动词不定式和动名词的句法功能比较

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1、动词不定式和动名词的句法功能比较：一、作主语1不定式作主语动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种：(1) 把不定式置于句首。如：To get there by bike will take us half an hour.(2) 用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式 中。如： It + be + 名词+ to doIts our duty to take good care of the old. It takes sb+some time+to doHow long did it take you to finish the work? It +

2、 be +形容词 + for sb + to doItisdifficultforustofinishwritingthecompositioninaquarterof an hour. It + be +形容词+ of sb + to doIt is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays. It seems(appears)+形容词+ to doIt seemed impossible to save money.在句型中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult,easy,hard,zimportant,imp

3、ossible,necessary 等；在句型中，常用 careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy, nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is +形容词+ to do句式，如：Its kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English.2 动名词作主语Learning without practice is no good.动名词作主语时，

4、也常用It句式。如： Its +no good(no use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time)+doingIts no good reading in dim light.Its no use sitting here waiting. Its +形容词+ doingIts dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days.这样用的形容词有 expensive,nice,tiring 等，但 important,necessary 则不适用于这种结构，应用不定式 代替，女如 Itsimportant for you to ke

5、ep fit. There is no+doingThere is no saying what will happen next.在这一结构中，动名词后常带宾语，相当于Its impossible to结 构。3 动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别 不定式作主语经常表示具体动作，常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起; 而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动 作，经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一 起。如：Its no good eating too much fat.Its no good for you to eat so much fat. 动名词结构作主语，可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。如：Its n

6、o use your pretending that you didnt know the rules.二、作宾语1不定式作宾语 以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语。如：agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope, lean,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish 等，这 些词大部分可接th at引导的从句。如：I decided to ask for my money back.I decided that I would ask

7、for my money back.When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot.When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot. 当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不 定式置于补语之后，卩：主语+动 词+ it +补语+ to do句式。如：We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage

8、well.He feels it his duty to help the poor. 介词 but,except,besides+to do(do)在这种句型中，如介词前有动词do，后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do，则接to不定式，即带do不带to，带to不带do。如：The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV. 2动名词作宾语 以下动词后，只能接动名词作宾语，如： admit,appreciate,consider,delay,en

9、joy,finish,keep,imag ine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,dont mind,give up,insist,on, put off 等。如：I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town.You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm toyour health. 动名词作介词的宾语I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of

10、 staying athome.What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech?doing 意味着I meant to catch up with the early bus.动名词前的介词有时可以省略，如：have difficulty(in)doing,have noThey regretted ordering these books from abroad. mean to do打算做某事 Our work is serving the people What he likes is taking a walk after supper.trou

11、ble（in）doing,lose no time（in）doing,prevent/stop（from）doing,there is no use（in）doing 等。3部分动词后面，既可接动词不定式，也可接动名词作宾语，意义不变。 如：begin,continue,start,hat e,like,love,need,require,want 等。在need,require,want后接-ing形式，表示被动意义，也可接不定式， 但要用被动形式，如：Your handwr iting needs improving（tobe improved）.hate,love,like接不定式表示特

12、定的未来事件，接动名词表示目前 正在进行 的活动或一般的行为。在下列情况下，一般要用不定式： hate,like,love 前有 would（should）时，如：Id like to have a cup ofcoffee. 当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时，如：Thestudents arestarting to work on the di fficult maths problem. begin,continue,start 与 know,understand 等状态动词连用时，如:I soonbegan to understand whatwas hap

13、pening.4. advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit 等动词后接动名词作宾语， 或带不定式作宾语补足语。如：Our teachers dont permit our swimming in the lake.Our teachers dont permit us to swim in the lake.5部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选 择使用。 forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动 名词表示动作已经发生。如：Dont forget fo post the letter for m

14、e.Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport?Remember to close the windows before you leave.I remember writing him a letter a year ago.Weregret totell you thatall of you are not invited toattendthe meeting.This means wasting a lot of money. try to do设法尽力做某事doing 试着做某事You should try to overcom

15、e your shortcomings.Try working out the physics problem in another way. stop to do停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的状语） doing 停止做某事On the way to the airport,I stopped to buy a paper.Youd better stop arguing and do as you are told. cant help doing 禁不住to do不能帮助干They couldnt help jumping up at the news.Sorry I have lo

16、ts of work to do.So I cant help to make up theroomfor you. go on to do做不同的事或不同内容的事doing 继续不停地做某事，指同一动作的继续He went on to talk about world situation.他接着又谈了世界形势。 Well go on fighting so long as there is oppression inthe world. leave off to do离开某地去干什么（目的状语）doing停下某事Its time to leave off talking and to sta

17、rt acting.They left off to go fishing.三、做表语 不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。 To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter. What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果（例）。当 主语是 aim,duty,hope,idea,mi

18、sta ke,plan,purpose,suggestion 等为中心词的 名词词组（例）时，或以what引导的名词性分句（例），不定式说明主语 的内容。 The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting.句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如Serving thepeople is outwork，而句中是现在分词作表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有 形容 词的各种特征，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开 来。四、作定语1不定式作定语不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如： like(love,hate),order,permit,per

19、suade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish 等。 如： Would you like me to give your regards to Mary? I want you to understand the whole passage clearly.(2) 部分动词后常接to be +形容词、名词短语等形式，有时to be可省 略，如:believe,consider,discover,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,think,sup pos The next train to arrive

20、is from Washington. e,see(=understand),understa nd 等。We all believe John(to be)honest. Have you anything to be taken to your sister? Do you have anything to say on the question? Would you please give me some paper to write on? My wish to visit France has come true at last. 不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系:表示将来

21、的动作（例）。（2）与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例）。（3）与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主 谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍用主动语态（例）；如只有动宾关系，而 无逻I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 MiddleSchool.但当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略，如:We consider him tohave been foolish.(3) 感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to。 I didnt hear anyone say anyth

22、ing about it. They make the students do too much homework every day.这种句式在变为被动语态时，to不能省略，如第句：Thestudents are made辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例）。to do too much homework（4）不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例toarrive=that willevery day.arrive。2动名词作定语 This passage can be used as listening materials. The reading room of our school

23、library can hold 800people. All moving bodies have energy.句动名词作定语说明一种性能，即：用来的；第句为现在分 词作定语，单个分词作定语常置于被修饰词之前，与被修饰词之间，可构成逻辑 上的主谓关系，分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后。如:The man standing at theschool gate is Professor Hua.五、不定式作补足语作宾语补足语一些及物动词除要求按宾语外，有时还需要有宾语补足语，说明宾语的 行为、状态、特征，这时意思才相 对完整。（1）常要求不定式作宾补的动词有：allow,ask,advise,

24、beg,cause,drive （强迫），encourage,expect,fo rbid,force,get,would(4) help,know后面的to可有可无。如：Would you please help me(to) fill in the taxform?Ive never known her(to)be late before .但：He was known to have beento France before.(5) 部分短语动词后，常接不定式作宾补，如：You may depend on them to be there early.The Party calls on

25、 us to increase production and practise economy.常这样用的短语动词有：ask for, care for,call on,count on,depend on,wait for,long for (渴望)，prepare for,wish for 等。作主语补足语 不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如： He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late. The young university student is considered to have great

26、 promise六、不定式作状语作目的状语(1)I stayed there to see what would happen.Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examinedby the doctor.(2)有时为了强调，不定式前可加in order或so as。如:To tell the truth,the play was a great disappointment tome.Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not toforget it.有时为强调目的状语可把

27、in order to或不定式置于句首，但so as to 不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为so that,in order that,成为 目的状语从句，如:I stayed there so that (in order that)I could see whatwould happen.(3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式，如:常见的短语有to be exact (确切地说)，to begin with (首先)，to do himjustice (说句对他公道的话)，to be sure (真的)等等。七、动词不定式、动名词的其它用法1疑问词+不定式

28、结构疑问词 who,what,which,when,where,whether,how 后可接不定式构成不 定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如:astonished,glad,happy,laugh ,pleased, sad,smile,sorry,surprised 等。When to leave for London has not been decided yet. We are glad to hear the news. I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could writesowell.在部分形容词后接不

29、定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，这种句型中的主 语是不定式的逻辑宾语。如：The question raised by thestudent is difficult to Mr. Smith didnt know whether to leave or stay there. I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. The question was where to get the medicine needed. 以上例句中疑问词不定式部分，均可转换为相应的从句形式。如Whenwe shall leavehow Icould learn

30、answer.经常在这种结构中使用的动词有：The room is really comfortable to live in.常这样用的形容词有：comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible 等。2作结果状语We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy.不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如： soas to;suchas toIm not so stupid（a fool） as to put it in writing .我不至于

31、愚蠢 到会把它写下来。Im not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing. enoughtoThe speed is high enough for us to catch up with thefirst liner. only toJane hurried back only to find her mother dying inthehospital. tootoIm too tired to stay up longer.但在下列结构中，tooto并非是太而不能之意。如： Im only too glad to have passed t

32、he exam .考试及格我太高兴了。 （too修饰glad to have，相当 于very） We have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。 consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder 等。2动词不定式的时态、语态（1）时态 一般式：动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后，有时表 示同时发生。如：I hope to become a university student this year. （tobeco

33、me 发生 在hope之后）We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room. （play 和 hear 同时发生） 完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如：Im sorry to have kept you waiting.We are too young to have seen the old society. 进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。如：The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when Icame in.They seemed to be discu

34、ssing something important.（2）语态 如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如：Its a great honour to be invited to Marys birthday party. （不式作主语)It was impossible for lost time to be made up.(不定式作主语)I wish to be sent to work in the country.(不定式作宾语)Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?(不定式作定语

35、)He went to the hospital to be examined.(不定式作状语)在There be结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动。如: Thereare still many things to t ake care of (to be taken care of).但有时 两种形式表达的意思不同，如：These is nothing to do now.( We have nothingto do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)3.动名词的时态、语态(1) 时态 一般式

36、：动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指，也可与谓语动词 同时发生，或发生在谓语动作之前 、之后。如：We are interested in collecting stamps.I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the firsttime.We are not afraid of dying. 完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如：Lmagine having travelled on the moon.We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.(2) 被

37、动语态 如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者，动名词要用 被动语态，动名词的被动语态有一 般式与完成式之分。如：The young man came in without being noticed.He prided himself on having never been beaten in class. 有些动词后的动名词用主动形式，但表示被动意义。如：The bike needs repairing.If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well.4在口语中，为避免重复，常用to代替不定式结构，有时甚至可以把 to省略。如

38、：一Did you go to visit the Great Wall?5. 在why引起的问句中，省略to。如:Why spend such a lot of money?Why not wait for a couple of days?6当两个或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用时，只在第一个不定式前加to。如：Its quite necessary for us to read more and have morepractice.7to在下列短语中是介词，后接动名词或名词形式。如：devoteto,face up to（勇敢地面对），look forward to （盼望）， objec

39、t to （反对），take to （养成习惯，对感兴趣；开始从事某种活动），be used to （习惯于）等。一No,I wanted to,but there wasnt enough time. 一Would you like to come to a party?一Id love to. 一Dont make any mistakes in your homework,will you? 一Ill try not to. 一Try to be back by 12,wont you?一0K,Ill try.另外，be going to,ought to,used to等也常用于这一结构中。