室内设计外文翻译--住宅布局概论

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1、1、外文资料Introduction to Residential Layout Mike BiddulphFirst edition 2007 2.“Ensuring commercial viability”In this chapter we explore the commercial aspects of housing design and layout.It is really important that designers understand that the buildings and spaces that they design are typically built

2、 and sold for profit,and to umderstand something of how their product will be evaluated in commercial terms.As a result,this chapter outlines a development appraisal known as the residual valuation technique and we apply it to a particular development scheme.The point is not to turn designers into q

3、uantity surveyors,but instead to inform the mentality of the designer so that their work is not commercially naive.The residual valuation is a straightforward technique that can be used early in the planning of a simple development scheme ,although other,more elaborate and precise techniques will al

4、so be used by quantity surveyors working in practice.We will work through a valuation to explore how a design might shape its market potential ,and explore how a design can be adjusted to become more profitable.We will also consider how designers can use design to add value to schemes by using layou

5、t techniques commonly observed in practice.COMPLETING A DEVELOPMENT APPRAISALThe basicequationIn costing a planned residential development it is important to design a scheme where the predicted returns are greater than the costs.The difference between the returns and the costs is known as the residu

6、al.This residual can be used to determine the value of the land onto which the planned homes will be built.In preparing a valuation for a scheme the following basic equation should be used:Development ValueDevelopment Costs=Possible Land Value CALCULATING DEVELOPMENT VALUES The costing of speculativ

7、e residential development is relatively straightforward as the value of the property is simple the price that the property is ultimately sold for.Inprediccting this value it is important to have a clear sense of the local market and how similar homes are selling within that area.It makes sense to be

8、 a little conservative with prediction so that values do not become inflated,although there is a tendency for new houses to sell with a slight premium over similar houses that have previously been occupied.Valueswill vary significantly according to the location of the home,but also-and more specific

9、ally-according to the nature of the home and plot.In the UK,homes are sold according to the number of rooms they have,whilst in slightly more refined markets,a total floor area is also compared.The value will also be significantly influenced by the quality of the internal and external design and fin

10、ish,the size of the garden,the location of parking and the type of house;for example,whether it is detached,semi-detached or terraced.Values will also vary across the site as certain areas of a scheme may be more desirable than others.This is discussed further below.It is important to refine predict

11、ed values relative to judgement about how much demang there will be for properties within a scheme relative to other local areas.Although housing markets can de very dynamic and predicting sales prices can be imprecise,it is necessary to have a clear sense of the local market using information about

12、 previous sales from within the area.However,it is also important to have a sense of how the circumstances surrounding a site might change.For axample,the planning of a new road might make the site more accessible and inflate future prices.3.“Building place and defining space”This chaper introduces

13、the importance of designing urban form and a succession of places within residential schemes.It discusses the types of space that we create within the urban environment when we lay out homes and how these spaces should be configured.Different types of block structure are introduced.The chaper conclu

14、des with a brief explanation about how we should not let these amenity standards dictate the form of our residential areas,and that instead we should start our designs with an aspiration towards creating different types of place within a scheme.DESIGN PLACES Rather than merely stringing out identiki

15、t housing along identikit roads,the main challenge for the desingner of a new residential area is to create distinctive places within their scheme.The notion of a place is something that has complex social connotations-what one person may regard as a place or places may not match that of another-but

16、 with reference to design it can refer to a sense of individuality or difference within the environment which forms,urban spaces and human activity.It is possible to be aware of ,and therefore concerned about,places at a whole range of scales.Regions are environmentally,as well as socially or cultur

17、ally,distinctive.This is influenced not only by enviromenttal factors such as topography,flora and fauna or climate;but also by how societies.If you travel between regions,therefor,you may have a sense that you are leaving and entering different places,and the characteristics of urban areas will mak

18、e a contribution to that feeling.However,within urban areas there are also distinctive places which result from how building,and other elements,have been combined together to create the urban enviroment.These places might be informed by the distinctive attributes of a region (a very simple example:a

19、ll the buildings may contain a similar building material,or a distinctive type or form of building),but within the urban area the spaces created between these buildings should have a variety of both forms and functions.As you travelled through an urban area,therefor,you would experience the feeling

20、that you are travelling between one place and the next.Urban environments that do not have this character are called placeless,and often the only way to fully appreciate the contribution that place makes to our lives is to spend time in placeless environments.Relph(1976,p.90)defines placelessness as

21、 a weakening of the identity of places to the point where they not only look alike but feel alike and offer the same bland possibilities of experience.Placeslessness in residential environments results form:Road environments that have no direct relationship with the uses and activities along themUni

22、formity and standardisation within the built environment(figure 3.1)The adoption of synthetic,nostalgic or inauthentic themes in the design of either buildings or urban spaces,which ultimately become common between different schemes.In his thinking about how to overcome the blandness of urban develo

23、pment,gordon cullen(1961) argues simply for a recognition of both hereness and thereness in urban design.he suggests that people should have a feeling of entering or leaving a variety of places as they pass through the urban environment.as you enter a distinctive,individually designed street or squa

24、re,he argues,you will have a sense of hereness and ,by definition,the other distinctive streeta and squares will have an equally considered design(figure 3.2). CREATE URBAN FORMPlaces result from the way that individual buildings are brought together to create urban form.streets and squares are type

25、s of urban form resulting from how individual buildings are brought together in the design,and just as we might carefully design an individual building,the form of a street or square,or the pattern of streets and squares that go together to make an entire scheme,should not be left to chance.urban de

26、sign could almost be defined,therefore ,as the act of designing urban form;and the process of designing distinctive urban forms should result in physically distinctive places emerging within a scheme.DEFINE SPACEIn creating urban form the urban designer is helping to decide how the space of the urba

27、n environment will be used.at the most general levelthe urban designer is helping to decide where the solid walls of buildings will go,and in so doing choosing what will be outside and what will be the inside environment.figure 3.4 is a figure ground plan showing the pattern of urban form that resul

28、ts form that results from this process where the distinction between the solids(buildings)and voids(outdoor spaces)is most clear.figure ground drawings are an easy way of illustrating the pattern of urban form that is being suggested within an area.TYPES OF URBAN SPACE Urban space is not merely dist

29、inguishable as either outdoor or indoor.instead,from an urban design perspective,it is better to distingguish between four types of outdoor space which reflect who will have access to the space and something about how it will be perceived and used.PUBLIC SPACE: public spacerefers to urban space whic

30、h is easily accessible to the general public at any time of day or night(figure 3.5)streets are an obvious type of public space which people can physically enter and exit.there is a degree of management or control of what you can do within street space which is influenced by laws and cultures,whilst

31、 the physical design shapes quite clearly if it lends itself to ,for example,playing sports,walking,running,cycling or driving.despite tremendous variation in what you might do in public space,however,physical access is maintained.Semi-public space:compared to public space,semi-public space is a typ

32、e of space in which some greater degree of control is exerted over when access is allowed.these tend to be spaces which allow general public access.however,due to a far stronger management regime,they might,for example,be closed for certain hours.in addition,management may also influence who can use

33、 the space(figure 3.6).let us the example of an urban square with a small park in the middle of it.if hat park is always open to the public then it would be regarded as a public space ,if ,however,a boundary was erected,and the park was closed at night,then it would be a semi-public space.the benefi

34、t of making it a semi-public space may be that access to the public is safer,or that a slightly more sensitive environment can be protected from vandalism or other types of misuse.Private space：the final space is exclusively for the use of the residents of a property.outdoor private spaces form gard

35、ens，although sometimes roof gardens or balconies serve an identical purpose(figure 3.9).such spaces allow private residents complete control and a higher degree of both security and privacy,so that they can use the space for what they wish;for example,gardening,storing rubbish,sunbathing,playing or

36、fixing the bike.A residential area is made up of these types of space,and differently designed urban forms will result in different patterns and relationships emerging between these types of space.public spaces tend to form a network which provides a pattern of access for residents(figure 3.10) some

37、times semi-public spaces may be introduced ,typically as open spaces or play area,into the pattern of public spaces.semi-private areas tend to be located between the public spaces and people homes so that a zone of control is introduced between a public street and a private property.however,semi-pri

38、vate spaces can also form shared private gardens,and these may be included in a scheme between private gardens,and these may be included in a scheme between private gardens.finally,private gardens,where they exist,tend to be accessible from the home but,as a matter of principle,they should not abut

39、a public space.why this is will be discussed below.INTERFACESThe boundaries between the different types of space are sometimes referred to as interfaces(figure 3.11).for example,the front wall between a front garden and a public space of the street can be referred to as the interface between semi-pr

40、ivate and public space,just as the front wall of thehouse can be described as the interface between the private interior of the home and the semi-private front garden.such interfaces are important as they can be designed in a particular way to achieve a particular urban design affect.housing schemes

41、 that have semi-private front gardens but no wall at the interface with the public street space may,for example,result in quite a different street character to a situation where high front walls or even hedges have been introduced.FRONTS AND BACKSA common concept in residential urban design is that

42、homes have both a front and a back interface;that the public front of the homes should face the street and the private backs of the homes should face the private spaces(figure 3.12),why this is so can be argued from the perspectives of either achieving outdoor privacy and security around the back,or

43、 creating a focus for public life within the public life within the public realm around the front.AROUND THE BACK:ACHIEVING OUTDOOR PRIVACY AND SECURITYThe idea that homes should have a back space stems from the observation that privacy is a very important feature of the domestic realm,and that peop

44、le can enjoy privacy both inside and outside the home.the private garden is a direct result of this,although the balcony or the semi-private shared gardens are good surrogates(figure 3.13).if private gardens are to be built into a scheme then it makes sense to group them together.this is so that the

45、 privacy between the homes is shared,and the gardens are secure.AROUND THE FRONT A FOCUS FOR PUBLIC LIFE WITHIN THE PUBLIC REALMThe public realm of a residential area refers to the space that forms between the buildings which,although containing semi-public or seni-private spaces,will tend to be dom

46、inated by the comings and goings of the public street network (figure 3.14).despite the subtle variations in experience and expectation that such semi-public or semi-private spaces might allow,there is an expectation that public life will ensue.within certain quieter parts of a residential area this

47、 may be dominated by the chance meeting of neighbours,children playing or pedestrians and vehicles passing through.in other areas the public environment will be busier,possibly with a few shops or cimmunity uses supplementing the busier comings and goings of residents.despite this variation in the i

48、ntensity of activity,the qualities of this public environment need to be carefully looked after if it is to feel safe and be convenient.one of the way this sense of safety and convenience can be achieved is by ensureing that the front doors and windows of homes overlook the street.this allows public

49、 activity to focus onto the public realm,as people come and go from their homes through front doors that face the streets,whilst the windows allow overlooking or surveillance of the public realm.PROVIDE SURVEILLANCESurveillance refers to the opportunity to observe activity within a street.the opport

50、unity to observe some degree of human activity within the public spaces of a residential area is regarded as a positive feature in most residential settings(figure 3.15).a particular benefit is the sense of secrity that comes from feeling that you are not alone in your neighbourhood.Direct contact b

51、etween people in a street going about their daily business is a form of surveillance,but the opportunity for people to see into the street from neighbouring homes also creates a sense of security,whilst those people in the street also informally observe that all is well within the homes. DO NOT CREA

52、TE DEAD SPACESometimes the principle of public realm and private backs facing each other is not followed,and where private gardens abut the public realm dead space may be the result(figure 3.16).this is because the demand for privacy and security around the back of homes inevitably means that some s

53、ort of barrier,such as high fences,may be introduced.For the public realm ,the consequence of this is severe ,as the activity associated with the front doors and the surveillance of the street environment through windows are both lost.in addition,no back fence could be as interesting as the facade o

54、f a home.this approach,therefore,results in less human activity,a poorer sense of security and safety,and an environment that dull and unteresting.The consequence of this for the private gardens is equally poor.the gardens now abut trafficked streets which are noisier,whilst it is thought to be rela

55、tively easy for a thief to hop over a back of a house from the public realm which is less populated and has poor surveillance.LESS DEMAND FOR PRIVACYNot all residential area achieve the same level of outdoor privacy.apartments in particular may rely on balconies above ground level to privide outdoor

56、 space,whilst in other residential scheme (including either houses or apartments)private gardens or shared communal(semi-private)courtyards can tend to be quite open.in all of these cases the compromising of privacy allows some surveillance of neighbouring spaces,whilst the visible gardens and balco

57、nies provide visual interest to residents and visitors(figure 3.17)RESIDENTIAL BLOCK STRUCTURESResidential block structures result from the way designers compose the buildings and urban spaces to create urban form.by creating residential blocks the designers are defining the location of,and relation

58、ships between,the types of urban space and the pattern of access that will be allowed in general through the area;whilst they are also starting to consider the character of the layout and whether a sense of place will be achieved.The history of housing layout covers a great variety of residential bl

59、ock structures,and their enduring success shows that people can happily live in a wide range of residential settings-so long as the homes are well-constructed,the community is stable and the housing environment is well managed.SOME COMMON RESIDENTIAL BLOCK STRUCTURESAlthough a range of residential b

60、lock structures have been adopted,some specific forms tend to be more common than others.Periphery blocksThe periphery block was probably the most common form of block structure until the 1930s when other block structures were experimented with.more recently,however,periphery blocks are suggested fo

61、r a wide range of contexts as a result of the influence of the publication Responsive Environments(Bentley et al.1985).the basic principle reflects the advice given above-that the fronts of buildings should face the public realm and the private backs of buildings should face each other.the blocks ar

62、e then arranged in a deformed grid of streets(figure 3.18).where housing is proposed the periphery street environment to become the focus for access,public life and social activity.periphery blocks are not only used,however,where houses with private gardens are being considered.Apartments in periphe

63、ry blocks with shared open space:often,if apartment are developed,semi-private courtyards are introduced into the centre of the blocks where,for example,planting is introduced,residents can ralax,children can play or washing can be dried.such a space allows apartment residents access to outdoor spac

64、e which is managed for the block as a whole,and which for children and some residents might be preferable to a small private garden.sometimes it is possible for non-residents to enter the courtyards are only available to residents(figures 3.19and3.20)Housing in periphery blocks with private gardens

65、and shared open space:periphery blocks may also have housing with private gardens a communal space for play or parking has then been introduced(figure3.21).this is actually a configuration that has a long lineage-during the seventeenth century housing was often arranged in block with service access

66、in the middle of the block accommodating,for example,stables and carriages.this configuration evolved to a form of back alley access in the nineteenth century,whilst today former coach houses are sometimes converted to mews court housing.Apartment in periphery blocks with private gardens and shared open space:alternatively,ground level apartments in p