定语从句知识点汇总

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1、定语从句英语谚语欣赏1. He who knows nothing but pretends to know everything is indeed a good-for nothing.不懂装懂，一事无成. 2. Its the first step that costs.千里之行，始于足下3. He that makes himself a sheep shall be eaten by the wolf. 甘当小绵羊，迟早要喂狼. 概念：(1) 定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)背面。(2) 先行词：被定语从句修饰的成分。

2、先行词可觉得一种词，短语，或整个主句。(3) 引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。关系词的作用：1) 引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相称于一种连词；2) 必在从句中作某个句子成分（可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语）常用的关系代词: that、 which、 who、whom、whose、as常用的关系副词（在从句中只作状语）: when、why、 whereThe student who answered the question was John. I know the reason why he was so angry.The boy (whom) you are tal

3、king to is my brother. Id like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 定语从句三步：第一找出先行词；第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；第三选择合适的关系词。. 几种关系代词的基本用法：that: 可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。(指人时，相称于who或 whom；指物时，相称于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句; 不可置于介词后作宾语) 如：1. A letter that/which is written in pencil is difficult to read. (

4、主语)2. Do you know the gentleman that/who spoke just now?3. You can take anything ( that) you like. （宾语）4. What is the question (that/which) they are talking about?5. Here is the man ( who/whom/that ) you want to see.6. Shes no longer the girl ( that) she used to be before.（表语）7. Our hometown is no l

5、onger the one (that) it used to be.= Our hometown is not the same as it used to be.= Our hometown is different from what it used to be。= Our hometown is not what it used to be.which: 指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。如：1. The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.（主语）2. The book (which/that) I

6、 bought yesterday is very interesting.（宾语）3. The factory in which his father works is far from here.4. He was proud, which his brother never was. （表语）5. Tom spent four years in college, during which time he learned French.（定语）6. He may be late, in which case we ought to wait for him.who, whom, whose

7、:who: 主格, 在从句中作主语，在口语或非正式用法中作宾语; 只可指人whom: 宾格，在从句中作宾语; 只可指人whose: 属格，在从句中作定语，可指人也可指物。I like the students who/that work hard. （主语）All who heard the story were amazed. (代词如he, they, any, those, all, one等后多用who.)Chaplin, for whom life had once been very hard, was a success as an actor. （宾语）Hes a man fr

8、om whom we should learn. = Hes a man (whom/who/that) we should learn from.A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.（指人）Id like a room whose window faces south. （指物）=Id like a room of which the window faces south. =Id like a room the window of which faces south.There is a teapot shaped like

9、 a Chinese duck, out of whose mouth tea is supposed to come 1.关系代词 whose，引导定语从句时，既可指人，又可指物，在从句中只能作定语；of whom 只能指人；of which 只能指物，有时 whose 可以与 of whom 和 of which 互换使用。如：The girl whose hair is golden is from England. 头发金色的那个女孩是英国人。The house whose doors are green is an office building. 门是绿色的那座房子是办公楼。2.“

10、介词 + whose +名词” 引导定语从句。如：I love my motherland, for whose good future I will work hard. 我爱我的祖国，为了她美好的将来我要努力工作。3.在下列状况下，一般只用 of whom 和 of which。(1)定语从句的主语是 few, little, some, most, many, much等时，一般只用of whom和of which。In the room are lots of people, many of whom I dont know. 房间里有诸多人，诸多人我不结识。He has a lot

11、of story-books, a few of which I have never read. 她有诸多故事书，有几本故事书我还从未看过。(2)定语从句的主语是数词、形容词的最高档时，一般只用of whom和of which。如：The old man has three children, two of whom are college students and one of whom is a manager. 那个老人有三个小孩，其中两个是大学生，另一种是经理。(3)定语从句的主语是all, none, both, neither, each等不定代词时，一般只用of whom和of

12、 which。如：There are fifty students in our class, all of whom are working hard. 我们班有五十个学生，所有这五十个学生学习都刻苦。He planted two trees last year, both of which are growing well. 去年她栽了两棵树，这两棵树都长得好。(4)在定语从句中作表语的定语时，一般只用of whom和of which。如：He has three brothers, of whom Li Lei is the youngest one. 它有三兄弟，李蕾是她们中最小的一种

13、。There are many countries in Asia, of which China is the largest one. 亚洲有诸多国家，中国是最大的一种。关系代词作介词宾语:关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时, 介词可放于从句之首, 也可放于从句之末. 但以放于句首较为正式.（介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。关系代词who 和 that 用作介词宾语时, 介词必须放在句末.）关系代词前介词选择三原则：一先，二动，三意义（重中之重）1.一先，即根据定语从句中介词与先行词的搭配关系选择。I never forget the day on which I came to

14、this school. (on the day)2. 二动，即根据定语从句中谓语动词与介词的搭配关系选择。This is the iPad on which I spent 3000 yuan. (spend money on sth.)3. 三意义，即根据定语从句的意义来拟定介词。This is my pair of glasses, without which I cannot see clearly.This is the book for which you asked. =This is the book (that/which) you asked for.Do you know

15、 the person with whom I shook hands？= Do you know the person (whom/who/that) I shook hands with?The beginning of agriculture was a big step in human progress with which nothing could compare until our information age.In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.Is

16、this the factory to which you paid a visit last week?Is this factory the one to which you paid a visit last week?This is the girl whom they are looking after. (介词after与look构成固定词组，不可前置。look at, look for, look after, take care of, hear ofaboutfrom, care for, look forward, pay attention to, listen to等)

17、as 的用法:(as 引导定语从句, 在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)如为限制性的，多用于the same as ; the same as；such as ; as many/much as；so as等构造中。如：I have the same book as you (have). 我有一本和你的同样的书。 Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been. (关系代词as和批示代词same连用, 在从句中用作表语, 先行词是same.).-Why didnt you mention that in face of

18、the police just now?- I thought it was such a minor detail as was hardly worth mentioning. We will only discuss such problems as have something to do with our own interests.Dont do such things as you are not sure about. There is no such place as you dream of in all this world.比较：I live in the same h

19、ouse that he used to live in. Im wearing the same shirt as you wore yesterday.比较：Here is so big a stone as no one can lift. （定语从句） Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it.（成果状语从句）如为非限制性的，多单独引导一种定语从句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为正如，这一点。（动词常为know, see, expect, point out, etc.）As we all know, smoking is

20、harmful to ones health . (as 作宾语)=As is known to all, smoking is harmful to ones health . （as 作主语）=Its known to all that smoking is harmful to ones health .=Smoking is harmful to ones health , as we all know .（as 作宾语）=Smoking, as we all know, is harmful to one health.He was a foreigner, as I knew fr

21、om his accent. (宾语, 先行词是前面整个句子). 关系副词引导的定语从句:When 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时间的名词（如：time, day, week, tear, month, etc.）He came last night when I was out.We will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather would be better.注意：先行词为时间名词，可用when引导定语从句，when在定语从句中作状语；还可以用which或that 引导，which或that在从句中作主语

22、或宾语。比较: I still remember the day when /on which my brother joined the army.（作状语）Next month, when you will be in your hometown, is just around the corner.I still remember the days which/that we spent together. （作宾语） Next winter which/that youll spend in Harbin, Im sure, will be exciting.I shall never

23、 forget the day when Shen Zhou was launched, which has a great effect on my life.There are occasions when joking is not permissible.Where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表达地点的名词，如：place, school, factory, room, etc. This is the place where I was born. I live in the room where /in which he used to live. 注意：先行词是地

24、点名词，定语从句可用where引导，还可用which或that引导，which/that 在从句中作主语或宾语。 比较: This is the factory where /in which he worked last year. （作状语）在高中的英语学习中，我们都懂得，where在定语从句中用作关系副词，作状语，先行词一般指地点。例如：This is the farm where we worked when we were young.这就是我们年轻时候在此干活的农场。He met his wife in the park where they fell in love with e

25、ach other.她是在这个公园遇到她的妻子，就是在那里，她们相爱了。固然，在实际的英语学习中，where在定语从句中的用法远不是这样简朴，相反，要复杂得多，为了让学生对where在定语从句中的用法有更好的理解，下面我就对学生在学习过程中的重难点问题谈一谈它的用法。一、某些在从句中充本地点状语的“介词+关系词”构造可以与where 互换，where=in/at/on/.which例如：This is the house in which I lived two years ago.这是我两年前住过的房子。This is the house where I lived two years ag

26、o.在英语学习中，并不是单纯地让学生懂得where的这种用法就可以了，诸多时候学生要掌握where和其她词的用法的区别，才干更好地把握定语从句的用法。例如：This is the factory where/in which you worked last year.This is the factory that/which/you visited last year.在第一句中，关系词在定语从句中作状语，因此用关系副词where或者in which，由于定语从句中worked 是个不及物动词；而在第二句中，关系词在定语从句中做宾语，因此用that或which，还可以省略，visited是个

27、及物动词。学生有时还会遇到更复杂的状况。例如：Is this factory the one that/which/ you visited last year?Is this factory the one where/in which you lived last year?Is this the factory where/in which you lived last year?这几种句子比前面的两个句子又复杂，除了要区别关系词在定语句子作什么成分，还要注意到前两个句子缺成分，因此要补充 the one。二、where定语从句修饰抽象名词where引导的定语从句的先行词大多数状况下是表

28、达地点的名词，但也有特殊状况。如果定语从句修饰point，situation，part，condition和case等表达抽象意义的词，关系词在定语从句中充当状语时，常用where 引导，意思是“到了某种地步，在某种境况中” 。为了协助同窗们熟悉这一语言现象，对的掌握这一知识点，对where定语从句修饰抽象名词的用法作一归纳。1)where定语从句修饰抽象名词pointYou reach a point where medicine cant help. 你已到了药物无法治疗的地步。We have reached a point where a change is needed.我们到了必须改

29、一改的地步。注：有时point也可以是具体的地点：The accident happened at the point where the A15 joins the M1. 事故发生在A15与M1交叉的十字路口。2)where定语从句修饰抽象名词caseThere are cases where the word “mighty” is used as an adverb. 在某些状况下，mighty一词可用作副词。3)where定语从句修饰抽象名词activityThose successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity

30、where sight matters more than hearing.那些失聪的成功舞蹈演员们觉得，舞蹈是一种让人看赛过让人听的活动。4)where定语从句修饰抽象名词situationHe got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong. 她陷入一种难以辨别是非的局面。5)where定语从句修饰抽象名词positionIts put me in a position where I cant afford to take the job. 这使我陷入一种不能接受此工作的境地。6)where定

31、语从句修饰抽象名词jobShe wants a job where her management skills can be put to good use. 她想找一份能将她的管理技能派上用场的工作。固然了，我们遇到这些词作为先行词时并不一定都用where，我们也要具体状况具体分析，她们只有在定语从句中作状语时才用where。例如：We are trying to reach a point _ both sides will sit down together and talk.A. which B. that C. where D. when-Do you have anything t

32、o say for yourself?-Yes, theres one point _ we must insist on.A. why B. where C. how D. /上面两个句子虽然先行词相似，都是point，但是由于她们在定语从句中充当的成分不同，因此我们在选择关系词时就要区别看待。第一种句子中关系词在句中作状语，因此选择where关系副词；第二个句子中关系词在定语从句中做宾语，因此选择关系代词that，which或者不填，这样第一题选择C，第二题选择D。The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point

33、 where he can walk correctly and safely. I think you have got to the point where a change is needed, or you would fail.Government reports, legal papers and most business letters are the main situations where English is used. Hes got himself into a dangerous situation where hes likely to lose control

34、 of the plane.The small mountain village where we spent our holiday last month lies in what /the place which is now part of Hubei.This is the park which/that they visited last year. （作宾语）Not having been there before, he simply had no idea about the place, which everyone says is worth visiting.Why 指因

35、素，在定语从句中作因素状语。先行词为reason 时，可用for which指代；当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that 引导。如：The reason why / for which / (that) he didnt attend the meeting was that he was ill.I dont believe the reason (that/which) he gave me. （作宾语） Have you asked him the reason that may explain his success? （作主语）Ex.) He was late .T

36、hats because he got up late. .He got up late. Thats why he was late.(表语从句) (the reason) why/for which he was late. (定语从句)当先行词为way时，定语从句常用that, in which,或不用引导。way后的定语从句 的引导词不用时较多。但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that 引导。如:This is the way (that) /in which I do such things.比较: Please do the experiment in the w

37、ay（that/which）I have shown you. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：1. 形式上，非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。2. 语法上，非限制性定语从句一般不用that.3. 语义上，限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密，起限定作用，如果去掉了这个定语从句，整个句子就不完整或者会变化意思；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密，对先行词起补充阐明或描述的作用。This is the book I like best. 这就是我最喜欢的那本书。Beijing, which has been Chinas capital for more than 800 years ,

38、is rich in cultural and historic relics. 北京是中国八百年之久的古都，它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。4. 翻译时，限制性定语从句可译为一句（较短的一般译为的字构造）；而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。（见上句翻译）比较: He has a sister, who is a musician. He has a sister who is a musician.引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词，指人时用who, whom, whose , 指物时用which , whose; 关系副词when，where, why, etc.1. He studied hard

39、at school when he was young, which leads to his success in his later life.2. Toms father, who arrived just now, is a famous scientist.3. They set up a separate state of their own, where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.4. He was proud, which his brother never was. . 几种易混淆的关系代词的比较:that &

40、which:在定语从句中，which 和that 在指代事物时，一般可以互换使用，但并非在任何状况下都是这样，这里简介宜用that, 而不适宜用which 的状况.先行词为不定代词,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,the one等, 1.We should do all that is useful to the people .2.Theres nothing that can be said about it .3.Do you mean the one that was bought yesterday?先行词被on

41、ly, any, few, little, no, just, very, one of等词修饰时。1.The only thing that we could do was to wait.2.Thats the very word that is wrongly used.The last place (that) we visited was the chemical works.You can take any (=whichever) seat that is free.I hope the little that I can will be of some help to them

42、.比较 *This is one of the best novels that were published last year. *This is the only one of the best novels that was published last year.先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。1.When we talk about Wuxi, the first that comes into mind is Tai Lake.2.This is the third film that has been shown in our school this term.先行词是最高档

43、或被最高档修饰时。1.This is the best that can be done now.2.The most important thing that should be done right now is how to stop him from going on.先行词既有人又有物，用which和who都不适合，这时宜用that. 如：1.The writer and his novel that you have just talked about is really well known .2.The rider and his bike that had run over

44、an old woman were held up by the police.被修饰词为数词时. 1.Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water .Now you can see the two that are still alive .如果有两个从句，其中一种关系代词已用which ,另一种关系代词宜用that，以避免语言的单调或反复。Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.疑问词是who或w

45、hich，关系代词宜用that，以避免反复。1. Which is the book that you like best?2. Who is the man that is standing at the gate?主句是There be 构造，修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词. 如：1. There is still a seat in the corner that is still free.被修饰成分为表语时，或者关系代词自身是定语从句的表语时,该关系代词宜用that . 1. Thats a good book that will help you a lot.2. M

46、y home village is no longer the place ( that ) it used to be .定语从句中宜用which而不适宜用that 的状况:当关系代词的前面有介词时. 1.A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.2.Is this the room in which Mr. White lives?在非限制性定语从句中. 1.Crusoes dog, which was are now very old, became ill and died .2.Mor

47、e and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming very popular in our country. (which指代主句)在一种句子中有两个定语从句，其中一种定语从句的关系代词用了that, 另一种宜用which . 1. Let me show you the novel，that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us. 2. At the station I bought some magazines that might h

48、elp me to pass the time on the train and which I could pass on to others when I finished them.当关系代词背面带有插入语时. 1. Heres the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.先行词自身是that, 宜用which . Whats that which she is looking at?先行词是those+复数名词. A shop should keep a stock of t

49、hose goods which sell best.(B) who & that:who 和 that 指代人时，有些状况宜用who, 而不适宜用that 先行词为anyone, anybody, those, all, one, ones, they, he, people时. 如：1.The person I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works well.2.Anyone who (=Whoever) failed to come to the meeting yesterday must give his r

50、eason .3.Those who are not fit for their work should leave office at once4.I dont like the ones (= those ) who talk big.5.Persons who are quarrelsome are despised.在There be 构造中，修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词who 指代人. 如：1.There is a gentleman who wants to see you .2.There are several students in our class who are st

51、ill not sure about the use of attributive clauses.当先行词有较长的后置定语时. 如：1. I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese very well.一种句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一种定语从句的关系代词是that ,另一种则宜用who, 以免反复. 如：1. The student that was praised at yesterdays meeting is the monitor who is very modest and w

52、orks very hard .which与as引导非限制性定语从句的异同一、相似点两者引导非限制性定语从句时，可指代主句中的部分或整个句子的内容，在从句中做主语，宾语或表语，位于主句之后有时可互换。The meeting was put off, as /which was exactly what we wanted.He was a doctor, as/which I knew from his manner.二、不同点1. as可以放在主句前后，也可插入主句之中；而which引导的非限制性从句只能位于主句之后。As is known to all, fish cant live wi

53、thout water.Air, as we know, is gas.2.在非限制性从句中，which后的be动词不可省；as而后的be动词可以省略。She told me she won the match, which was a lie.The material is elastic, as (was) shown in the figure.3. which在非限制性定语从句做主语时可用各类动词做谓语；而as做主语时，谓语常用系动词，如be, seem, become等，一般不用其她行为动词。He saw the girl, which delighted him.He didnt

54、say anything at the meeting , as/which seemed very strange.4. as常用“正如”含义，常用的构造有as we know（众所周知）；as often happens（正如常发生的那样）；as is often the case（状况常常如此）; as we all can see（正如我们看到的）; be announced/expected/known/imagined/mentioned/said/shown/reported等。这些构造常放句首，偶尔也可以放句中或句末。As is known to all, China is a

55、 developing country.Kate was late for school, as often happened.5. 在非限制性定语从句中which指代主句中某一种单词时，as不可以。My brother enjoyed playing basketball, which he really plays well.Beijing, which he was born in, is our capital.6. “介词+关系代词（介宾代物）”中关系代词只能用which。The Travel Agency, with which our company has been deali

56、ng for several years, has opened for new branches. Air is a mixture of gases, of which oxygen forms 21 percent.7. 从句中的谓语动词与否认形式时，常用which。He can write a letter in English, which I can not.Metal will bear beating with a hammer, which a stone will not8.在非限制性定语从句关系代词代表前面主句中的宾语从句时，常用whichHe said he had p

57、assed the exam, which was untrue.定语从句中关系代词省略与保存我们懂得，关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略，但也有几种特殊状况，关系代词不用作宾语也可以省略，同窗们学习和使用时请注意。 在下列状况下,引导宾语从句的关联词可以省略。 一、that在定语从句中作表语时。例如: She is all (that) a teacher should be. 她具有一种教师应当具有的所有条件。 二、that在从句中作补语时。例如: Im not the fool(that) you thought me. 我不是你此前所觉得的那个傻子了。 He is the nices

58、t teacher (that) the students consider him in their school. 她就是学生觉得学校中最佳的那个教师。 三、作状语时的省略。 1. 当先行词是reason,且在定语从句中作因素状语时,可以用关系副词why或关系代词that,也可以省略。例如: The reason (why/that) he failed was his laziness. 她失败的因素是由于她懒惰。 That is the reason I did it. 那就是我做那件事的因素。 2. 当先行词是way,且在定语从句中作方式状语时,关联词可用in which或that,

59、也可以省略。例如: The way(in which/ that) these comrades look at problems is wrong.这些同志看待问题的方式是错误的。 That was the way(in which / that) she worked the problem out. 她就是用那种措施解决问题的。 3. 当先行词是time时,关联词可用when, that或省略。例如: The second time (that) I saw him was in . 我第二次见到她是在。 I dont know the exact time (when/ that) t

60、he sports meeting will take place. 我不懂得运动会举办的确切时间。 4.当先行词是place时,关联词可用where,that或省略。例如: The place(where/ that) we will have our picnic is not decided yet. 我们举办野餐的地点还没定下来。 This is the right place he was born.这儿就是她的出生地。(注意:句末不可用介词in) 同窗们往往觉得关系代词作宾语时就一定可以省略,其实否则.在下列四种状况下,关系代词虽作宾语,却不能省略。 一、在介词+whom /whi

61、ch构造中, whom, which不能省略。例如: Do you know any shops nearby in which I can buy flowers?你懂得附近有可以买到花的商店吗? That is the headmaster with whom my father was talking just now.刚刚和我爸爸交谈的那个人是校长。 二、在非限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词也不能省略。例如: Mr Green, whom you know, is the tallest in our school. 格林先生是我们学校里最高的,你也结识她。 The elephant

62、 is like a spear, as anyone can see. 大象像长矛,任何人都懂得。 三、在the same . as, such . as, as . as, the same. that构造中, as, that 虽然作宾语,也不能省略。例如: I have bought the same bike as you (have). (指同类用as)我买了一辆和你的同样的自行车。 This is the same book that I read the day before yesterday. 这就是我前天读过的那本书。(关系代词that如要换成as, 则指与我读的书同样,而不是同一本。) 四、当and, but, or等连词连接两个或两个以上的定语从句修饰一种先行词时,关系代词第一种可省略,第二、第三个等不可省略。例如: This is the book (which) I read yesterday and which I found v