英语辩论赛技巧(外研社辩论赛思辨和语言训练)

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1、英语辩论赛技巧（外研社辩论赛思辨和语言训练）Introduction About DebateMATTER 素材1. Matter relates to the issues in debate, the case being presented and the material used to substantiate argumentation.2. The issues under debate should be correctly prioritized (by teams) and ordered (by individuals), dealing with the most im

2、portant/pertinent first.3. Matter should be logical and well reasoned.4. Matter should be relevant, both to the issue in contention and the cases being advanced.5. Matter should be persuasive.wNo new matter is to be introduced during Reply Speeches. The Reply Speech presents teams with an opportunit

3、y to focus on the major issue(s) in the debate and the way in which both teams approach that point of Clash. The Reply Speech should also give an optimistic overview of the general approach to the debate by both sides and focus on the relative merits of the case by the side Replying, and the relativ

4、e weaknesses in the case of the opposing team.wAll speakers should develop positive matter in advancing their respective cases. While an Opposition team may win by demonstrating that the Government has not proved the motion true, they should not rely purely on their rebuttal of the Government case a

5、nd will likely benefit from presenting positive matter in opposition to the motion.MANNER 辩论风格a) Vocal Style: Volume, clarity, pronunciation, pace, intonation, fluency, confidence, and authority.b) Language: Conversational.c) Use of notes: Should not distract, should not be read.d) Eye Contact: With

6、 audience.e) Gesture: Natural, appropriate.f) Sincerity: Believability.g) Personal Attacks: (derogatory comments are not to be tolerated).h) Humor: Effectiveness, appropriateness.METHOD 辩论措施The major influence on an adjudicator must be: Is the speakers and teams Method EFFECTIVE in advancing the cas

7、e?a) Organization: The structuring of individual arguments and ordering of collective arguments in the speeches .b) Issue Selection: The identification of relevant points of clash in the round.c) Perspective: The ability to explain the relevance of individual arguments to the motion being argued.d)

8、Refutation: The willingness and ability to engage and critique the points offered by the opposing team.e) Teamwork: The degree to which the members of a team work together to collectively advance a strategy.How to Choose Motions?Prioritization of 3 Motions Given Based on:a) Knowledge Resource of Tea

9、m membersHow much do we know of this issue?b) Debating Positions of Your TeamWhat advantage will we have with this motion as Government/Opposition team?c) Knowledge of Opposing Teams statusWhat are the strengths/weaknesses of our Opponents in this debate?Case Construction involves:Defining the Motio

10、n & Creating Arguments that support it:Defining the Motion meansa) Clearly stating meanings of “key terms”E.g. “This House believes that professional athletes are good role models for Chinese youth.”b) Establish Team Line (Base Line) & Split:Motion(THBT the world is a global village)Team Line/Base L

11、ine/StanceBecause of the existence of interdependence and common interestSpilt/Case DivisionThis is true in the a) social arena, b) geopolitical realm and c) economic spherec) Creating Arguments that support itwPrioritize the Arguments with the strongest presented first to prove global interdependen

12、ce and growing common interest:wArgument 1 (1stSpeaker)wSocial Arena -evidence, case studies, statistics, trend analysis, etcwArgument 2 (1stSpeaker)wGeopolitics -dittowArgument 3 (2ndSpeaker)wGlobal Economics -dittow3rd Speakers must not carry new argumentsSetting Opposition CasewProposing “Status

13、Quo”“Why change when things are fine now ”wOffering a “Counter Proposal”“Our plan works better than yours .wProvide “Positive Objections”“Yours does not work and will be harmful to”w* Oppn needs to have team line, split, prioritized arguments in 1stand 2ndSpeakers too!Refutation StrategieswWhat are

14、Rebuttals? Arguments raised in response to Oppns arguments. Comprises analysis of why Oppn is wrong, is consistent with own case, as well support/reinforce own team linewHow to do it?State what argument is rebutted, explain flaw(s) in argument, support it with evidence. examples, case studies, and f

15、inally linking it relevantly to your side of the topic.Rebutting Parts of Argumentsw1. Factual Error: Your argument is factually wrong“Your statistics/example/case studies are wrong because .”w2. Your argument is not supported by any evidence“You merely asserted that . without providing any relevant

16、 examples”w3.The consequences of your argument are not acceptable (morally, socially, etc)w“How could you ban smoking in pubs when it violates the right of the smoker and his friends to socialize together ”w4.Not Important: Your argument is correct but has little weight in this debatew“Your policy h

17、elps on the minority, the smokers, but what about the majority of the non-smokers who have to inhale second-hand smoke in pubs ”w5.Your argument is illogical the conclusions do not follow from the premisesw“You claim that banning cigarette advertisements on TV will cause more young people to smoke a

18、s it makes smoking more mysterious and enticing, like a forbidden fruit, but I submit to you that the opposite is more likely to be true: banning a steady stream of advertisements depicting smoking as glamorous/attractive willREDUCEthe number of young people who smoke.”w6. Not Relevant/Irrelevant:w“

19、The fact that smoking causes cancer is not relevant to this debate because the issue at hand is the right of individual citizens to make informed choices concerning their own personal health .”w7. Contradiction in Opponents ArgumentswPoint out that the speakers/team are not clear about their own cas

20、e. To be able to catch the opponents contradicting themselves requires good tracking skills, that is, skills in good note-taking and Active Listening.w8. Failure to perform roles/responsibilities declaredwPM: “ To totally destroy the Opposition and win todays debate, the Government will do the follo

21、wing 3 things:wshow that women are stronger than menwshow that women are smarter than menwshow that women are wiser leaders than menwto prove that women are true heroes of the New Millennium.”wTo damage the opponents, point out their failure to cover the areas they promised to go over in the PMs spe

22、ech.Rebutting the Case as a WholewTo break down the case of the opponents, it is not enough to rebut each/all/random arguments put forth by them.wWinning a debate will require you to systematically break down a teams case.Here are the questions/points to considerw1 What is their approach to the case

23、? Is it flawed? Why?w2 What tasks did they set themselves? Did they address them? What problems are there in the way they address them?w3 What is the general emphasis of the case? What assumptions are made? Can they be refuted?w4 What are the key arguments of the other side? How can they be shown to

24、 be flawed?w5.Focus on identifying the key issues/arguments which are used to support the case of the opponents and then systematically breaking them down by showing that they cannot stand up to scrutiny.w*Do not try to shoot down all examples/arguments as there will not be enough time, and is unsys

25、tematic.Point of Information（POI）wPOIs are comments made by members directed at the speech ofwthe member holding the floor; POI should be brief, pertinent andwpreferably witty. Points of order and points of personal privilegeware prohibited.Offering & Responding to Points of Information (POIs)wA POI

26、 can be a Question or a Statement/Clarification/Contradiction and should not take more than 15 secondswEach Speaker is strongly encourage toAccept at least 2POIswAll team members should try to give POIs without being disruptiveHow POIs offered are judgedw1.The threat they pose to the strength of the

27、 argument of the debater,w2.Value of its wit and humourHow POIs taken are judgedw1.Promptness and Confidence in answeringw2.Strength of the Responsew3.Value of wit and humour“please answer my question” “my dear friend”wWe think this is tremendous waste of your words by always saying “my dear friends

28、”, “please answer my questions” so bluntly.考核规定及原则w辩论技巧：辩手语言与否流畅，说理、分析与否透彻，辩驳和应变能力与否强，说服力和逻辑性与否强。w内容：论点和论据内容与否对的、充实，引用资料和实例与否恰当。w风度和风趣感：辩手的表情、动作与否恰当，与否有风度及风趣感。w自由辩论：各队在自由辩论中的识辩能力、阐明能力和逻辑性与否强，接句与否合适，回答与否中肯，反驱与否有力、有理，反映与否机警，用语与否得体。w整体合伙：全队各辩手的论点与否一致，构造与否完整，队员之间的配合、合伙与否默契。w个人体现：全队每个辩手的参与度如何，全队辩手的整体实力与否

29、强。附：上交辩论素材形式模版Topic：World Governments Should Conduct Serious Campaigns Against SmokingThe argument : key words1. Definite link: smoking and bronchial troubles, heart disease, lung cancer.2. Governments hear, see, smell, no evil.3. A few governments: timid measures.4. E.g. Britain: TV advertising ban

30、ned; nations conscience appeased; cancerous death.5. Official reactions to medical findings: lukewarm.6. Tobacco: source of revenue. E. g. Britain: tobacco tax pays for educations.7. A short- sighted policy.8. Enormous sums spent fighting the disease; lives lost.9. Smoking should be banned altogethe

31、r.10. We are not ready for such drastic action.11. But governments, if really concerned, should conduct aggressive anti-smoking campaigns.12. The tobacco industry spends vast sums on advertising.13. Advertising: insidious, dishonest.14. Never shown pictures of real smokers coughing up lungs, only vi

32、rile young men.15. Smoking associated with great open-air life, beautiful girls, togetherness, Nonsense!16. All advertising should be banned; anti-smoking campaign conducted.17. Smoking should be banned in public places.18. Young people should be warned, dire consequences.19. Warning, deaths head, i

33、ncluded in every packet.20. Governments should protect us from ourselves.The counter-argument key words1. There are still scientists who doubt smoking / cancer link.2. People who dont smoke should keep quiet.3. Smoking brings many psychological benefits:4. Relieves stresses of everyday life: provide

34、s constant consolation.5. E. g. we smoke when taking exams, worried, bereaved, etc.6. Associated with good living; social contacts made easier.7. Smoking is very enjoyable: relaxing, e.g. with a cup of coffee; after a meal, etc.8. Its absurd to suggest we ban it after so many hundreds of years.9. En

35、ormous interests involved: governments, tobacco growers, tobacco industries, retail businesses.10. Tax apart, important source of income to many countries: e.g. USA, Rhodesia, Greece, Turkey.11. People should be free to decide, not bullied by governments; banning is undemocratic.12. The tobacco indu

36、stry spends vast sums on medical research.13. Improved filters have resulted; e.g. Columbia University.14. Now possible to smoke and enjoy it without danger.6.11 语言反映训练英语绕口令训练1. A big black bug bit a big black bear, made the big black bear bleed blood.2. A flea and a fly flew up in a flue. Said the

37、flea, Let us fly! Said the fly, Let us flee! So they flew through a flaw in the flue.3. A tidy tiger tied a tie tighter to tidy her tiny tail.4. A writer named Wright was instructing his little son how to write Wright right. He said: It is not right to write Wright as rite-try to write Wright aright

38、!5. Betty Botter had some butter, But, she said, this butters bitter. If I bake this bitter butter, it would make my batter bitter. But a bit of better butter - that would make my batter better.6. Bills big brother is building a beautiful building between two big brick blocks.7. He thrusts his fists

39、 against the posts and still insists he sees the ghosts.8. How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood? He would chuck, he would, as much as he could, and chuck as much wood as a woodchuck would if a woodchuck could chuck wood.9. I thought a thought. But the thought I thoug

40、ht wasnt the thought I thought I thought.10. If you notice this notice you will notice that this notice is not worth noticing.11. If a shipshape ship shop stocks six shipshape shop-soiled ships, how many shipshape shop-soiled ships would six shipshape ship shops stock?12. Sarah sitting in her sittin

41、g room, all she does is sits and shifts, all she does is sits and shifts.13. She sells seashells by the sea shore. The shells she sells are surely seashells. So if she sells shells on the seashore, Im sure she sells seashore shells.14. Three gray geese in the green grass grazing. Gray were the geese

42、 and green was the grass.15. While we were walking, we were watching window washers wash Washingtons windows with warm washing water.16. A Finnish fisher named Fisher failed to fish any fish one Friday afternoon and finally he found out a big fissure裂缝in his fishing-net.17. Where is the watch I put

43、in my pocket to take to the shop because it had stopped?18. Mr. Cook said to a cook: Look at this cook-book. Its very good. So the cook took the advice of Mr. Cook and bought the book.19. How much dew would a dewdrop drop if a dewdrop could drop dew?20. Sandy sniffed sweet smelling sunflower seeds w

44、hile sitting beside a swift stream.英语单词描述训练目的：锻炼学生的语言体现能力、接受能力和理解能力television；fridge；policeman；umbrella；doctor；housewife；taxi；subway；red；black；blue；cup；flower；故事接龙目的：锻炼学生用英语思维、组织语言、体现思想的能力? One day, I saw a girl on a bus.? The animals in the forest are holding a meeting.? I saw a woman in a car acci

45、dent.用所给词汇讲故事目的：锻炼学生的反映能力、逻辑能力、和语言体现能力? flower, butterfly, cry? frog, cloud, horse? boy, death, laugh? TV, president, writer个人对抗辩论赛辩题1. If I were the Dean of Foreign Languages Department2. Planes, Cars, bicycles, or on foot, which do you prefer?3. If I were a reporter, Id like to cover entertainment

46、 news, international news, domestic news, or documentaries.4. If I were a writer, I would focus on in my novels in this Wenchuan Earthquake.辩论赛和辩论两者的参评原则是不同样的辩论赛是三方的事：正方，反方尚有裁判。我们说一种队伍赢了是由于裁判说她们赢了（裁判判罚无法变化），然而裁判评判过程当中会综合的考虑到多种因素：双方论点的厉害限度；某方观点能否击倒对方；两人配合与否默契；时间分派与否合理；辩手自身的口才；裁判个人的情感主观因素.我们自己作为辩手的并不但

47、愿对方可以接受我们的观点，而是期盼能打动裁判。为了获取最后的胜利，我们可以使用语言当中的多种技巧，心理学中的技巧等等。辩论， 是两方的事。它的评判原则是谁的方案（观点）更可以符合事实，更能解决问题谁就获胜（这是理论上的），它的评判是相称客观的。实际中辩论的成果也是多种多样：一胜一负；双方各有道理，博采众长，采用两者结合的优化方案双赢；两者皆输（即两方答案均不对的）。l 辩论赛和辩论所予以参与者的机会和时间不同比赛要具有可欣赏性，这就要有时间控制；辩论则相对来说没有时间限制，你可以随着研究的进一步不断提出新的证据来支持自己的观点，可以到处请教高人来为自己出筹划策，你可以修改自己口误说错的话等等。

48、l 辩论赛和辩论参与者的方略措施不同在真正的辩论比赛当中，无论对方说的多么有道理，即便连自己听得均有道理，我们都不能承认其论点，具体的做法无非是：1）视而不见（下策）2）避重就轻 （上策，一般来说，辩手会故意夸张自己提出的本来不那么重要理由，而使裁判轻视对方提出的未加修饰和夸张的但却很重要的理由。）反观辩论，为谋求解决措施的辩论双方都会本着实事求是的原则，客观的考虑对方的观点，并且在自己的本来总的观点上作出微小的修正：以使自己的方案更能符合事实。杨立民专家：作为一种教育工作者，我觉得这些辩论赛传达给我们的年轻学生三个重要的讯息。第一，外语能力（涉及口语能力）是值得为之奋斗终身的一种才干。人们常

49、说外语是交际的工具，是就业的保障，是打开个人幸福之门的金钥匙，是价值几十亿的大产业。事实上，外语的重要性不能完全从功利主义的角度去理解。我们还要看到它对我们现代化的成败，文化的再造，民族的复兴的作用。我们都懂得金钱是一种力量，科学家告诉我们知识也是一种力量，作为一种外语教师，我要说，语言也是一种力量，口才也是一种力量。历史上叱咤风云的伟人，大多同步也是语言大师。试想一种人，不仗权势，不动刀枪，不靠钱财，仅凭三寸不烂之舌，用我们熟悉的词加以不同排列组合，成果就能如此影响人，感动人，鼓励人，说服人，团结人，组织人，改造人；就能如此一呼百应，让人舍生忘死，冲锋陷阵，是多了不起的力量！当年马克思一句“

50、全世界无产者联合起来”，曾经鼓励多少革命者为之献身。美国革命时期又有多少战士默默念着帕特里克?亨利的那句名言“不自由，毋宁死！”走上战场。讲到历史上的雄辩家，我们会想起林肯出名的葛底斯堡演说，短短272字，却字字闪耀着光辉，成为不朽的典型。中国古代历史上曾经有个叫鬼谷子的，她的两个学生苏秦和张仪，一种环游列国，说服她们联合抗秦，成果挂了六国相印；另一种却说服秦国将六国各个击破，成果统一了中国。说到培养一流雄辩家的杰出专家，这位老先生应当算是祖师爷。我们目前的各类辩论赛，应当说重新唤起了我们对辩才的注重，让我们记起它是多么难得的艺术，多么有力的武器，多么巨大的力量。辩论赛的第二个启示是：我们的学

51、生应当有一种关切社会的精神，用一位名人的话说，就是要有一种指点江山的精神。人生来就有生存、温饱、发展的规定，在这一点上，人和动物没有差别。人之因此成为人，正是由于人尚有列在马斯洛需求金字塔上层的规定。人类文明进步的过程说究竟也就是人类从只关怀自己，到逐渐关怀家庭、部落、氏族、国家、社会、全世界、全人类的过程。这些年来，社会上浮现了一种拜金主义和只顾个人眼前物质利益，对社会多种问题，人类面临的多种挑战冷漠无知的危险倾向。感谢这些辩论赛，让成千上万的年轻学生进一步思考多种重大问题，让她们去研究全球化的利弊，转基因食品的得失，取消死刑的是非，安乐死的考虑等等。事实上环绕辩论赛准备的题材远远超过了以上

52、的范畴，并且可以肯定，随着改革开放的进一步进一步，国内政治空气日益宽松，人们会享有越来越多的言论自由，辩论必将越来越体现“真理面前无禁区”的原则，波及越来越多的重大的敏感话题。这对于培养新世纪人才，培养可以应对种种复杂的新问题，新挑战的年轻一代具有难以估计的意义。辩论赛的第三个启示是：我们的学生必须有一种独立思辩的能力。她们看问题不能简朴化；不能人云亦云，随大流，瞎起哄；不能只知其一，不知其二；不能先入为主，靠喜好，凭感觉，无根无据，胡言乱语；不能不尊重对方观点，肆意歪曲，断章取义，攻其一点，不及其他。辩论赛的好处就在于让我们养成一种习惯，一种凡事都要问为什么的习惯；让我们学会一种本领，一种通

53、过度析，思辩找到真理的本领。我们的学校不能生产只具有一定谋生本领的学生，不能出品只装有某些固定软件的机器人，我们要为社会提供的应当是具有强烈求知欲望，可以进行发明性思维的不同的个体英语辩论赛成为好辩手InstructionsThings Youll Need:Step 1KNOW YOUR SUBJECTA good debater learns and knows what he/she is talking about. Make sure you spend time in research and review. You cannot afford to be sloppy in a

54、debate. Your strongest points should be argued with clarity and conviction.Step 2KNOW YOUR OPPONENTS ARGUMENTSResearch on the likely points your opponent might use. Get strong counter-arguments to those points. Great debaters outlearn their opponents so they can use what their opponents have to defe

55、at them.Step 3USE SHORT, POWERFUL STORIES TO START YOUR POINTSPeople love stories and they adore great storytellers. Get a great story for your point of view and deliver it well. Make your audience a part of your presentation. Appeal to their sense of decency, value and humanity.Step 4THINK ON YOUR

56、FEETWhen you encounter a brilliant opponent, you might be thrown a curveball. Your reaction to your opponents points can make or break your likelihood of winning. Use brief and humorous phrases to tone down or erase the impact of your opponents strategy.Step 5BE COMFORTABLE AND CONFIDENTLet your aud

57、ience and judges feel your passion for the subject. A debater has to be an orator as well. Your ability to capture the attention of the audience will pay in the end.Step 6GET YOUR FACTS RIGHTIncorrect statistics and wrong dates can provide an opening to your opponent. Get everything in order and cro

58、ss-checked. Come to the debate with the certainty that you are arguing with the right facts.Step 7BE CLEAR WITH YOUR PRESENTATIONA debate is a conversation with a lot of structure. Incomplete sentences will be translated into incomplete ideas. This can weaken a strong argument. Pronunciation, pitch

59、and enunciation is critical to this step.外研社杯英语辩论赛技巧On DebatingClarity: Avoid use of terms which can be interpreted differently by different readers. When we are talking to people who substantially agree with us we can use such terms as rednecks or liberals and feel reasonably sure that we will be u

60、nderstood. But in a debate, we are talking to people who substantially disagree with us and they are likely to put a different interpretation on such words.Evidence: Quoting an authority is not evidence. Quoting a majority opinion is not evidence. Any argument that starts with, According to Einstein

61、. is not based on objective evidence. Any argument that starts with, Most biologists believe. is not based on objective evidence. Saying, The Bible says. is not evidence. Authorities and majorities can be wrong and frequently have been.（历届辩论赛中浮现最多的问题）Emotionalism: Avoid emotionally charged words-wor

62、ds that are likely to produce more heat than light. Certainly the racial, ethnic, or religious hate words have no place in rational debating. Likewise, avoidargumentum ad hominem.Personal attacks on your opponent are an admission of intellectual bankruptcy. Also, slurs directed at groups with whom y

63、our opponent is identified are usually nonproductive. Try to keep attention centered on the objective problem itself. There is a special problem when debating social, psychological, political, or religious ideas because a persons theories about these matters presumably have some effect on his own life style. In other words, rather than sayingand thats why you are such an undisciplined wreck say,a perso