利率市场化与我国国有商业银行对策

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1、利率市场化与国内国有商业银行对策Interest rates liberalization with our country state-owned Commercial bank countermeasure利率市场化是中国金融体制改革的一项重要内容。随着中国金融市场的开放以及外资银行抢滩中国市场的进一步，国有商业银行如何面对利率市场化的挑战，充足运用国际分工，积极参与国际金融竞争, 以适应国际经济、金融一体化的规定, 成为商业银行需要认真研究的课题。The interest rates liberalization is a China reform of monetary system

2、important content. Hasten to ground the Chinese market along with China money markets opening as well as the Foreign bank thorough, how does the state-owned Commercial bank face the interest rates liberalization the challenge, the full use international division of labor, participates in the interna

3、tional finance competition positively, adapts the international economy, the financial integration request, becomes topic which the Commercial bank needs to study earnestly.什么是利率市场化Is assorted is the interest rates liberalization所谓利率市场化，是指金融市场资金供求双方自主拟定利率水平的利率决定机制的变迁过程。具体讲，利率市场化是指中央银行根据货币政策的需要调控基准利率

4、，各商业银行根据资金市场的供求变化自主调节存贷款利率，最后形成以中央银行基准利率为引导，多层次、可以充足体现资金供求状况和反映中央银行货币政策意图的利率运营机制。利率市场化强调利率真实地反映资金成本与供求关系，灵活有效地发挥其经济杠杆作用The so-called interest rates liberalization, is refers to the money market fund supply and demand both sides independent determination interest rate level the interest rate decision

5、 mechanism vicissitude process. Says specifically, the interest rates liberalization is refers to the Central Bank to need to regulate the datum interest rate according to the monetary policy, various Commercial bank saves the rate on loan according to the fund markets supply and demand change indep

6、endent adjustment, finally forms take the Central Bank datum interest rate as the guidance, multi-level, can manifest fund supply and demand condition and the reflection central bank money policy intention interest rate operational mechanism fully. The interest rates liberalization emphasis interest

7、 rate reflected really the fund cost and the supply-demand relation, play its economic levers role effectively nimbly一、 国内利率市场化的现状First, our country interest rates liberalization present situation相对于中国经济改革和对外开放的整体步伐而言，利率市场化改革进展较慢。就目前状况看，国内尚未完全实现利率市场化，利率管制导致利率这一重要的价格杠杆在资源配备方面的作用受到严重约束，利率构造扭曲。国内利率体系的市

8、场化限度还比较低，重要表目前如下几种方面：Is opposite says in the Chinas economic reforms and the opening to the outside world overall step, the interest rates liberalization reform progresses slowly. Looked on the present situation that our country not yet completely realizes the interest rates liberalization, the inte

9、rest rate control causes the interest rate this important price release lever to receive the serious restraint in the resources deployment aspect function, the rate structure distortion. Our country interest rate systems marketability degree is also quite low, mainly displays in the following severa

10、l aspects:1利率管制限度高，利率水平和构造不尽合理，银行自主性受到限制。目前国内利率政策的运营环境以管制利率为主，利率水平的决定、差别利率政策的制定等有关利率的各个方面的政策都由政府严格控制，体现出高度的筹划性和封闭性。1. the interest rate control degree is high, the interest rate level and the structure are incompatible, the bank independency is restricted. The current our country bank rate policys m

11、ovement environment controls the interest rate primarily, interest rate levels decision, the difference bank rate policys making and so on related interest rates each aspects policy by the government strict control, displays the high planning and closeness.2利率水平的拟定带有一定的主观盲目性，利率调节的灵活度不够。目前国内利率水平的决定是由

12、货币政策委员会作出的，利率决策权高度集中于中央政府，利率的制定和调节存在着严重的时滞效应。2. interest rate levels determination has certain subjective blindness, the rate adjustment flexibility is insufficient. At present our country interest rate levels decision is makes by the monetary policy committee, the interest rate decision-making powe

13、r high degree of concentration in the Central authorities, the interest rate formulation and the adjustment has the serious time-lag effect.3缺少有效的市场基准利率。 年11 月1 日，全国人大常委会副委员长成思危在一次论坛上指出：“ 利率市场化的核心是拟定基准利率。这个基准利率拟定后，才干拟定利率构造、风险构造。没有基准利率的确立，利率市场化就是一句空话。”基准利率在整个利率体系中起核心作用并能制约其她利率，从某种意义上说，基准利率的选择和拟定是利率市场

14、化改革的核心环节。3. lacks the effective market datum interest rate. on November 1, , Standing Committee of the National Peoples Congress Vice Committee Chief Cheng Siwei pointed out at a forum: “interest rates liberalizations key is the definite datum interest rate. After this datum interest rate determinat

15、ion, can determine the rate structure, the risk structure. Does not have the datum interest rate establishment, the interest rates liberalization is an empty talk.” the datum interest rate the key role and can restrict other interest rates in entire interest rate system, in a sense, the datum intere

16、st rates choice and the determination are the interest rates liberalization reform core steps.二、 国有商业银行利率市场化存在的问题Second, state-owned Commercial bank interest rates liberalization existence question（一） 资产和负债的构造单一(one)The property and the debt structure is unitary国有商业银行的资产构造单一，除存款准备金与备付金外,绝大部分为贷款资产。在负

17、债总量中，资金来源的95%依托吸取多种存款。对利率敏感性较大，搭配极不合理，银行净利差波动较大。The state-owned Commercial banks assets structure is unitary, besides bank reserve against deposits and deposit, major part for loan property. In the debt total quantity, sources of funds 95_ dependence absorbs each kind of deposit. Is big to the inter

18、est rate sensitivity, matching is extremely unreasonable, the bank spread fluctuation is only big.（二） 业务与收入构造不合理(two)The service and the income structure are unreasonable重要表目前两个方面：一是仍以老式存贷款业务为主，利息收入所占比重较大；二是中间业务品种少，档次低，科技含量不高。从如下数字看出，四大国有商业银行中间业务平均占比仅为8.5%，建设银行实现中间业务收入43.7亿元，占总收入的12.3%；工商银行实现中间业务收入5

19、0亿元，约占总收入的5%。虽然中国银行的中间业务收入有所增长,但和国际银行业务相比还是低得多。与此同步，国内商业银行的获利状况中，利息收入平均占总收入的七成左右，基层一、二级分行占比更高，不少达90%以上。虽然在占比低的中间业务中，业务品种也非常单一。重要体现为某些筹资功能较强，操作简朴的代理类业务以及跟单信用证、银行承兑汇票等与贸易有关的业务，而那些觉得市场提供智力服务并从中收取手续费为主的业务相对较少，不少基层行甚至尚未介入。Mainly displays in two aspects: First, still saved the loan business by the traditi

20、on primarily, the interest return accounts for the proportion to be big; Second, the middle service variety are few, the scale is low, the technology content is not high. Sees from the following digit, in four big state-owned Commercial bank middle service occupied compared to is only equally the 8.

21、5_, year, the Construction bank realizes the middle business income 4,370,000,000 Yuan, accounted for the gross income 12.3_; The Commerce bank realizes the middle business income 5,000,000,000 Yuan, approximately composes the gross income 5_.Although in Bank of Chinas middle business income had the

22、 growth, but compared with the International bank service is much lower. Meanwhile, in the internal commerce banks profit condition, the interest return accounts for the gross income equally about 70%, the basic unit first-level, the second-level branch occupies is higher than, many reaches above 90

23、_.Even if in occupies compared to the low middle service, the service variety is also unitary. The main performance is strong for some fund raising function, simplicity of operator agent class service as well as freight bill letter of credit, bank acceptance and so on with trade related service, but

24、 these thought that the market provides the intelligence service and gathers the handling charge service primarily to be relatively few, many basic unit lines have not even involved.（三） 利率水平和利率构造不合理(three)The interest rate level and the rate structure are unreasonable利率水平和利率构造不合理重要表目前：利率水平处在历史最低点，存贷

25、款利差不断缩小。政府采用低利率政策，目的是维持宽松货币环境以增进经济增长但适得其反，不仅个人储蓄没有大量流失，相反个人储蓄在去年以18%的速度增长；利率管制导致银行利差缩小，尽管农村信用社贷款利率浮动40%50 %，但利差也仅五个百分点左右，这不仅克制了商业银行发放贷款的冲动，并且还使商业银行经营活动的赚钱性、安全性和流动性受到较大影响。The interest rate level and the rate structure unreasonable mainly display in: The interest rate level is in the historical bottom

26、, saves the loan spread to reduce unceasingly. The government adopts the cheap money policy, the goal is the maintenance loose currency environment promotes the economic growth but to work just the opposite, not only individual deposit does not have the massive outflows, on the contrary individual d

27、eposit grew in last year by the 18_ speed; The interest rate control causes the bank spread to reduce, although the Rural credit cooperative rate on loan fluctuates 40_50 _, not only but about the spread also only five percentage points, this suppressed the Commercial bank to provide the loan the im

28、pulsion, moreover also caused the Commercial bank operative activity the profit making, the security and the fluidity receives affects greatly.（四） 利率浮动权限受到严格管制,利率运用缺少机动性和灵活性(four)The interest rate fluctuation jurisdiction receives the strict control, the interest rate utilization lacks the mobility

29、and the flexibility由于受到中央银行利率管制的影响，商业银行的存款利率定价理念淡薄，缺少存款利率定价机制研究的动力。在实际操作中,商业银行只是被动按既定的利率执行，难以考虑成本与效益；贷款利率定价既缺少科学性，也缺少弹性。Because receives the central bank rate control the influence, Commercial banks deposit interest rate fixed price idea is light, lacks the deposit interest rate pricing mechanism re

30、search the power. In the actual operation, the Commercial bank is only passively according to the interest rate execution which decides, considers the cost and the benefit with difficulty; The rate on loan fixed price already lacks the scientific nature, also lacks the elasticity.三、 国有商业银行适应利率市场化改革的

31、对策Third, the state-owned Commercial bank adapts the interest rates liberalization reform countermeasure随着利率市场化的推动，利率对国有商业银行的影响越来越大，在此状况下，国有商业银行应积极谋求应对方略。Along with interest rates liberalizations advancement, the interest rate is getting bigger and bigger to the state-owned Commercial banks influence

32、, under this situation, the state-owned Commercial bank should seek the dealing with strategy positively.1.建立金融产品定价体系。在利率市场化的状况下，商业银行能否制定一种科学合理的定价体系，具有灵活有效的报价能力，实现风险 收益之间的平衡，是其能否持续发展的核心。在这个过程中，要建立有效的综合收益测算体系，综合考虑客户对商业银行带来的综合收益，客户的信用风险大小，贷款期限的长短即利率风险大小，以及商业银行的筹集资金成本和运营成本的分摊等方面的问题。1. establishment fin

33、ance product fixed price system. In interest rates liberalizations situation, whether does the Commercial bank draw up a science reasonable fixed price system, has the nimble effective quoted price ability, realizes between risk - income balanced, is whether it sustained development key. In this pro

34、cess, must establish the effective comprehensive income reckoning system, the overall evaluation customer the comprehensive income which brings to the Commercial bank, the customer credit risks size, the length of maturity length is the interest risk size, as well as Commercial banks raising fund co

35、st and operation cost aspect and so on minute booth questions.2.增长中间业务产品开发能力，调节利润构造。利率市场化后，银行存、贷款利差缩小，利润水平减少，这就规定国有商业银行必须大力发展中间业务。银行可在积极拓展代收、代付等业务的同步，充足运用商业银行市场主体资格，积极为其她金融机构提供代理发行债券、银证转帐、代理保险、基金托管、代客理财、资产管理、财务顾问、投资征询等，提高中间业务收人，积极积极地开发低风险、高收益的中间业务新品种，以此大幅度提高银行的赚钱能力，增进银行可持续发展。2. increases the middle

36、service product development ability, the adjustment profit structure. After interest rates liberalization, the bank deposit, the loan spread reduce, the profit level reduces, this request state-owned Commercial bank must develop the middle service vigorously. The bank may while develop positively re

37、ceives on anothers behalf, pays on anothers behalf and so on service, uses the Commercial bank market main body qualifications fully, provides the proxy issue debentures, the silver card account transfer, the proxy for other financial organ to insure, the fund trust, the broker positively to manage

38、finances, the asset management, financial consultant, the investment consultation and so on, enhances the middle service to buy a girl child, develops the low risk, the high income middle service new variety on own initiative positively, promotes the bank large scale by this profit ability, promotes

39、 the bank sustainable development.（三）分阶段推动利率市场化(three) advances the interest rates liberalization by stages第一步，从目前国内宏观经济的态势来看，经济发展速度虽然较快，但有效需求局限性，货币政策的传导机制不灵，可以先放开贷款利率，如流动资金贷款利率，一年后将贷款利率所有放开; First step, looking from the present our country macro economics situation, the rate of economic development

40、, although quick, but the effective demand is insufficient, monetary policys conduction mechanism does not work, may let loose the rate on loan first, if floating capital rate on loan, one year later the rate on loan will let loose completely; 第二步，根据贷款利率放开状况，将部分长期存款利率放开，如一年期储蓄存款，协定对公存款等；Second step,

41、 lets loose the situation according to the rate on loan, lets loose the part long-term deposit interest rate, like one year time savings deposit, agreement to male deposit and so on;第三步，由中央银行总结经验，解决存在的问题后，将利率全面放开，即实现利率市场化，与国际接轨。Third step, by the Central Bank lessons learned, after solution existenc

42、e question, lets loose comprehensively the interest rate, namely in realizes the interest rates liberalization, with international trail connection.（四）强化全面成本管理，积极处置不良资产(four) strengthens the comprehensive cost management, handles the bad assets positively第一，强化利率成本管理。存款利率的提高意味着银行成本的上升，贷款利率的减少意味着银行收入的

43、减少。面对利率市场化，国有商业银行要做好利率定价工作，增强利率的效益意识,把利率政策管理与经营效益紧密结合，提高利率管理水平；First, strengthened interest rate cost management. Deposit interest rates enhancement means that the bank cost the rise, the rate on loan reduces means the bank income the reduction. Facing the interest rates liberalization, the state-ow

44、ned Commercial bank must complete the interest rate fixed price work, enhancement interest rate benefit consciousness, unifies closely the bank rate policy management and the effectiveness of operation, raises the interest rate management level;第二，严格控制营业费用支出。坚持量入为出、以收定支原则，将员工的劳动报酬与个人业绩、物质奖励与精神鼓励结合起来

45、，避免人工费用任意扩大；Second, strict control working condition disbursement. Insisting that decides expenditures on the basis of income, receives decides a principle, staffs payment for labor with individual achievement, the material reward and the spirit drives unifies, prevents the artificial expense to exp

46、and willfully;第三，成立专门的不良资产清收部门集中清理处置不良贷款。不良资产清收部门的职责权限必须明的确行独立考核；Third, establishes the special bad assets recovery department to concentrate the cleaning up handling non-performing loan. The bad assets recovery departments responsibility jurisdiction must implement the independent inspection explic

47、itly;第四，积极摸索不良资产的有效处置措施和手段，提高不良资产清收成效。Fourth, explores the bad assets positively the effective handling method and the method, enhances the bad assets recovery result.（五）建立利率风险预警系统，创新规避利率风险的金融工具(five) establishes the interest risk early warning system, the innovation circumvention interest risk fina

48、ncial instruments第一，制定和贯彻利率风险管理的岗位责任制，明确分工，各司其责，加强利率风险管理职责履行状况的监督和检查。First, formulates and carries out the interest risk management the system of personal responsibility, is clear about the division of labor, various Si Qize, strengthens the interest risk management responsibility fulfillment situat

49、ion the surveillance and the inspection.第二，建立一套综合的利率评价指标体系。根据这套指标，鉴定商业银行的利率风险状况，预测市场利率的将来变化趋势。当利率风险超过一定的警界线时，该系统可以自动发出警报，银行决策者据此采用补救措施，将损失减少到最低。Second, establishes a set of comprehensive interest rate evaluating indicator system. According to this set of targets, the determination Commercial banks i

50、nterest risk condition, will forecast the market rate the future change tendency. When the interest risk surpasses certain police demarcation line, this system can sound the warning automatically, the bank policy-maker takes the remedial treatment according to the above, will lose reduces lowly.第三，创

51、新适合国内特色的利率管理工具。结合中国现实的国情及国有商业银行的实际，开发、设计一套政策容许、行之有效的利率避险工具，规避利率风险。Third, the innovation suits our country characteristic the interest rate management tool. Unifies the Chinese reality the national condition and the state-owned Commercial banks reality, the development, designs a set of policy permis

52、sion, the effective interest rate to take refuge from danger the tool, the circumvention interest risk.四、 结束语Fourth, concluding remark利率市场化是中国金融体制改革的一项重要内容，我们必须正视中国利率市场化改革的必要性和现实性，加快中国利率市场化改革的步伐，从论文对中国利率市场化改革的效应进行的分析，我们可以得出，利率市场化是一项系统工程，必须坚持循序渐进，并遵循一定的规律进行。The interest rates liberalization is a Chin

53、a reform of monetary system important content, we must face up to China interest rates liberalization reform the necessity and the feasibility, speeds up China interest rates liberalization pace of reform, from the paper the analysis which carries on to China interest rates liberalization reforms effect, we may obtain, the interest rates liberalization is a systems engineering, must insist to proceed in an orderly way, and follows certain rule to carry on.