立在充分了解有关或in Marshallian terminology鉴于现有资源,技术和偏好。奥地利的做法是完全不同的。经济是一个永恒的不平衡状态:事情和国家总是在变。 总结与展望 学者和从业人员是一对在管理领域做生意的,增加了相关参数波动性。从而单一方

58、在不确定性变化的市场似乎是不断升级。在比较静态的方式思考时,设立自己的创业理论Harper 1995被假定为一方感到的不安的原因。管理者经常考虑的变化和不确定性是因为硬要避免很难理解和无法控制的事情Copeland and Weiner 1990, p. 133。但作为一个事实问题,不确定性是现实非常重要的功能,它应成为经济活动和观察的事件说明的主题:如果管理者和科学家不能完全接受它,他们至少可以学习适应它ODriscoll et al. 2001, p. 87。 随着市场化进程的理论成立,由该公司的竞争力基础理论的提高有其最近访问一个学校的思想进化,它能够始终如一地分析在不同的变化过程 -

59、但独立 - 这是水平和概念为基础的研究这是兼容的,在硬核的基本假设条件。根据这一议程在市场上找到(再次)的机会和可能性的警觉性成为主要焦点的解释。在市场过程理论失踪章Ehret 2000; Witt 1999正在写一本企业竞争力为基础的理论,因为它拥有的潜力,解释,从一个资源和能力的角度Schneider 2001根据企业内部流程市场过程理论的伞。 本文所定义的神器产业转型和具体的因果结构,这解释了改变多层价值链和单一市场内处理作为个人和集体企业决策的价值链相互作用的结果。 对于这两个级别的单一业务系统和整个市场和行业信息化水平有独特的,千变万化的,不可逆转的发展道路。单打只能有有限的影响这些路径:关于一个目标导向的创建/他